overturning tables by scott bessenecker - excerpt

8112019 Overturning Tables by Scott Bessenecker - EXCERPT

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OverturningTABLES

FREEING MISSIONS FROM THE

CHRISTIAN-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Scott A Bessenecker





Overturning

TABLESFREEING MISSIONS FROM THE


Scott A Bessenecker

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



InterVarsity Press

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copy983090983088983089983092 by Scott A Bessenecker

All rights reserved No part o this book may be reproduced in any orm without written permission fom InterVarsity

Press

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and a member movement o the International Fellowship o Evangelical Students For inormation about local and

regional activities visit intervarsityorg

All Scripture quotations unless otherwise indicated are taken fom the New Revised Standard Version o the Bible

copyright 983089983097983096983097 by the Division o Christian Education o the National Council o the Churches o Christ in the USA

Used by permission All rights reserved

While all stories in this book are true some names and identiying inormation in this book have been changed to

protect the privacy o the individuals involved

Cover design Cindy Kiple

Interior design Beth McGill

Images Christ and the emple Money Changers Christ Driving the Money-Changers fom the emple by

Benvenuto isi da Garoalo at the copy Scottish National Gallery Edinburgh Te Bridgeman Art LibraryGraph paper copy KrockodiliusiStockphoto

Pencil drawings o George Leile and Betsey Stockton by Janine Bessenecker

Images o slave ship and doves by Gary Nauman

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983091983094983096983088-983090 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983095983094-983097 (digital)

Printed in the United States o America

As a member o the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting theenvironment and to the responsible use o natural resources o learn more visit greenpressinitiativeorg

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record or this book is available fom the Library o Congress

P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS

Prologue Driving the Market Out o Christian Mission 983097

983089 A ale o wo Missions 983090983097

983090 From Corporation to Locally Owned 983092983093

983091 From Profits to Prophets 983094983095

983092 From Convert to Cosmos 983097983091

983093 From Solitary to Solidarity 983089983089983094

983094 From Mainstream to Margin 983089983091983094

983095 From Independent to Interdependent 983089983093983089

983096 From Growth to Flourishing 983089983094983089

Epilogue Putting Our Shoulders to the Donkey Cart 983089983096983091

Acknowledgments 983089983096983095

Notes 983089983096983097

About the Author 983090983088983089




PROLOGUE

Driving the Market Out

of Christian Mission

At the end o 1048626104862410486251048627 Pope Francis released an exhortation he called Evangelii

Gaudium (Te Joy o the Gospel) decrying ree market capitalism which

he described as an economy o exclusion and inequality In doing so he

stirred up a wasprsquos nest o criticism with some pundits calling his capitalist

critique ldquopure Marxism coming out o the mouth o the poperdquo1 In the

document Pope Francis states

some people continue to deend trickle-down theories which assume

that economic growth encouraged by a ree market will inevitably

succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the

world Tis opinion which has never been confirmed by the acts

expresses a crude and naiumlve trust in the goodness o those wielding

economic power and in the sacralized workings o the prevailing

economic system Meanwhile the excluded are still waiting2

But such a critique is not surprising coming rom this particular pope

As his predecessor Pope Benedict XVI pulled away rom the ApostolicPalace in a Mercedes limousine Francis pulled up in his 1048625104863310486321048628 Renault In

act Pope Francis chose not to live in the Apostolic Palace at all but to

reside in the ar less ostentatious Casa Santa Marta where visiting guests




10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

o the Vatican stay Pope Francis has a longstanding relationship with the

wastepickers o Buenos Aires whom he ought alongside or better

working conditions as archbishop It is this view o lie rom the margins

which motivates the pope to suspend bishops living in opulence and chal-

lenge the capitalist obsession with profit at the expense o his riends living

on the economic ringe

But is it really the place o a religious authority to address economic

systems Should popes simply keep to religious matters and leave eco-

nomic theorizing to economists Surely we would not take seriously econ-omists who attempt to shape Christian theology Why should theologians

address economic theory

But the practice o economics is prooundly theological What is ldquothou

shalt not stealrdquo i not an implication o economic policy that embraces

some orm o private ownership Tereore the first economist was God

Large sections o the Hebrew Scriptures are devoted to addressing eco-

nomic malpractice and serve to protect those at the bottom o the eco-

nomic ood chain

You shall not withhold the wages o poor and needy laborers

whether other Israelites or aliens who reside in your land in one o

your towns You shall pay them their wages daily beore sunset be-

cause they are poor and their livelihood depends on them otherwise

they might cry to the L983151983154983140 against you and you would incur guilt(Deuteronomy 1048626104862810486251048628-10486251048629)

Te Hebrew Scriptures devote a good deal o attention to how eco-

nomic transactions are to happen and what should be done i those trans-

actions go awry Te means to acquire wealth (via land or labor) was

strictly guarded in the law Leviticus 10486261048629 outlines the process by which land

and labor were to be released on a orty-nine-year cycle afer having beenacquired by others Land acquisitions were to be returned to their original

owners Tose who had been sold into bonded labor were to be set ree

Tis policymdashthe Jubileemdashacted as a hard reset in order to correct the ways




Prologue 11

that all economic systems produce wealth disparities over time i not reg-

ulated Te Jubilee along with a loan orgiveness cycle that repeated every

seven years (Deuteronomy 10486251048629) were among the many ways God displays

concern or how we exchange our goods and services and saeguards

against rampant wealth inequality

Luke opens his Gospel with a po-

litical reerencemdasha census conducted

around the time o Jesusrsquo birth For the

Gospel writers the lines between eco-nomics politics and spirituality did not

exist Or i they did exist they were

placed differently than they are or readers in the industrialized demo-

cratic West Jesusrsquo political and economic activism is ofen lost upon those

who live in societies where the private practice o aith and the public

practice o citizenship are kept in strictly separate containers We do not

easily see how Christrsquos actions and teachings touch on larger economic or

political structures Because Jesus does not attack the Roman Emperormdash

on the contrary he encourages giving to Caesar that which is Caesarrsquos

(Matthew 1048626104862610486261048624-10486261048625 Mark 1048625104862610486251048631 Luke 1048626104862410486261048629)mdashand because Jesus appears

to embrace the permanence o poverty (ldquothe poor you will always have

with yourdquo [Matthew 1048626104863010486251048625 Mark 104862510486281048631 John 104862510486261048632]) we assume that Jesus

