overactive bladder syndrome...women by upto 47% (subak et al) • bowel management • optimise...
TRANSCRIPT
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Overactive Bladder Syndrome –
behavioural modifications to pharmacological and surgical treatments
Dr Jos Jayarajan
Urologist – Austin Health, Eastern Health
Warringal Private, Northpark Private, Epworth
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Overactive Bladder Definition
URGENCY
+/- URGE
INCONTINENCE
+/- FREQUENCY
(> 8 x daily)
+/- NOCTURIA
(> 1 x night)
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How Common is OAB?
Incidence (population based studies): Male: 7- 27%
Female: 9 - 35%
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Impact of OAB
• Quality of life• Social isolation (family, partner, friends)
• Sexual health
• Reduced participation in sport
• Sleep disturbance
• Financial
• Health• Mental health (depression)
• Skin integrity
• Falls and fracture
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Approach to Treatment
• Exclude pathology• Urinary tract infection
• Red flags (haematuria, dysuria, elevated post void residual)
• Lifestyle and Behavioural modification
• Optimise associated medical conditions
• Pharmacotherapy
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Investigations
• MSU
• Exclude UTI
• Exclude microhaematuria
• Renal tract ultrasound (PVR)
• Bladder diary
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PATIENTS with RED FLAG sxSpecial Tests / Referral
• Haematuria
• Elevated PVR / obstructive voiding
• Neurological symptoms
• Prior history of pelvic pathology
• Radiation
• Continence or prolapse surgery
Cystoscopy
Urodynamics
CT / MRI
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Red flags: Haematuria
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Red flags: Previous Mesh Surgery
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Behavioural Therapy
• Patient education
• Bladder retraining and Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy
• Timed or deferred voiding
• Urge Suppression
• Biofeedback
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Behavioural Therapy
• Bladder retraining and Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy
• Level 1 evidence
• Improvement in QoL, urinary frequency and incontinence episodes
• Some studies show equivalence to medical therapy
Pharmacotherapy in combination with Behavioural Therapy is
superior to either alone
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Lifestyle Modification
• Fluid and caffeine management• Level 1 evidence
• Weight management
• BMI > 30 increases OAB symptoms
• Weight loss may improve OAB symptoms in
women by upto 47% (Subak et al)
• Bowel management
• Optimise associated medical conditions
• Diabetes, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, CHF
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Normal Bladder Storage
1. Arnold J, et al. Aust Fam Phys 2012;41(11):878 -83.
1 1
Inhibitory sympathetic
and somatic pathways
Suppression of
excitatory
parasympathetic
outflow
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First line pharmacotherapy
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Anticholinergics
• Target muscarinic receptors on detrusor muscle
• Action on muscarinic receptors at other sites causes unwanted effects
• Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Blurred vision
• GOR
• Precaution• Untreated narrow angle glaucoma
• GIT motility disorders
• Urinary retention
• Elderly
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Anticholinergics
OXYBUTYNIN
• Immediate release and non-selective
• Short half-life
• Dosing: 2.5 - 5mg tds
• PBS
• Side effects• Dry mouth (71%)
• Constipation (17%)
• Somnolence (14%)
• Cognition
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Anticholinergics
OXYBUTYNIN PATCH
• Controlled release
• Dosing: Twice weekly application
• Avoids first pass hepatic metabolism
• Side effects• Patch site pruritis
• Dry mouth, constipation
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Anticholinergics
SOLIFENACIN
• M3 receptor selective
• Long half-life
• Dosing: 5-10mg daily *
• Side effects (10mg > 5mg)• Dry mouth
• Contipation
• cognitive
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Anticholinergics
DARIFENACIN
• M3 receptor selective
• Long half-life
• Dosing: 7.5 - 15mg daily
• Similar efficacy to Solifenacin
• Solifenacin superior QOL / tolerance
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Mirabegron
• B3 adrenergic agonist
• Dosing: 25 – 50 mg daily
• Avoids anticholinergic side
effects
• No change to residual volume
• Avoid in uncontrolled
hypertension
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Topical Oestrogen
• Some evidence of improving OAB symptoms in post-menopausal women
* Not systemic HRT
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Other medications
• Tricyclic antidepressant
• Not FDA approved for OAB
• Reduces bladder contraction
• Useful for patients with combined storage and painful bladder
conditions
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> 30% total urine output
Nocturia
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NOCDURNADesmopressin
• Sublingual wafer
• Dosing• Women: 25mcg
• Men: 50mcg
• 1 hour before bed
• Limit fluid 1 hour prior to admin, and 8 hrs post
• Monitor serum Na +
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Overactive Bladder in Men
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Exclude Bladder Outlet Obstruction
• > 50% have BPH related obstruction
• High PVR / reduction in flow
• Consider concurrent use of BPH therapy
and OAB medication
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Urodynamics In Male OAB
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Combination alpha blocker and anticholinergic
• Combination therapy tamsulosin (0.4mg) and solifenacin(9mg)
• No stat sign increase in retention
• Improved storage symptoms and QoL
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OAB: Failure of Medical Management
….What next?
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Urodynamics
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BOTOX
PBS approval for
1. Idiopathic OAB *
2. Neuropathic OAB *
Administration by a Botox registered urologist or
urogynae
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Botulinum toxin-A PBS reimbursement criteria1
Clinical criteria: Urinary incontinence due to idiopathic OAB
AND
• Must be inadequately controlled by therapy involving at least two alternative anticholinergic therapies
• Must experience at least 14 episodes of urinary incontinence per week prior to commencement of treatment with botulinum toxin-A
• Must be willing and able to self-catheterise
• Must not continue if the patient does not achieve a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in urinary incontinence episodes 6–12 weeks after the first treatment
Patient criteria: Must be 18 years or older.
Treatment criteria: Must be treated by a urologist; OR urogynaecologist.
1. Botulinum toxin-A. PBS schedule. Available from http://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/6103F. Accessed September 2015.
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Botox: Long-term Efficacy
• Durable response at 3.5 years
• Median duration 7.9 months
• Main complication UTI
• Retention rate 4% after first injection, 0.6% – 1.7% with repeat rx
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78yoM
• Previous TURP
• Cystoscopy – normal urethra, wide open fossa
• Urinary symptoms
• Poor flow
• Urgency / frequency / large volume urge incontinence
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Sacral Neuromodulation
INDICATIONS
• Detrusor overactivity
• Non-obstructive Urinary Retention
• Faecal incontinence
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Sacral Neuromodulation
• Modifies voiding reflex using direct electrical stimulation of S3
afferent nerve
• Indications: refractory OAB, non-obstructive urinary retention
• Contraindications: need for spinal MRI
• 2 stage procedure
• Average 75% response rate
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Stage 1
• S3 lead placement under fluoroscopy in theatre
• Testing phase 2-3 weeks
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Stage 2
• Second Stage if >50% reduction in symptoms
• Otherwise removal of lead
• 3-5 year battery life
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Conclusion – Approach to OAB
1. Exclude other conditions that can mimic OAB
2. Multi-disciplinary and holistic Patient specific treatments
3. Caution in the elderly
• Falls risk / Side effects of medication (anticholinergics)
4. Men with OAB
• Treat the prostate when required
5. Third line treatments (Botox / SNS) – highly effective