overcoming reverse dominance hierarchies
DESCRIPTION
Reverse Dominance Hierarchies and their concomitants.TRANSCRIPT
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How Inequality Evolved:How Inequality Evolved:
Overcoming Reverse Dominance Overcoming Reverse Dominance HierarchiesHierarchies
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The Myth of Forager EgalitarianismThe Myth of Forager Egalitarianism
• Myth: Forager societies lack hierarchy
• Reality: A few instances of inequality
• Gender Inequality: highly variable
• Private property: Piňon trees among Paiute
• Foragers: latent individual inequality
• Prevention: Watchful control by band and tribe
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By Way of Introduction: Case StudyBy Way of Introduction: Case Study
• “Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” by Richard Lee
• Lee conducted an ethnographic study of the Dobe !Kung during year
• He gave the band a fattened ox to thank them
• Reaction: Dobe ridiculed this gift• Lesson: the !Kung typically ridicule all
unusually valuable game
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!Kung San Hunter!Kung San Hunter
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Why This Bizarre Behavior?Why This Bizarre Behavior?
• Tomazo’s answer: “Arrogance.”• “When a young man kills much meat,• he thinks himself as a chief or big man• and the rest of us as his servants.• We cannot accept this. • Someday his pride will make him kill somebody.• So we always speak of his meat as worthless.• That way, we cool his heart and make him
gentle.”
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Lessons from This TaleLessons from This Tale
• Even bandsmen know about inequality
• They fear domination by one man
• Unusual gifts always involve some ulterior motive
• So they denigrate this gifts
• The reaction conforms to a model of reverse dominance hierarchy
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Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: A Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: A DefinitionDefinition
• Primary Source: Boehm’s Hierarchy in the Forest
• Definition: a collective reaction to
• anyone’s attempt to dominate his fellows• Summary: “All men seek to rule• but if they cannot rule• they seek to be equal.” • —Harold Schneider, Economic Anthropologist
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Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Toward a ModelToward a Model
• Primary Source: Knauft: “Sociality versus Self-Interest in Human Evolution” Behavior and Brain Sciences.
• Knauft postulates a U-Shaped Curve:• Nonhuman Primates: Moderate to
Extreme Dominance• Bands and Tribes: Strong Egalitarianism• Chiefdoms and States: Ranking to Social
Stratification
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Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Primate Ethological EvidencePrimate Ethological Evidence
• Rationale: Pongid-Hominid Divergence 6 m.y.a.
• Dominance Evident in Hominoids• Chimpanzees: Coalition Politics• Bonobos: Female Hierarchies Passed to Sons• Male Linear Dominance is tempered by:• Behavioral Ambivalence (waa vocalization)• Coalitions of Subordinate Individuals
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Establishing Dominance Establishing Dominance Hierarchies: Threat BehaviorHierarchies: Threat Behavior
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Reverse Dominant Hierarchy: Reverse Dominant Hierarchy: Band/Tribal EgalitarianismBand/Tribal Egalitarianism
• Most Models: Effortless Egalitarianism• Reverse Dominance: You Have to Work at It• “Upstart” Individuals Try to Dominate the
Band/Tribe• Coalitions Suppress Every Such Attempt• Ridicule (!Kung “Insulting the Meat”)• Song Duels (Inuit/Eskimo)• Extreme Case: Homicide by Group-Selected
Executioner
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Ending Reverse Dominance Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Food SurplusHierarchy: Food Surplus
• Bases of Food Surplus• Complex Foraging: Northwest Coast Indians• Advanced Pastoralists: Mongol Nomads• Neolithic Revolution• Intensive Cultivation• Nonfarm Specialization in• Crafts and Manufactures• Administration and Enforcement• Rise of an Elite
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Ending Dominance Hierarchies: Ending Dominance Hierarchies: WarWar
• As resources dwindle• And populations
increases• Warfare expands in
scope• And establish
hierarchical societies• And their states
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Ending Reverse Dominance Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Population DensityHierarchy: Population Density
• Populations increase
• Beyond scope of kin-based control
• New control mechanism come into place
• Extra-Familial groups take control
• Anti-hierarchical mechanisms lose effectiveness
• Circumscription ensures control.
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Emergence of StratificationEmergence of Stratification
• Manipulative Individuals/Families• Form alliances (chimpanzee-like)• Play one faction against another• Form dynasties (bonobo-like)• Control over Life-Sustaining Resources• Water systems in semi-arid regions• Agricultural lands• Mechanisms of Taxation• Labor• Tribute
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Contemporary Reverse Dominance Contemporary Reverse Dominance HierarchiesHierarchies
• Contemporary Examples
• Labor Unions: Danger of a Labor Aristocracy?
• Socialism: But who controls the bosses?
• Recuperación Movement in Argentina: But what will prevent corruption?
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Industrial Reverse Dominance Industrial Reverse Dominance Hierarchies: RequirementsHierarchies: Requirements
• Large-Scale Control Mechanisms
• Anti-Corruption Mechanisms
• Institutions Independent of Personalistic Qualities (Cult of Personality)
• Policies for the Greatest Happiness For All
• Assurance of Human and Civil Rights for all.
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Equality to Inequality: MontenegroEquality to Inequality: Montenegro
• Montenegrins maintained tribal structure
• Uniting only to repel Ottoman forays
• Structure assured equality
• A marriage alliance sealed dominance by one tribe over the others
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From Forager to Domesticator: The From Forager to Domesticator: The Archaeological RecordArchaeological Record
• Sufficient Condition: Food Surplus
• Complex Foraging Enabled Settled Communities
• Plant and Animal Domestication Forced by Population Excess of Carrying Capacity
• Tribal Society Still Egalitarian
• Based on Reverse Dominance
• Example: Big Man Model of New Guinea
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Emergence of ComplexityEmergence of Complexity
• Projects emerged requiring extra-familial cooperation, such as a state
• Example: Dams, canals, other waterworks
• Example: Defensive walls when at war
• Example: Exploitation of mines or quarries
• Other projects might justify maintenance of new formation
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Establishment of Power over Establishment of Power over ResourcesResources
• Control over Life-Sustaining Resources• Example: Water works in arid regions• Example: Granaries• Example: Trade in essential goods• Emergence of Hereditary
Chiefs/Chiefdoms• Formation of chief and subchief hierarchy• Expansion of territory
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Institutionalized Social StratificationInstitutionalized Social Stratification
• Control of Food Surpluses and Food Sources• Large, Dense Populations• Formal Government• Monopoly over Legal Force• Bureaucracy• Codified Law• Division of Labor and Trade• Record Keeping• Monumental Architecture
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Zinacantan: From Community to Zinacantan: From Community to Local StratificationLocal Stratification
• A Closed Corporate Community• Cargo System• Communal Resource and Surplus Control’• Other Attributes of Community Solidarity• An Entrepreneurial Revolution• Decline of the Cargo System• Global Influences on Community• Fragmentation into hamlets
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Can Egalitarian Society Coexist Can Egalitarian Society Coexist with Complexity?with Complexity?
• Catalhöyük: A large egalitarian town?
• The Inca: First socialist model?
• Contemporary South America: glimmerings of equal complex societies?