takes a passive approach to political and economic powers ldquoLeave them well enough alonerdquo our Western ears seem to hear him telling us ldquodevote

yourselves to private spiritual matters and those larger structural issues will

work themselves outrdquo Jesus appears to be more concerned with individual

economic practicemdashalmsgiving or instancemdashthan systemic economic

concerns like interest rates or minimum wage laws

But the holistic Hebrew mindset and the radically different private-

public or sacred-secular divides in the ancient Near East obscure our vision on this Everyday existence in Palestine during Jesusrsquo time would

have been a sociopolitical religio-economic experience and teasing out

what might be relegated to the individual and private and what involves

The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

the communal and public would have been difficult Tose lines were

either drawn in radically different places or did not exist as we think o

them today Religious structures political structures and economic struc-

tures were hopelessly bound together and Jesus engaged the whole power

abric made up o these orces on a regular basis

eachers o the law Pharisees Sadducees scribes these were not viewed

in the sanctified and separate ways that we view spiritual vocations todaymdash

men and women with religious power but no widely recognized civil

power Religious leaders in Jesusrsquo day were civic leaders and part o areligio-political ruling class Te Sanhedrin ruled with as much civil au-

thority as they did religious authority Roman civil authorities were ofen

part o the religious elite Tere was no separation o power between

spiritual and civil in Jesusrsquo day

Te Roman governor Pilate King Herod and the Sanhedrin were all

concerned about Jesusrsquo claim on their all-encompassing power bases and

Jesusrsquo trial involved each o these power bases Luke tells us that John the

Baptist was locked up by Herod one o the many religio-political rulers o

that time as a result o Johnrsquos public tirade against him Te Baptizer con-

demned Herod not only ldquobecause o Herodias his brotherrsquos wierdquo but ldquobe-

cause o all the evil things that Herod had donerdquo (Luke 104862710486251048633) Doubtless

John was condemning a wide variety o unjust and sel-serving actions o

Herod who afer all was a builder like his ather and levied burdensometaxes on those under his realm In Herodrsquos territory there was only the very

rich and the very poor3 Herod himsel owned hal o the land under his

rule and many were confined to poverty as a result o Herodrsquos policies and

the aristocratic amilies who possessed much o the property So paranoid

was Herod o Johnrsquos public denunciations that Josephus claims he eared

John might ldquoraise a rebellionrdquo4 Tis ear o rebellion indicates that the

condemnation o Herod was not limited to what we in the West mightrelegate to the sphere o personal holiness Private and public individual

and social political and religious economic and spiritual were part o a

unified whole




Prologue 13

I we want to separate the powers and structures in first-century Pal-

estine and distinguish the political rom the social or economic or reli-

gious we would have a very difficult time Were the teachers o the law

religious teachers or civil lawyers Yes Was the Roman emperor viewed as

a political leader or a religious deity Yes Was the high priesthood a po-

litical post or a sacerdotal post Yes Was commerce in Jerusalem con-

trolled by the religious elite or by business leaders Yes5 Were the elite

amilies in Judea tied to political economic or religious power Yes

Te temple in Jerusalem represented an amalgam o religious civic andeconomic powers Festivals or high holy days might be similar to attending

a citywide parade on a national holidaymdashan event orchestrated by leaders

with responsibilities in civic and religious circles that brought together

amily riends ellow citizens and strangers to trade stories enjoy el-

lowship worship and share meals Few would have known how had they

cared to differentiate between the parts o the estival that were religious

and those we might be tempted to call secular Te word secular did not

even appear until the 1048625104862710486241048624s Tatrsquos because beore the late Middle Ages the

secular did not exist State power was religious as well as economic and

social Artificial walls had not yet been constructed and so we cannot so

easily discern with our Western spectacles where Jesus conronts political

social or economic powers6

Te act that we separate aith rom politics or economics is a new wayto look at the world and is oreign to human history Jesus never addressed

religious power without also addressing the social political and economic

power bound together with it I we are honest even in our church-state

separated world political and eco-

nomic power has spiritual significance

and spiritual power has political and

economic significance ry though wemight we cannot uncouple all the ways

the powers are mingled

Jesus never addressed

religious power without

also addressing the socialpolitical and economic power

bound together with it




14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156

Only a handul o events are recorded by all our Gospel writers TeSynoptic writers Matthew Mark and Luke appear to ollow a common

account John however introduces a large body o unique stories He

told his readers ldquothere are also many other things that Jesus did i every

one o them were written down I suppose that the world itsel could not

contain the books that would be writtenrdquo (John 1048626104862510486261048629) Tis may account

or his departure rom the material the other three writers used Tereore

we must pay close attention to those places where all our Gospel writersrecord the same event Tese incidents are central to all our writersrsquo un-

derstanding o the nature and work o Christ

Outside o the death and resurrection narrative there are just five events

the Gospel writers share in common Four o these are (1048625) Johnrsquos baptism

(1048626) the eeding o the five thousand (1048627) Peterrsquos proession o aith and

(1048628) Jesusrsquo anointing by a sinul woman7 Each bears special significance to

developing the biography o Christ in terms o his ulfillment o Jewish

messianic prophesies Te fifh event is the story o Jesusrsquo entry into Jeru-

salem and his ejection o the marketplace that occupied the temple courts

(Matthew 104862610486251048625-10486251048627 Mark 104862510486251048625-10486251048631 Luke 1048625104863310486261048633-10486281048630 John 104862610486251048627-10486251048631 1048625104862610486251048626-10486251048633)8

What is so central to our understanding o Jesus that this event is among

the ew stories shared by all our Gospels

It would be difficult to understand Jesusrsquo entry into Jerusalem andclearing o the temple without reerence to the larger political economic

and religious structures surrounding this story Te prophecy o Zechariah

is brought to mind or Matthew and John the two writers who were

present at the event

Rejoice greatly O daughter Zion

Shout aloud O daughter JerusalemLo your king comes to you

triumphant and victorious is he

humble and riding on a donkey




Prologue 15

on a colt the oal o a donkey

His dominion shall be rom sea to sea

and rom the River to the ends o the earth (Zechariah 10486331048633-10486251048624)

Tere is a political dimension to Jesusrsquo entrance into the epicenter o

Judean power Jesus does not chastise the crowds who hail him as king

because they are politicizing his ministry In act the ruling class is dis-

turbed by these politically laced cries rom the crowd and they ask Jesus

to deuse the situation by correcting them Jesus reuses ldquoI tell you i these

were silent the stones would shout outrdquo (Luke 1048625104863310486281048624)

