overcoming the human factor: optimizing outcomes in ... · raptor 8.10% carnivore 4.68% dove/pigeon...
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Overcoming the Human Factor:Optimizing Outcomes in Wildlife Rehabilitation
Overcoming the Human Factor:Optimizing Outcomes inWildlife RehabilitationMichelle Willette, DVM, MPH, DACVPMJulia Ponder, DVM, MPHLori Arent, BS, MSGail Buhl, BS
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Let’s Get Acquainted!
Optimizing Outcomes in Wildlife Rehabilitation
Spectrum of rehabilitation
Outcomes of rehabilitation
To Place or not To Place?
Toolbox
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O of Wildlife Rehabilitation
Migratory bird rehabilitation is the practice of caring for sick, injured, ororphaned migratory birds with the goal of releasing them back to thewild. (USFWS Migratory Bird Program, accessed Jan 2019)
The treatment and temporary care of injured, diseased, and displacedindigenous animals, and the subsequent release of healthy animals intoappropriate habitats in the wild. (NWRA, Minimum Standards forWildlife Rehabilitation, 2013)
WildlifeRehabilitationContinuum
Nospecies
Federalrestrictedspecies- Migratorybirds- Marinemammals- E/Tspecies
Staterestrictedmammalspecies- E/Tspecies- Regulatedspecies- Dangerousspecies- Rabiesvectorspecies/otherpublichealthissue- Invasivespecies
Allspecies
Nopermit AllpermitsFederalpermit- Formalapplication- Experience/recommendationrequirement- Sitevisit- Veterinarysupportrequirement- Annualreportrequirement
Statepermit+/- Formalapplication+/- Training/mentoringrequirement+/- Sitevisit+/- Veterinarysupportrequirement+/- Annualreportrequirement+/- Continuingeducation
Wildlife Rehabilitation
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State ~5,200 permits (2010)Federal ~1385 permits (2011)
in Wildlife Rehabilitation
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2013)
NumberofAnimalsReported
NumberofRehabilitators
PercentageofRehabilitators
0-10 11 27.5%
11-25 14 35%
26-50 3 7.5%
51-100 4 10%
101-200 1 2.5%
201-500 4 10%
501-1000 2 5%
>1000 1 2.5%
Total 40 100%
Admission Breakdown1
Class NumberofAnimals
Percentage
Avian6,347
51.13%
Mammal5,730
46.16%
Reptile304
2.45%
Amphibian31
0.25%
Unknown1
<0.01%
Total12,413
100%
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Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2013)
Top 10TaxonomicFamilies
Family Percentage ofadmissions
Leporidae (Rabbits) 22.05%
Sciuridae (Squirrels) 14.42%
Anatidae (Waterfowl) 10.63%
Accipitridae (Hawks/Eagles) 4.68%
Passeridae (True Sparrows) 4.58%
Turdidae (Thrushs) 4.53%
Procyonidae (Raccoons) 4.20%
Fringillidae(TrueFinches) 4.12%
Columbidae (Pigeons/Doves) 3.15%
Strigidae (TrueOwls) 2.43%
Top10Broader Groupings
Grouping Percentageof Admissions
Passerine 23.77%
Rabbit/Hare 22.05%
Rodent 16.62%
Waterfowl 10.63%
Raptor 8.10%
Carnivore 4.68%
Dove/Pigeon 3.15%
PondTurtle 2.23%
Bat 1.63%
Woodpecker 1.30%
O of Wildlife Rehabilitation
Migratory bird rehabilitation is the practice of caring for sick, injured, ororphaned migratory birds with the goal of releasing them back to thewild. (USFWS Migratory Bird Program, accessed Jan 2019)
The treatment and temporary care of injured, diseased, and displacedindigenous animals, and the subsequent release of healthy animals intoappropriate habitats in the wild. (NWRA, Minimum Standards forWildlife Rehabilitation, 2013)
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of Wildlife Rehabilitation
Euthanasia
CaptivePlacementRelease
of Wildlife Rehabilitation
https://www.greensourcedfw.org/articles/north-texas-wild-dallas-rehabber-wild-rabbit-rescues-multiply-spring
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of Wildlife Rehabilitation
of Wildlife Rehabilitation
federal
• International• IUCN• OIE• Native American Tribes
• Federal Department of • Interior: USFWS/NPS/USGS-NWHC• Commerce: NOAA - NMFS• Agriculture: AC-AWA/VS/WS
• HHS: CDC
state
• State Department of• Fish and game• Animal health• Public health• Agriculture
• Local ordinances
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of Wildlife Rehabilitation
You must euthanize any bird that has sustained injuries requiring amputation of a leg, a foot, or a wing at the elbow (humero-ulnar joint) or above, and/or is
completely blind. You must not sustain the life of any migratory bird that cannot after medical management feed itself, perch upright, or ambulate without
