over – vaccination: using horses as pin cushions thesis equine vaccination protocols need revision...
TRANSCRIPT
OVER – VACCINATION:
USING HORSES AS
PIN CUSHIONS
THESISEquine vaccination protocols need revision so they tailor to each individual horse’s needs and ensure that over-vaccination does not persist.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Veterinarians need to think critically about vaccine recommendations and brand choices. Many factors should be weighed, including likelihood of exposure, and severity of each infectious disease, efficacy of each vaccine, potential side effects, and implications for future disease diagnosis, Data on these characteristics should be provided by the manufacturers for all new vaccines. Vaccine selections should be evaluated annually and reviewed with clients to gain maximum protective benefits. (Wilson, 2005, p. 1)No need for annual revaccination:
•Immunity for viruses lasts for years•Revaccination often doesn’t produce secondary (anamnestic response due to existing antibody levels)
More studies need to be conducted so more knowledge can be obtained. With an increase of knowledge of these problems, equine vaccination protocols can be reformed to better suit the horse’s welfare.
CONCLUSION
SUPPORTING DATA AND QUOTES
To inform the horse community about the persisting problems with equine vaccination, focusing on over-vaccination and adverse reactions.
PURPOSE
Adverse reactions may occur shortly after vaccination or even months after vaccination. Due to the practice of over-vaccination, immune suppression in many horses is starting to occur. Chinese medicine links the lungs and skin together. Hives is commonly the result from a chronically stressed immune system and may be a sign of over-vaccination. Horses have also been developing more cases of respiratory infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD or heaves). Head tossing is also more common and may have resulted from over-vaccination.
THE TOLL IT IS TAKING ON OUR GENERATION OF HORSES
•Titers•Homeopathic remedies•Research•Vaccinate minimally to what your horse requires•Avoid combination vaccinations – use single vaccines•Spread out vaccinations through time and place of administration•Choose you vaccinations wisely – take time to do the research•Review efficacy of vaccines•Talk to your veterinarian•Vaccines cause the immune system to undergo stress – consider giving your horse time off •Only HEALTHY animals should be vaccinated •Read labels and follow directions•Immunomodulators•Healthness exams •Monitor horses temperature, pulse, and respiration; especially temperature (a fever indicates problems)•Vitamin C and probiotics •Nosodes and other homeopathic products•Categorize your vaccinations (core: EEE/WEE, West Nile, Tetanus, and Rabies)
WAYS TO HELP PREVENT OVER-VACCINATION AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
- Immunologically based reaction- Non-immune (local) reactionCOMMON:•Mild, short-term•Fever•Sluggishness•Reduced appetite•Pain or swelling at site of injection•Muscle sorenessSERIOUS:•Diarrhea•Itching•Difficulty breathing•Swelling of the face or limbs•Anaphylactic shock•Purpura hemorrhagica
During this project the student plans to design a survey to conduct data on adverse reactions. The student will also complete a paper that will be submitted for publishing in the Equiery and The Practical Horseman.
PROJECT
2006-2007 Independent ResearchGlenelg High SchoolProgram Coordinator: Mr. Charles AshcraftStudent: Lauren MundyAdvisor: Dr. Diane K. Wagner, VMD
Elemental Equine Services, LLC
•Vaccination: injecting a part of the causative agent into the horse to allow the horse to develop an antibody response and immune system memory•Causative agent: an antigen, which may be live or killed pathogens - bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi•Adjuvant: base or vehicle of the vaccine of which the antigen is mixed in; enhances the stimulation of immune response•MLV (modified live virus): contains attenuated viruses that infect the host without causing clinical disease; has higher efficacy rates; stronger local immune responses; may revert to virulence and can cause the disease•Killed virus vaccines: lower rate of protection; more likely to cause acute hypersensitivity reactions; longer period to induce complete immunity•Immunologically based reaction: occurs when the immune system reacts to the vaccine’s antigen atypically•Non-immune (local) reaction: nonspecific response to antigen, adjuvant, or bacteria introduced•Anaphylactic shock: bronchial airways constrict and blood pools in the lungs•Titer: tests for serum antibody levels in the blood for a specific disease•Virulence: the ability of any agent of infection to produce disease; measure of severity the disease is capable of causing•Efficacy: the power to produce an effect
DEFINITIONSPHOTO OF VITAMIN C AND PROBIOTICS
Vitamin C supplementation can boost the immune system; stress will deplete vitamin C in the body.
PHOTOS OF PHARMACEU
-TICAL LOGOS
Pharmaceutical companies do the majority of funding for vaccination studies and often times the companies do not wish to advertise the side effects and negative outcomes of their products.
PHOTO OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA SYMPTOMS
PHOTO OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA SYMPTOMS
PHOTO OF ABSCESS FROM INJECTION
Purpura hemorrhagica, a syndrome that sometimes follows strangles vaccination, can cause an allergic reation resulting in vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessel walls that make them leak) and edema (fluid swelling) of the head, abdomen, limbs, and scrotum. A common sequel to this condition in horses is refractory laminitis, which often can be fatal. Nonspecific vaccine reactions
can cause swelling at the injection site, sometimes resulting in an abscess.