No wonder the power holders were nervous Te crowds wielding

palm branches were reenacting a scene rom the Maccabean revolt

about a century earlier when Simon marched into the citadel at Jeru-

salem and threw off the oreign oppressors establishing a short-lived

ree Jewish state and restoring worship at the temple which had become

paganized (1048625 Maccabees 1048625104862710486281048633-10486291048625 1048626 Maccabees 104862510486241048625-1048632) While it may beargued that the crowds had misconceptions about Jesusrsquo kingdom there

is no mistaking the real threat that Jesus and his reign would mean or

existing powers

While Jesusrsquo entrance into Jerusalem may have been laced with Mac-

cabean political significance Jesus had not come to reorm and preserve

temple worship No Jesusrsquo first act afer being hailed as heir to Davidrsquos

throne was to conront an economic stronghold

Ten Jesus entered the temple and drove out all who were selling

and buying in the temple and he overturned the tables o the

money changers and the seats o those who sold doves He said to

them ldquoIt is written

lsquoMy house shall be called a house o prayerrsquo

but you are making it a den o robbersrdquoTe blind and the lame came to him in the temple and he cured

them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

Driving out those selling sacrificial animals and overturning the money

changersrsquo tables must not be seen as an attempt to restore the temple to its

Solomonic glory Jesus had prophesied to a Samaritan woman that worship

would no longer be linked to the temple in Jerusalem ldquoTe hour is coming

when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jeru-

salemrdquo (John 104862810486261048625) Luke records that when Jesus entered Jerusalem he

wept over the cityrsquos coming destruction (Luke 1048625104863310486281048625-10486281048628) which was ac-

complished in 983137983140 10486311048624 and in which the temple was also completely de-

stroyed (Matthew 104862610486281048625-1048626) Jesus knew that the temple was destined to bedemolished in act Jesusrsquo statements about the templersquos destruction were

used to convict and cruciy him (Matthew 1048626104863010486301048625) No Jesus was not con-

cerned about the purification o worship at the temple Te kingdom he

brings has no temple because ldquothe Lord God the Almighty and the Lambrdquo

are its temple (Revelation 1048626104862510486261048626)

I donrsquot want to underplay the exclusion Jesus addressed in clearing the

temple courts Tere is most certainly a worship element that Jesus is con-

ronting in his challenge to the market-

place ruling the temple Te worship o

all people was being displaced by greed

Tis is a serious affront to worship Te

original blueprint or the temple did not

include corralling women and Gentilesinto separate courts away rom pious

male Jews but this segregation had emerged and Jesus displays such zeal

inside these courts o the excluded Te racas created by driving out the busi-

nesses ultimately had the effect o opening up space or the ldquouncleanrdquo to enter

Directly afer Jesus clears the marketplace ldquothe blind and the lame came to

him in the temple and he cured themrdquo (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048628) But Jesus was not

only concerned with restoring a space where ldquotrue worshipers will worshipthe Father in the Spirit and in truth or they are the kind o worshipers the

Father seeksrdquo (John 104862810486261048627 983150983145983158) He was also conronting another thread o

power twisted together with the strands o authority ruling the region

Jesusrsquo first act after being

hailed as heir to Davidrsquos

throne was to confront an

economic stronghold




Prologue 17

In essence money changers served as banks and anyone coming to

Jerusalem rom another part o the empire would need the services o

these currency exchanges Tese temple banks were the place to go re-

gardless o your interest in worship rue they traded money or the

temple coinage but their business would have provided opportunity or

all kinds o money exchange We know rom Josephus and other histo-

rians that the high priestly amilies earned lucrative profits rom the

temple marketplace which included these banks Niell Hamilton in his

article ldquoemple Cleansing and emple Bankrdquo suggests that the templebank housed the equivalent o more than three million dollars much o

it rom the deposits o aristo-

cratic amilies By overturning

the tables Jesus had ldquosuspended

the whole economic unction o

the temple Such sovereign in-

tererence in the economic affairs

o the temple must have been

taken as a direct claim to be

kingrdquo9 Te high priest Ananias

was called ldquothe great procurer o

moneyrdquo and historians claim that

the temple was being ldquoruined bygreedrdquo10 Matthewrsquos and Markrsquos

Gospels specifically recall Jesus

overturning the ldquoseats o those

who sold dovesrdquo Tese vendors

would have catered specifically to

poor olk like Jesusrsquo parents who

purchased doves to consecrate their firstborn male child in that samespot some thirty years prior One influential member o the Sanhedrin

a ew decades later addressed the price gouging o the poor occurring at

the hands o those selling doves He fixed a maximum price or doves at

Box seats to a house cleaning Linocut byGary Nauman




18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

just 1048625 percent o their original purchase price giving us some idea o the

profiteering going on in the temple marketplace11

German theologian and scholar Joachim Jeremias writes in his book

Jerusalem in the ime o Jesus that one wie in the high priestly amily o

Boethus ldquowas so pampered that she carpeted the whole distance rom her

house to the temple gaterdquo12 Te temple treasurer post was ofen filled by

members o the priestly aristocracy13 Like today economic power had

coalesced into the hands o a ew elite amilies making access to wealth

quite difficult or anyone else Ched Myers concludes that ldquoit is the ruling-class interests in control o the commercial enterprises in the temple market

that Jesus is attackingrdquo14

Te temple clearing was not only a worship corrective but an economic

corrective that struck at the heart o a first-century Wall Street

F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155

Jesus said in John 10486251048628 ldquowhoever believes in me will do the works I have been

doingrdquo (983150983145983158) I we are to do the works Jesus did then there is something

very appropriate about a reli-

gious figure like Pope Francis

conronting the economic

powers that have become weighted toward the ruling

classes We are charged to im-

itate our Master and while this

book is not primarily about inserting the ethics o Christ into a capitalist

mindset it is about addressing the capitalist mindset that has inserted

itsel into Christrsquos church and its mission

Five-star US Army general and outgoing president o the Unites StatesDwight Eisenhower warned o an unholy alliance between military powers

