OUTLINEWhat is a IP?

TCP/IP protocols

What is Router? Host-Based vs. Dedicated Routers

What is ip routing and how is it done?Link State Routing Protocols

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - OSPF areas - An Example OSPF Graph

IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System)

Distance-vector routing protocols RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

- RIP Packet Format IGRP/EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol) Routing Table Contents of an IP Routing Table

Routing Types IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

EGP(Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Dynamic and Static Routing Static Routing In Hosts and a Default Route

- Advantages and Disadvantages Static Routing

Dynamic Routing and Routers

- Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic Routing

What is VOIP-Voice Over IP? The Motivation and challenge of IP Technology A Basic IP Telephone System VOIP is advantages and disadvantages What is PSTN? PSTN is advantages and disadvantages What is VoIP security?

What is IP?

Structure of IP Address and Subnet

IP -> a.b.c.d 0<= a,b,c,d =< 255IP Address exist 0-255. (4 octet)A system or network card has a

one more IP AddressThe number of last group has a 0

this is Network Address or this

number is 255. It is called

Broadcast Address.

Structure of Domain and IP Address

Structure of IP Address is private because of remembering for easily.

www.itu.edu.tr -> 160.75.2.20 www.google.com -> 66.249.65.52

Groups of IP Addresses

<7 bit>< 24 bit > Class A – 1-126 A – 0xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

< 14 bit > < 16 bit > Class B – 128-191 B – 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

< 21 bit ><8 bit> Class C – 192-223 C – 110xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

< 28 bit – many bits > Class D – 224-239 D– 1110xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

0.0.0.0 default routing 127.x.x.x loopback IP Address Class E include first 4 bits begin 1111 Class D is a Multicast IP Address

Subnet and Subnet Mask

Subnet Masks Masks of Bits

Class A 255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

Class B 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

Class C 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

PortsFTP HTTP DNS

....

Port Port Port Port

TCP UDP

Physical Layer

IP & ICMP

TCP/IP

It is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet TCP/IP is a two-layer program.

The higher layer,

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The lower layer,

Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

movie TCP

TCP/IP

What is a Router?

A computer networking device that buffers and forwards data packets Routing occurs at layer 3 (the Network layer) of the OSI seven-layer

protocol stack. Routing is most commonly associated with the Internet Protocol Router means Connection between different networks... sample

example: 192.168.0.1 to 10.0.0.1.

Host-Based vs. Dedicated Routers

Zebra vs. Cisco In the past vs. now Cheap vs. expensive Is no highly optimize switching IP packets vs. highly switching IP

packets Is not high performance vs. high performance Inflexibility vs. flexibility

What is ip routing and how is it done?

It is an umbrella term for the set of protocolsRefers to selecting paths in a computer network along which to send

data.Routing differs from bridgingThe Internet, for the purpose of routing, is divided into Autonomous

Systems (ASs).

Device C is acting as a router between these two networks If A wants to send a packet to E, it must first send it to C who can then

forward the packet to E.

The IP Routing protocols enable routers to build up a forwarding table that

correlates final destinations with next hop addresses.

These protocols include: IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) IS-IS(Intermediate System - Intermediate System) OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) RIP(Routing Information Protocol)

Link State Routing Protocols

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

It uses path cost as its routing metric is perhaps the most widely-used IGP in large networks.

Link State Routing ProtocolsIS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System)

It is a protocol used by network devices (routers) to determine the best way to forward datagrams or packets

It is intended for use within an administrative domain or network IS-IS uses Dijkstra's algorithm for identifying the best path through the network Did not prefer

Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

Routing Information ProtocolHelps routers dynamically adapt to changes of network connections The routers exchange network reachability information with their

nearest neighbors.Has number of hop counts 15. Autonomous system (A.S)Do not send the subnet mask address

Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

IGRP/EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Is a kind of IGP Number of hop counts 16 Used with large networks Classful routing protocol Maximum number of hop counters 255 Autonomuos System (A.S) All routers have the same A.S numbers in the same A.S

Send the subnet mask address movie AS

What is Routing Table?