Back to Project Outcomes
PURPOSETo inform the horse community about the persisting problems with equine vaccination, focusing on over-vaccination and adverse reactions.
PROJECTDuring this project the student plans to design a survey to conduct data on adverse reactions. The student will also complete a paper that will be submitted for publishing in the Equiery and The Practical Horseman.
SUPPORTING DATA AND QUOTES
Veterinarians need to think critically about vaccine recommendations and brand choices. Many factors should be weighed, including likelihood of exposure, and severity of each infectious disease, efficacy of each vaccine, potential side effects, and implications for future disease diagnosis, Data on these characteristics should be provided by the manufacturers for all new vaccines. Vaccine selections should be evaluated annually and reviewed with clients to gain maximum protective benefits. (Wilson, 2005, p. 1)No need for annual revaccination:
•Immunity for viruses lasts for years•Revaccination often doesn’t produce secondary (anamnestic response due to existing antibody levels)
CONCLUSIONMore studies need to be conducted so more knowledge can be obtained. With an increase of knowledge of these problems, equine vaccination protocols can be reformed to better suit the horse’s welfare.
LEFT SIDE
OF THE
BOARD
Back to Project Outcomes
CENTER
OVER – VACCINATION:USING HORSES ASPIN CUSHIONS
THESISEquine vaccination protocols need revision so they tailor to each individual horse’s needs and ensure that over-vaccination does not persist.
ADVERSE REACTIONS- Immunologically based reaction- Non-immune (local) reactionCOMMON:•Mild, short-term•Fever•Sluggishness•Reduced appetite•Pain or swelling at site of injection•Muscle sorenessSERIOUS:•Diarrhea•Itching•Difficulty breathing•Swelling of the face or limbs•Anaphylactic shock•Purpura hemorrhagica
PHOTOS OF
PHARMA-CEU-TICAL
LOGOS
DEFINITIONS
•Vaccination: injecting a part of the causative agent into the horse to allow the horse to develop an antibody response and immune system memory•Causative agent: an antigen, which may be live or killed pathogens - bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi•Adjuvant: base or vehicle of the vaccine of which the antigen is mixed in; enhances the stimulation of immune response•MLV (modified live virus): contains attenuated viruses that infect the host without causing clinical disease; has higher efficacy rates; stronger local immune responses; may revert to virulence and can cause the disease•Killed virus vaccines: lower rate of protection; more likely to cause acute hypersensitivity reactions; longer period to induce complete immunity•Immunologically based reaction: occurs when the immune system reacts to the vaccine’s antigen atypically•Non-immune (local) reaction: nonspecific response to antigen, adjuvant, or bacteria introduced•Anaphylactic shock: bronchial airways constrict and blood pools in the lungs•Titer: tests for serum antibody levels in the blood for a specific disease•Virulence: the ability of any agent of infection to produce disease; measure of severity the disease is capable of causing•Efficacy: the power to produce an effect
Pharmaceutical companies do the majority of funding for vaccination studies and often times the companies do not wish to advertise the side effects and negative outcomes of their products.
PHOTO OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA SYMPTOMS
Purpura hemorrhagica, a syndrome that sometimes follows strangles vaccination, can cause an allergic reation resulting in vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessel walls that make them leak) and edema (fluid swelling) of the head, abdomen, limbs, and scrotum. A common sequel to this condition in horses is refractory laminitis, which often can be fatal.
PHOTO OF ABSCESS FROM INJECTION
Nonspecific vaccine reactions can cause swelling at the injection site, sometimes resulting in an abscess.
PHOTO OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA SYMPTOMS
Back to Project Outcomes
RIGHT SIDE
OF THE
BOARD
THE TOLL IT IS TAKING ON OUR GENERATION OF HORSES
Adverse reactions may occur shortly after vaccination or even months after vaccination. Due to the practice of over-vaccination, immune suppression in many horses is starting to occur. Chinese medicine links the lungs and skin together. Hives is commonly the result from a chronically stressed immune system and may be a sign of over-vaccination. Horses have also been developing more cases of respiratory infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD or heaves). Head tossing is also more common and may have resulted from over-vaccination.
PHOTO OF VITAMIN C AND PROBIOTICS
Vitamin C supplementation can boost the immune system; stress will deplete vitamin C in the body.
WAYS TO HELP PREVENT OVER-VACCINATION AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
•Titers•Homeopathic remedies•Research•Vaccinate minimally to what your horse requires•Avoid combination vaccinations – use single vaccines•Spread out vaccinations through time and place of administration•Choose you vaccinations wisely – take time to do the research•Review efficacy of vaccines•Talk to your veterinarian•Vaccines cause the immune system to undergo stress – consider giving your horse time off •Only HEALTHY animals should be vaccinated •Read labels and follow directions•Immunomodulators•Healthness exams •Monitor horses temperature, pulse, and respiration; especially temperature (a fever indicates problems)•Vitamin C and probiotics •Nosodes and other homeopathic products•Categorize your vaccinations (core: EEE/WEE, West Nile, Tetanus, and Rabies)
2006-2007 Independent ResearchGlenelg High SchoolProgram Coordinator: Mr. Charles AshcraftStudent: Lauren MundyAdvisor: Dr. Diane K. Wagner, VMD Elemental Equine Services, LLC
Back to Project Outcomes