and the or-profit business orces when he popularized the term military-

industrial complex 15 Te mutual benefit between war and profit would

The temple clearing was not only a

worship corrective but an economic

corrective that struck at the heartof a first-century Wall Street




Prologue 19

have ldquograve implicationsrdquo i those bedellows were allowed to dictate

oreign policy oday I see similar grave implications regarding the ways

that the church has uncritically adopted a corporate-style capitalist para-

digm to inorm and drive our mission It is an invitation or principalities

that bend toward exclusion to occupy the temple courts o the churchmdash

the creation o a Christian-Industrial Complex

I sometimes eel like I have more questions than answers But the dis-

turbance Jesus created in the temple courts gives me some comort on this

account I am unsure what Christrsquos actions accomplished in the way ointroducing permanent change to the economic lordship o the ruling

class amilies controlling first-century Palestine But an unmistakable

signal was sent to the economic and political power holders deeply in-

vested in the temple marketplace Jesusrsquo actions may also have inspired

believers regarding the very different kind o ldquobankrdquo which they would

create just a ew years later It was an economic cooperative in which there

were no needy among them (Acts 104862610486281048628-10486281048629 104862810486271048626-10486271048629) Overturning tables

indicates what his kingdom is like or more to the point what his kingdom

is not like In Christrsquos kingdom the poor are not bilked or the rich to

carpet their palaces It is not a kingdom where eighty-five individuals

possess more wealth than three billion people16 It is not a kingdom where

devotion to God is leveraged or ruling-class profit or where commercial

enterprise gets in the way o those seeking to draw near to God And it isnot a kingdom where the world o profit making overrules the world o

prophet making

So while I hope to draw rom a ew alternative pictures o a church and

mission that have been reed rom a corporate-styled capitalist mindset I

am primarily attempting to kick-start a discussion Can we more clearly

identiy places in the church where the ethic o gaining the world has re-

sulted in oreiting our souls Have we allowed ourselves and our struc-tures to be overly influenced by the things that work well in the capitalist

kingdom o this world but are toxic in the good-news-to-the-poor

kingdom o God Can our imaginations be released to create resh struc-




20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

tures and new ways o understanding money people church and the

kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156

When I travel I usually stay with riends so it is a rare occurrence to stay

in a hotel especially a nice one Afer more than twenty-five years o

walking alongside college students or riends who live in developing-world

slum communities it is always a little bit o culture shock to enter a con-

erence environment where most people are white (like me) male (likeme) middle-aged (like me) and wearing business attire (not like me) Tis

is sometimes the reality when I attend proessional events with other

North American missionary leaders

At one such gathering I was handed the typical conerence handbag

adorned with sponsoring company logos Tis bag contained a couple o

magazines a conerence handbook and twenty-five different brochures

and fliers that advertised goods and services or sale to those o us who lead

Christian missions Tere were appeals in this bundle made by travel

agencies insurance companies publishers and translation services But the

proession represented by more flyers and ads than any other single industry

in the bale o paper was the financial industrymdashfinancial planning com-

panies offered their help a couple o banks presented their appeal to handle

the cash flow o organizations at this conerence and a company or two were selling their undraising services Any outsider who only saw the bro-

chures in our conerence handbag might conclude that this conerence

must be designed or an industry in which money played a central role

Te demographic o most Protestant missionary conerences in the US

could be described as male pale and rail Conerence agendas are peppered

with the stated value o making space or younger leaders as well as women

and minorities But the demographic o the room at least as I have observedit over the last twenty-five years has remained the same Te Southern Bap-

tists or instance are among the most diverse Protestant denominations

ldquoNearly 10486251048624104862410486241048624 o the SBCrsquos 10486281048630104862410486241048624 churches are lsquoethnic in some shape orm




Prologue 21

or ashionrsquo making Southern Baptists by ar the most ethnic convention in

the nationrdquo17 Yet the number o black Southern Baptist missionaries rom

the US is only one-hal o 1048625 percent and o the 1048628104863310486241048624 Southern Baptist mis-

sionaries only 104862810486261048627 (10486321048630983077) are minorities18 Tis raises the question is there

something about how Protestant mission is shaped that makes it easier or

white olk to enter and more difficult or others Surely ethnic minorities

are no less spiritually gifed or qualified or missionary service

In February 1048626104862410486251048626 a historic celebration was held honoring the two hun-

dredth anniversary o the sailing o the first American missionaries sent bya ormalized missionary-sending structure the launch o the Protestant

mission to Burma in 1048625104863210486251048626 Te anniversary was commemorated with the

orging o a new partnership between two major associations o Protestant

mission agencies under a single new conglomerate In many respects this

was an appropriate date and venue to attempt to breathe new lie into the

North American Protestant missionary structure Only Irsquom not convinced

that the organizational oundation upon which Protestants have built our

church and non-profit establishments is the right one

Tere is something endemic within North American Protestant non-

profit structures which despite good aith efforts have made it difficult

or minorities to thrive In 1048626104862410486251048626 the birthrate o minority Americans ex-

ceeded that o whites19 By 1048626104862410486281048627 American minorities will become a ma-

jority20

What will become o our predominantly white missionary orga-nizations which have not kept pace with the changing demographic

Furthermore outside o a ew organizational exceptions like Youth with

a Mission I have observed the greying o North American missionaries I

was speaking to a missionary recruiter rom the Evangelical Free denom-

ination who told me the average age o the reshly minted missionaries

they send to the mission field is orty years old Another mission agency

executive conessed to me that the average age in his mission is fify-threeEfforts to draw in younger leaders have by and large been ineffective

What began as a youth movement is now a middle-aged movement Fi-

nally ully hal o the Christian population appears to lack the correct






Prologue 23

it is the investors and their pursuit o profit that govern organizational

decisions Products and employees simply become means to an end

Boards o directors and executive officers are beholden to the investorsrsquo

quest or profit and employees are beholden to executivesrsquo need or pro-

ductivity It is this hierarchical system o investors board members execu-

tives and employees which has come to define the modern corporation

In this organizational design money is the central actor in decision

making Employees are valued mainly or their productivity Demand can

be manipulated by marketing and consumers are seen exclusively throughthe lens o their ability to purchase the product It is this corporate-styled

approach to organization that has become the chie construct by which

Protestants have come to execute their various missions whether financial

religious or social (more on this in chapter 1048626)

oday particularly in the West one can barely distinguish a conerence

designed or Protestant pastors church leaders or mission agency execu-

tives rom a commercial convention or those dealing with data man-

agement telecommunications or selling shower-curtain rings Protestant

church and mission have become corporate-shaped ventures Our central

offices our reliance on money our relationship with employees the mar-

keting o our mission and the ways we think about success are inormed

by corporate capitalism It has become the commercially inspired oun-

dation upon which we have built our structuresTis should hardly be surprising given that the corporate-shaped orga-