inflicting additional injuries to itself.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFederal Migratory Bird Rehabilitation Permits
50 CFR 21.31
of Wildlife Rehabilitation
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of Wildlife Rehabilitation
RegulatoryAgency
VeterinariansWildlifeRehabilitators
To Place or Not to Place
Euthanasia
Placement
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Captive Placement of Birds (MBTA)
A review of USFWS Special Purpose - Possession for Education (Live) annual reports for Region 3 (2017) showed a total of 1250 birds in 137 facilities.
Animal Welfare
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Decision Flowchart
Health and Welfare Assessment
HealthAssessment
AppropriateFacility
BehaviorAssessment
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Placement Forms
Facility Placing Bird
Non-ReleasableRaptorPlacementEvaluationForm
InstitutionPlacingBirdInstitutionContactInformation:
Institutionname:_____________________________________________________________
Primarycontact:_____________________________________________________________
Phonenumber:______________________________________________________________
Email:______________________________________________________________________
Address:____________________________________________________________________
City:_______________________________________________________________________
State:______________________________________________________________________
Zipcode:____________________________________________________________________
Signalment:
Identification:_______________________________________________________________
Species:____________________________________________________________________
Currentage:_________________________________________________________________
Weight:_____________________________________________________________________
BodyConditionScore(scale=0-5):________________________________________________
Sex(ifknown):_______________________________________________________________
CircumstancesLeadingtoCaptivity(attachseparatesheetifnecessary):
Natureofinjuries(pleaseelaborate):______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Treatmentforinjuries(pleaseelaborate):___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Haveallmedicalissuesbeenresolved(pleaseelaborate):______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Facility Acquiring Bird
Non-ReleasableRaptorPlacementEvaluationForm
InstitutionAcquiringBird
InstitutionContactInformation:
Institutionname:_____________________________________________________________
Primarycontact:_____________________________________________________________
Phonenumber:______________________________________________________________
Email:______________________________________________________________________
Address:____________________________________________________________________
City:_______________________________________________________________________
State:______________________________________________________________________
Zipcode:___________________________________________________________________
Signalment:
Identification:_______________________________________________________________
Species:____________________________________________________________________
Currentage:_________________________________________________________________
Weight:_____________________________________________________________________
BodyConditionScore(scale=0-5):________________________________________________
Sex(ifknown):_______________________________________________________________
ProposedManagement:
Whatwillyouusethebirdfor(i.e.,programs,on-the-fist,displaybird,etc.)?_____________
____________________________________________________________________________
ProposedHousing:
Howwillthebirdbehoused(cage,flightpen,free-lofted,tethered,etc.)?_______________
___________________________________________________________________________
References
• Arent L.R., Willette M., Buhl G. (2018). Raptors as Victims and Ambassadors: Raptor Rehabilitation, Education, and Outreach. In: Boal C.W., Dykstra C.R. (eds) Urban Raptors. Island Press, Washington, DC.
• Buhl G. Willette M., Ponder J. (2016). Wildlife Rehabilitation Characterization for Opportunities in Increasing Animal Welfare. Final report. Minneapolis, MN: The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota.