Referring to a database on a router. Store that routers' information in the database. Direct forwarding by matching destination addresses to the network

paths used to reach them.

Contents of an IP Routing Table Network Destination NetMask Gateway Interface Metric

IP Routing Table

Routing Types

IGP(Interior Gateway Protocol)

Uses a routing metric to choose an optimal path to each destination. Autonomous system(A.S) is free to choose its own IGP Provide to change information between different system Easy to install and operate Comlex and more traffic

Example of IGP Protocol

Routing Types

EGP(Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Finds a path to each destination, but cannot find an optimal path because it cannot compare routing metrics from multiple A.S

Exchange routing informaiton with a router autonomous system (A.S) Complex to install and operate More flexibility and less traffic

Example of EGP protocols

Dynamic and Static Routing

Static Routing In Hosts and a Default Route

Inflexible Does not require extra routing software Mosts host use static routing Host’s routing table contains two entires:

+one for the network to which the host attaches +a default entry that directs all other traffic to a specific router.

Advantages and Disadvantages StaticRouting?

Advantages of the Static Routing Simple to configure Easy to predict small networks

Disadvantages of the Static Routing Does not scale well in large networks Changes require manual reconfiguration Cannot be automatically routed around

Dynamic and Static Routing

Dynamic Routing

It performs the same function as static routing except it is more robust. Dynamic routing allows routing tables in routers to change as the

possible routes change. There are several protocols used to support dynamic routing including

RIP and OSPF.

Dynamic Routing

Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic Routing?

Advantages of the Dynamic Routing-scalability and adaptability

-can grow more quickly and larger

-adapt to changes in the network topology

Disadvantages of the Dynamic Routing-complex structure

What is VOIP-Voice Over IP?VoIP, Voice Over Internet Protokol

Use circuit-switched telephone networks in the VOIP system. Is the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any

other IP-based network. Have some protocols such as VOIP protocols.(Network Voice

Protocol) Is economic Essipacially prefered by the companies Protocols carry voice and data Use some devices such as Gateway, IP router ADC(analog to digital converter) DAC (digital to anlaog converter) Uses digital place but telephone uses anlaog place. Less traffic (bandwidth is not busy)

VOIP Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages: transmission of data, voice & video possible scalability cheap less traffic (bandwith)

Disadvantages:The quality of sound at times become unpredictableEcho

movie VOIP

What is PSTN?

PSTN (public switched telephone network)

Is a circuit-switched telephone networks Gateway provide to change ADC or DAC using PSTN. More traffic (bandwidth is busy)

PSTN Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

Well established technologyEasy maintenanceHassle free set-up processSimplicity in usage procedures

Disadvantages

Dedicated line required to complete a callLimited scalabilityOptimum usage of bandwidth not possibleMonthly fees applicable for maintenanceHigher call charges

What is VoIP security?

SourcesINTERNET ADRESLERİ http://www.cisco.com/public/technotes/tech_protocol.shtml http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/routing.htm http://www.princeton.edu/~wolf/modern-vlsi/Overheads/CHAP7-1/sld005.htm http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214031,00.html(???) http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/f/getrouteripaddr.htm(???) http://www.olympos.org/article/articleview/1942/1/10/cisco_aglarda_yonlendirme http://ekinoks.cu.edu.tr/internet/konu_8.htm www.bilgisayarogren.com/network9.doc http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_ileti%C5%9Fim_kurallar%C4%B1_dizisi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routed_protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN http://www.ysn.ru/docs/zebra/www.zebra.org/zebra/Static-Route-Commands.html http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/ip/routing/dyamic_vs_static.shtml http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1767 http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voip

KİTAPLAR İnternet - Kürşat Çağıltay Internet working with TCP/IP - Douglas E. Comer Bilgisayar Ağları ve Güvenliği - Alper Özbilen internet teknolojileri - zafer demirkol Computer networks and internets with Internet Applications - Douglas E. COmer Managing IP networks with Cisco Routers - Scott M. Ballew Cisco TCP/IP routing professional reference - Chris Lewis

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