nizational structure has been the container into which we have pressed

nearly all other social organizations whether the Red Cross Goodwill

Public Broadcasting the United Way or the YMCA Nearly all the places

we work have assumed the outline o a commercial business enterprise

Even health care and public education the last bastions o altruistic human

service are being conormed more and more by the or-profit corporate paradigm Te global transormation o all means o organizing is nearly

complete Te capitalist corporation has become the grand uniying

theory or all human cooperation




24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

Te corporate spell under which we have become entranced has serious

downsides especially or the ways we need to come together or purposes

that may not be practical profitable or popular Not every good offered to

society should be reduced to a consumable Not every working rela-

tionship should be defined by an employer-employee contract and not

every connection with other entities should become a business partnership

Additionally money should not be a key ingredient or getting all things

done We are more than the business we have become

Tis should be true especially amongthose who preach the coming o a

kingdom that is good news to the

poormdashthose without capitalmdasha

kingdom that only the childlike can

enter a kingdom in which the socially

excluded the morally polluted and the

physically unsuited are welcomed and given seats o honor Te power

holders in Godrsquos kingdom are those typically lef out o systems that reward

greed exploitation and the concentration o wealth power and influence

o be sure there is something admirable about how capitalism en-

courages creativity and entrepreneurship It is one o the things I love

about the ree market Wersquove also witnessed a growing trend o or-profit

businesses that celebrate a ldquotriple bottom linerdquo Tis business approachconcerns itsel with more than simply maximizing profit riple bottom

line organizations take into account social as well as environmental stake-

holders in decision making23 In addition social enterprise has become a

commanding orce in human flourishing People are rediscovering ways

to organize that are not primarily centered around generating profit or

massive undraising Tese organizations may well be instructive to the

church Social entrepreneurs such as Muhammad Yunus ounder andmanager o Grameen Bank have much to contribute to those o us en-

gaged in Christian ministry But what I see in the Protestant world is not

usually the innovative business practices o todayrsquos entrepreneurs but a

We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25

carbon copy o the business world o twenty or more years ago

o address the ways in which we have become slaves to a corporate

worldview I explore in this book various threads o the corporatization o

the church and its mission Chapter one will contrast the corporate

structure o the first American mission agency with the American slaves

who represent the earliest American missionaries Chapter two deals with

the roots o the marriage between Protestantism and a corporate-capitalist

mindset Chapter three grapples with the paralyzing centrality o unding

in our models Chapter our explores moving away rom a product men-tality to our mission and toward something more holistic Chapter five

will look at replacing the emphasis on privatization and individualism with

a more communal approach Chapter six will help us to bring those ex-

cluded by the corporate paradigm into the center o our lie and mission

Chapter seven will highlight the critical need to move away rom part-

nership as a careully delineated business arrangement toward a more

interdependent approach and chapter eight will make a case or rejecting

the metrics rooted in the corporate vision or numeric increase in exchange

or signs o the arrival o the kingdom o God

W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143

I presented at a missiological study center on the need to explore

missionary-sending structures apart rom the predominant corporate businessmodel It was a three-day event with a group o perhaps thirty mission and

academic leaders On the last day I finally had a chance to sit next to the

dean o a prominent evangelical seminary ldquoIrsquove not been able to speak to

you this week because o how angry you have made merdquo she stated Others

at that event thought I had summarily dismissed an entire era o Protestant

mission by challenging the prevailing paradigm Responses to my blog

posts or talks have been laced with anger disappointment and a sense thatI have attacked individuals or sacred and cherished concepts I coness that

I have been caught off-guard by such deensiveness and resentment among

my Christian brothers and sisters Tere is a sensitive nerve under the




26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

surace o this criticism which I do not ully understand I am not sure why

Christians Protestant evangelicals in particular eel so keenly the need to

deend unregulated capitalism Perhaps it is a belie that capitalism takes

economic power out o the hands o the state and gives it to the people

Both capitalism and Protestantism were responses to elitism But move-

ments that set out to overthrow elitism only create new elite and new ex-

cluded We must never tire o reorm it must remain the one constant in

a world that beckons us toward calcification

Te other landmine I some-times encounter are those who

think Irsquom critical o business as

mission Business as mission is

an organizing theory in which

the wealth-creating or visa-

granting power o business is

leveraged to get missionaries onto a mission field and like any other

method or engaging the kingdom o this world with the kingdom o God

it comes with its assets and liabilities At its best business as mission is a

orm o Christian social enterprise which combines wealth-creating op-

portunities or communities trapped in poverty with news about Jesus and

his power to rescue At its worst it is merely a ruse to get into a country

with no real intention or the business to become financially viable Butbusiness as mission is not what I am addressing in this book my concern

is mission as business

One reason that the corporate business model has become such a

standard organizational model is that it mostly works Whatrsquos more the

economies on which the entire

planet now operate are built on

a vision or wealth creation anddistribution based largely on a

capitalist worldview Tis is be-

cause most alternatives have

Business as mission is notwhat I am addressing in this book

my concern is mission as business

Capitalism and Protestantism were

responses to elitism But movements

that set out to overthrow elitism only

create new elite and new excluded




Prologue 27

ailed so miserably Like it or not capitalism is the economic ideology by

which the world produces and exchanges goods and services and the cor-

poration is not going away anytime soon As much as capitalism may have

created wealth disparity eudalism was ar worse and the state-run com-

munist experiments have ailed Managing resources careully econo-

mizing production costs motivating workers and growing the reach and

impact o organizations has been aided by the capitalist paradigm Not

even the great communist bastions o China and the ormer USSR have

been able to withstand the gravitational pull o the capitalist star becauseit can be such a powerul generator to move things orward