• Clark, Ed; Personal Communications; 2010• HSVMA. Wildlife Care Basics for Veterinary Hospitals – Before the Rehabilitator Arrives. (2012).
https://www.hsvma.org/assets/pdfs/hsvma_wildlife_care_handbook.pdf• Lacy, K. (2017). Selection Process for Non-releasable Birds: The first step in bird welfare. Presented at
IAATE. https://cascadesraptorcenter.org/assets/uploads/IAATE_Atlanta_2017_Kit_Lacy_Paper_.pdf• NWRA. https://www.nwrawildlife.org/default.aspx; accessed May 10, 2018• USFWS. Migratory Bird Program. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/mbpermits.html; accessed
October 2018.• Willette M. (2014). Descriptive review of MBTA Wildlife Rehabilitation Annual Reports (Region 3,
2011). Final report. Minneapolis, MN: The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota.• Willette M. Descriptive Review of MBTA Special Purpose - Possession for Education (Live) Annual
Reports (Region 3, 2017). Minneapolis, MN: The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota. (In Prep)
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Group Work!
Triage Chart
Table16.1TheRaptorCenter’scriteriaforpatientoutcomes
Euthanasia Release Placementateducationalfacility
Non-repairablewingorlegfractures(includesthoserequiringamputation)TraumatotendonsorligamentsaffectingfunctionBilateralblindnessSevereleadtoxicitySpinaltraumawithposteriorparalysisSignificantjointtraumaStarvationasdefinedbyspecificbloodvaluesNon-salvageableinjuriesorincurablediseases
Fullrecoveryfromillnessorinjurywithnophysical,visualorradiographicsignsofcomplicationsGoalsofphysicalreconditioningprogrammet(normalflightmechanics,strength,enduranceforspecies)Behavioralassessmentpassed(imprintstatus,livepreyacquisition)AcompletesetofhealthyremigesandrectricesBloodvaluesfallwithinanacceptablerange
Injurynotleadtofuturecomplications(structuralintegrity)orchronicpainInjurynotpredisposebumble-foot(pathologyoftheavianfoot,oftenaresultofunevenweightbearingonbothfeet)InjurynotresultinapermanentneurologicaldisorderInjurynotpreventabilitytoperformdailymaintenanceactivities(perching,movingbetweentwoperches,self-feeding,bathing)Demonstrationofacalm,non-aggressiveorself-destructivetemperamentincaptivity
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Release
• Fully recovered from illness or injury with no physical, visual or radiographic signs of complications
• Goals of physical reconditioning program met
• Behavioral assessment passed• ???
Euthanasia
CaptivePlacementRelease
Taxon #1
Euthanasia Placement
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Taxon #2
Euthanasia Placement
Taxon #3
Euthanasia Placement
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Taxon #4
Euthanasia Placement
HSVMA Online Webinar: Before the Rehabilitator Arrives - How to Stabilize Emergency Wildlife Patients
https://www.hsvma.org/index.php?option=com_jevents&task=icalrepeat.detail&evid=15&Itemid=113&year=2018&month=10&day=17&title=hsvma-online-webinar-before-the-rehabilitator-arrives-how-to-stabilize-emergency-wildlife-patients&uid=8c254eb2416c28ba1f05d2c779fb2657
PresentedbyRenataSchneider,DVM,andLynnMiller,PhD,CWR
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Decision Toolbox• Optimizing Raptor Rehabilitation Outcome
Flowchart• Euthanasia• Release• Placement
• Raptor Reconciliation Placement Forms• Facility wishing to place raptor• Facility wishing to obtain raptor
• Raptor Quality of Life Form• Biological functioning• Affective states• Natural living
• Ethogram/activity budget
Assessing Animal Welfare
Inputs
Management resources• Training• Time available
Environment resources • Health• Nutrition• Environment• Behavior• Mental
Animal resources• Genetic makeup and early experience,
which affects disease resistance, fear thresholds, etc.
Outputs
Basic health and functioning (body)• Physical health/physiology• Growth/production
Affective states (mind)• Feelings/emotions• Pain/distress• Choice/control
Natural living (nature)• Ability to perform natural
behaviors/stereotypies• Social groupings
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Animal Welfare Assessments
Fraser, 1997; WSAVA, 2018
QofL Assessment
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Questions?