Since I am not primarily an economist but a mission practitioner I

cannot comment with any academic rigor about the suitability o capi-

talism as an economic engine However I hope my readers will afford me

the privilege o examining the capitalist paradigm particularly corporate-

styled capitalism as a religious engine

In addition I must give some up-ront clarification regarding the cost-

liness and sacrifice o the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century missionaries

who laid down their lives and buried their spouses and children in oreign

soil while organized around a corporate-styled mission structure

Troughout this book you will find a critique o the Western Protestant

church and its mission I shudder to think what one hundred years might

bring in the way o criticism to the alternative orms o mission I promotein this book We are all trapped in a mental and theological ramework

born out o a miniscule ragment o time and space Te eighteenth- and

nineteenth-century clergy and missionaries along with the structures that

supported them were just as much prisoners o their culture and era as I

am o mine But they were also people o aith and courage progeny o the

ldquohall o aithrdquo recounted in Hebrews 10486251048625 ldquoOthers suffered mocking and

flogging and even chains and imprisonment Tey were stoned to deaththey were sawn in two they were killed by the sword they went about in

skins o sheep and goats destitute persecuted tormentedmdasho whom the

world was not worthyrdquo (Hebrews 1048625104862510486271048630-10486271048632) I honor the verve and sacrifice




28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

o missionaries long dead most o whom have gotten a bum rap earned by

a minority o their colleagues and their positive impact has been obscured

by the colonization exploitation and ethnocentrism that had inected all

powers in those days

One sociologist Robert Woodberry embarked on a ourteen-year-long

search or the connection between Protestant mission and the emergence

o ree democratic states His careul research was published in the

American Political Science Review and won several distinguished awards24

Te conclusion o his research along with a dozen similar studies cor-roborate some ascinating findings where independent Protestant mis-

sionaries had a significant presence ree democratic states emerged Te

research suggests that powerully democratizing elements such as literacy

education or women robust nongovernmental associations and eco-

nomic development were key catalysts or democracy and were either

wholly generated or strongly promoted by these missionaries25

Still prayerul and prophetic critique is a gifmdasha gif I reluctantly but

painully receive or mysel and one that I issue to the church and its mission

in this book In one hundred years I suspect that the structural solutions I

offer in this book will by then be as ill fitted as the corporate or-profit

business shape is to ministry today I am not saying that no good has come

o the predominant missionary structures o the past two hundred or more

years I am suggesting that the time has come to examine and adjust a his-toric Protestant church and mission paradigm one that has been driven and

executed by aithul but allible people and which has run its course We

need a resh vision or church and mission driven and executed by todayrsquos

aithul but allible people which come with new assets and new liabilities

and which will require its own examination and adjustment in time

But let us first explore how the US Protestant missionary enterprise was

conceived and incubated in the womb o an emerging capitalist world




1

A TALE OF TWO MISSIONS

Te Western Hemisphere in the late eighteenth century was convulsing

A slave revolt in Haiti plunged that French colony into civil war the Aus-

trian and Ottoman Empires were embroiled in war France was in turmoil

and the colonies in America were asserting their independence Revolu-

tions reverberated around the Occident rom Belgium on down through

Latin America in the decades o the late eighteenth and early nineteenth

centuries radically changing the geopolitical landscape Te industrial

revolution ed the rise o capitalism as a major world orce which shat-

tered the boulders o wealth primarily held by amilies who governed the

world and sent pieces o mammon flying out into corporationsmdasha rela-

tively new entity on the landscape different rom individuals or rom

states Tis new body comprised mostly men who knew how to take rawmaterials like cotton or iron combine it with working class or slave labor

and turn a profit or themselves and their investors

Te birth o the modern American Protestant missionary society

emerged out o the context o these convulsions and was indelibly marked

by the political and economic landscape onto which it emerged

Most early Protestant missionaries both American and European were

immersed in the spirit o capitalism taking root in the West Te leadersthat gave shape to American mission societies in the nineteenth century

were business-minded men Families like the Rockeellers Carnegies

Vanderbilts and the Morgans invested heavily in their Protestant churches




30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

and in domestic and oreign missions Tese wealthy philanthropists were

builders o the great educational institutions out o which most Protestant

missionaries came and promoted a positive attitude toward the corporate

worldview within American Protestantism

Adoniram Judson attended what would become Brown University and

graduated valedictorian in 1048625104863210486241048631 He joined a handul o other collegians

at that time and orged a secret missionary societymdashthe Society o the

Brethrenmdashwith the intention o bringing the gospel to oreign lands

Judson was joined by Samuel Nott o Union College Samuel Newell oHarvard and Gordon Hall and Luther Rice o Williams College A couple

o key clergymen who supported the boysrsquo desire to become missionaries

determined that ldquoi a oreign mission were to be anything but a pious hope

a oreign missionary organization had to be ormed to popularize the idea

raise money disburse it select missionaries assign them to stations

support them and supervise their activitiesrdquo1

Tis was afer all the way successul people got things done At that

time it was axiomatic that i someone had a passion to advance anything

in oreign lands even Christian mission a corporation needed to be

ormed complete with investors boards o directors executive officers

employees recruiters and accountants Te result was a missionary corpo-

ration a Christian version o the or-profit trading company Te

eighteenth-century North American and European imagination hadbecome enchanted by the lords o profit

Tese well-educated young men seeking to be oreign missionaries pre-

sented themselves to the annual General Association o Congregational

Churches on a New England afernoon ull in bloom with oxgloves ge-

raniums and Canterbury bells

in June 1048625104863210486251048624 Protestants had

already been debating therightness o sending oreign

missionaries at all ldquoI God

wants to save the heathenrdquo

The eighteenth-century

North American and Europeanimagination had become enchanted

by the lords of profit




A ale o wo Missions 31

one Baptist pastor told the ldquoatherrdquo o modern missions William Carey

ldquohe will do it without your help or minerdquo Tat debate was beginning to

be won by missionary advocates across Europe and the Congregation-

alists in America were now coming on board with that conviction But

these young men could not simply be released and commissioned to

pursue their passion without any structure And the primary organiza-

tional construct these Congregational leaders were skilled at building was

commercial businesses so the sending structure was designed and re-

erred to as a corporationDr Manasseh Cutler was the moderator o the assembly and an astute

businessman He and a dozen others ldquoboughtrdquo the state o Ohio dis-

placing thousands o Native Americans He knew how to build a corpo-

ration Tis new Christian Missionary corporation would be called the

American Board o Commissioners or Foreign Mission (ABCFM) Te

first two treasurers Samuel Walley and Jeremiah Evarts have been de-

scribed as ldquoshrewd Yankee Christian businessmenrdquo2 ldquoI we are to be the

instruments o doing anything worth mention or the church o God and

the poor heathenrdquo Evarts was heard to have said ldquowe must exhibit some

o that enterprise which is observable in the conduct o worldly menrdquo3

Te creation o the first ormal American missions association was orged

with all the business savvy that the ldquoworldly menrdquo o the early nineteenth

century could mustero send these young men (most would procure wives some just days

beore the journey) would require raising 9830761048630104862410486241048624 or roughly 983076104862510486301048632104862410486241048624 in

todayrsquos dollars Te chie precedent or raising this kind o money was

commercial investment or profit Investors were slow to put their money

behind this effort Returns on their unds would be spiritual not material

and a venture o this sort came with a good deal o risk Te society sent

Judson to London to discover what he could rom the London MissionarySociety which had already been in operation as a missionary corporation

or fifeen years Perhaps they would even be willing to und the mission

Te society in London however was already preparing to spend







T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

An Arican proverb says ldquoUntil lions write their own history tales othe hunt will always gloriy the hunterrdquo For centuries the story o the

first American missionaries were written by and written about the white

Ivy League collegians in New England Adoniram and Ann Judson have

ofen been lauded as the first missionaries rom the United States and

their place in history uncontested Ten in the 1048625104863310486301048624s Stetson University

history proessor E A Holmes wrote a shocking article or the Baptist

Quarterly displacing that myth It was the story o a reed black slave who went as a missionary to serve among slaves in Jamaica

Te thirty years between the end o

the war or American independence

and the start o the War o 1048625104863210486251048626 mark a

grand exodus British loyalists black

slaves and Native Americans hemor-

rhaged out o the country on retreating

war ships4 Some fled to St Augustine

Florida others to Nova Scotia and some to London Tousands immi-

grated to nearby Jamaica Tese three decades also separate two radically

different paradigms or American Protestant mission In the efforts o these

reed slaves an older and lighter missionary structure emerged Tey were

no less intentional or effective in establishing outposts o Godrsquos kingdomabroad than the collegians who departed thirty years later but they were

not the engine to which Protestants by and large chose to hitch their train

One ormer slave swept up in the British exodus was a gifed preacher

George Leilersquos Loyalist master Henry Sharp had given him his reedom

beore the start o the Revolutionary War and Leile was ordained to

preach to slaves in South Carolina and Georgia Leile won to aith the

early patriarchs o black American Christianity Tese were men whoestablished some o the first black congregations in the United States

men like David George and Andrew Bryan Bryan was one o only three

black Baptist preachers to remain behind in Savannah Georgia as the

ldquoUntil lions write their own

history tales of the hunt will

always glorify the hunterrdquo

African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

British retreated along with blacks who eared reenslavement In staying

Bryan aced harassment beatings and imprisonment at the hands o

whites who detested him or having the sheer audacity o gathering

blacks or worship5 Under the protection o the Union Jack David

George along with nearly thirty-five hundred asylum-seeking slaves fled

the United States to Nova Scotia and later immigrated to Sierra Leone

where he led congregations o blacks fleeing the United States

George Leile and his wie Hannah however had their sights set on Ja-

maica Events surrounding theLeiles could hardly be more di-

erent than the Judsons In order to

obtain passage to Jamaica or

himsel and his amily Leile inden-

tured himsel to a Colonel Moses

Kirkland in the early 1048625104863110486321048624s It was

not just reedom rom oppression

that motivated men like Leile to

indenture himsel in order to im-

migrate it was reedom or the op-

pressedmdashboth spiritually and ma-

teriallymdashwhich coursed through

the souls o George and HannahLeile Tey had tasted both op-

pression and reedom and they

were eager to seek liberation or men and women in Jamaica who suffered

under the etters o spiritual and human bondage

ldquoTough supported by no church or denominational agency he became

the first Protestant missionary to go out rom America to establish a

oreign mission ten years beore William Carey set out rom Englandrdquo6 E A Holmes rocked the Baptist world when he published ldquoGeorge Liele

Negro Slaveryrsquos Prophet o Deliverancerdquo While a handul o college stu-

dents in 1048625104863210486241048630 gathered under the shelter o a haystack during a thunder-

George Leile first American missionaryPencil drawing by Janine Bessenecker





storm to pray or the birth o a oreign missionary movement George and

Hannah Leile had already labored or more than two decades in Jamaica

Teir burgeoning Christian community o Jamaican slaves was enduring a

good deal o persecution at the hands o plantation owners Te lords o

Jamaican commerce believed that the gospel was a subversive and dan-

gerous notion i planted in the heads o their human chattel Slaves might

get the idea that they were created in the image o God and that they

should be treated with dignity Tey might even come under the perilous

conviction that it was possible or black slaves to be equal members with whites in the body o Christ Te liberating message o the gospel might

spawn the kind o revolution expressed by Haitirsquos slaves who seized control

o their island E A Holmes notes that ldquothe planters rightly elt that lsquothe

message o reedom embodied in the Gospel o Salvation to all men en-

dangered the social and economic oundations upon which depended the

Institutions by which they maintained their livelihoodrsquordquo7

Sel-educated and sel-unded the Leilesrsquo experience orms another

vision o how we might view and structure missionmdasha vision less like the

impressive armor o King Saul and more like the five smooth stones and

sling o the boy David ldquoBi-vocational all his lie Liele would without

complaint support himsel his wie and our children by whatever jobs

he could findrdquo8 He and Hannah had a large vision o Christian mission

Tey would labor or the abolition o slavery while at the same timecalling Jamaican slaves to the Christian aith Tere was no governing

board to direct their work ew outside investors to support it and no

denominational or corporate policies by which they could be measured

Nonetheless Holmes writes

A man without ormal education he learned to read the Bible and

became a preacher o such effectiveness that in seven years in Ja-

maica he had converted over 104862910486241048624 slaves to Christianity Tough

born a Negro slave in Virginia about 1048625104863110486291048624 his illustrious service as

a patriot and preacher served as a weighty influence in the abolition




36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

o slavery in 1048625104863210486271048632 rom his adopted land o Jamaica When the first

English Baptists missionary reached Jamaica in 1048625104863210486251048628 there were

1048632104862410486241048624 Baptist converts Tis number grew to 10486261048624104862410486241048624 Baptists in

1048625104863210486271048626 much o which growth was accomplished despite persecution

by English planters and the jailing o Liele and his ollowers by the

government authorities9

It may be air to say that the Judsons and their missionary colleagues

were the first college-educated Americans sent out by a ormal missions

society on an oceangoing vessel organized with the help o businessmen

and invested with unds rom charitable contributions But i the story o

spreading the good news about Jesus Christ belongs only to the highly

educated and the highly financed sent by the highly structured then a

good many missionaries would be blotted out o church history including

the ldquoordinary and unschooledrdquo ollowers o Jesus in the book o Acts who

started the churchrsquos missionary enterprise two thousand years ago Te acto the matter is that the mission o George and Hannah Leile had a lot

more in common with the first disciples than did Adoniram and Ann

Judsonrsquos mission Te first three hundred years o Christianityrsquos spread

across Europe Asia and North Arica was accomplished via the efforts o

slaves fleeing persecution by the empire and sent with very little in the way

o money or structure

M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143

Te capitalist-industrial paradigm has stifled our imaginations or envi-

sioning how church and mission might operate differently It has obscured

mission history blinding us rom appreciating models that have worked in

the past and that incidentally are working today in other parts o the world

With the rise o the Global South not only are we witnessing a massive shif

in the cultural and national identities o the worldrsquos Christian population

but we are seeing a remarkable upscaling o Christian missionary efforts

rising rom places like Nigeria China and India to places in the West





In the 1048625104863210486281048624s Welsh missionaries were sent to the state o Mizoram

India to plant churches oday the descendants o those first converts

are now being sent as missionaries to Wales where the church is in steep

decline Te Rev Hmar Sangkhuma has stepped into the void o Presby-

terian ministers in Wales and runs yoga classes or the elderly Knowing

something about living a lie o simplicity in his homeland Rev Sang-

khuma is attempting to breathe spiritual vitality into a materialistic and

consumeristic society ldquoTere is a perceived lack o relevance o Christi-

anity to lives based on materialismrdquo he says10 And so in the heart o aquickly secularizing Welsh society which 104862510486291048624 years ago was robust

enough to send missionaries to India the great-great grandson o some

early convert has returned to call the Welsh back to their first love Tis

is a parable o twenty-first-century missionmdashthe missionaries and

mission fields have begun to swap places and some o the methods will

need to shif as well India Nigeria and China will not be able to conduct

mission as those o us in the West have done Tey will need resh

sending structures that will allow their relatively poorer population to

serve in mission

Tis is not to say that the missionaries rom Arica Asia and Latin

America are getting it right 104862510486241048624 percent o the time In act those rom

culturally homogenous regions are as ethnocentric as Americans and Eu-

ropeans unable to disentangle what is a cultural accessory to the aith and what is core As a matter o act afer more than two hundred years o

committing serious errors in mission European and American mission

organizations represent valuable assets to our brothers and sisters in the

rest o the world It is not so much the content o Western mission that I

am challenging here it is the container o Western mission I have a problem

with (though some critique o the content will come in chapter 1048628) It is a

container that works well in the world o sales and profits but not so wellin the world o souls and prophets

Te conviction to spread the teachings o Jesus abroad is not exclu-

sively owned by the rich and the middle class or by those who thrive in







his lie together so the two o them married Like so many o the poor

amilies around them Eren and Becky began having kids almost immedi-

ately afer getting married adding to liersquos complexities the challenges o

child rearing Eren was unable to shake his addictions Te crushing

weight o poverty and raising a amily continually beckoned him toward

the amiliar escape route he had become so accustomed to At one point

finding her husband drunk once again afer returning home rom work

Becky stormed into their bedroom and emerged wielding a World War II

vintage 10486271048624 caliber carbine She pointed the weapon straight at Eren toshow him she meant business Tis had a remarkably sobering effect Eren

was shaken out o his stupor leaped out a window and tore off down the

alley Becky o course is not a killer She had unloaded the gun beore

turning it on her husband but her message was unmistakable Unortu-

nately the conrontation did little to produce a lasting effect Eren was as

trapped in his addictions as he was stuck in a cycle o poverty

In a moment o despair Eren happened upon a V preacher talking

about the prodigal son and he immediately recognized himsel in the

wayward young man Eren encountered God that day just as the prodigal

encountered the patient and orgiving ather Tere in ront o God and the

V Eren experienced a true conversionmdashtears o sorrow and surrender

alling on his knees and raising his hand It was the lowest and the most

grounded moment o his lie When Becky saw the transormation he hadundergone or a year she too took the plunge into the Protestant aith

Te neighborhood church they attended was what some call a ldquohealth

and wealth gospelrdquo church Te pastor taught that i one had aith pursued

God and gave generously to the church they would become financially

sel-sufficient and never be sick Tis theology appears to be unique to

Protestants But the Roxases noticed that the pastor and the middle-class

church members seemed to remain financially stable and healthy with noapparent relationship to their aith (or lack thereo ) and behavior (whether

just or unjust) while Eren Becky and the poor believers around them

never budged rom their place o economic desperationmdashno matter how




40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

earnest their exercise o aith sacrificial generosity and just living

When a Christian rom New Zealand moved into their slum com-

munity the teaching Becky and Eren had received on the role o wealth

in ollowing Jesus was shaken At first they were suspicious Why would

someone rom a background o privilege and wealth choose to live among

the poor in a developing world slum But eventually they grew close to

Hugh this odd Protestant missionary rom a radically different mission

called Servants Rather than seizing the wealth and health available to

them in the West Servants missionaries relocate to some o the poorestneighborhoods on earth seeking to live much like their neighbors and

ofen enduring the challenges and hardships their neighbors ace Christ

came to us in our poverty without insulation or protection rom our ad-

versities why should we not ollow his example

Eventually Hugh asked Eren i he would lead one o the our church

plants in the slums where he was working Eren agreed and or years now

the Roxases have been an integral part o remaining in the slums and

spawning a variety o works dealing with the spiritual emotional and eco-

nomic demons that haunt urban poor communities In 1048626104862410486241048630 supported by

their riends in the slums Eren and Becky relocated as missionaries with

Servants to Phnom Penh Cambodia where they have lived and worked

among urban poor Buddhists Te challenges o working in a oreign envi-

ronment learning a new language and being separated rom amily are aschallenging or Becky and Eren as they are or any Western missionary A

little support rom the West and help rom their riends in the slums have

allowed them to serve or twenty-one years as Christian workers in a slum

in Manila and or seven years in a Cambodian slum largely without the

elaborate machinery that many Western Protestant missionaries operate

Te apostolic missional lie overseas is possible or the poor as well

W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148

As we take another step orward in twenty-first-century mission the weight o

the church is shifing rom one oot to another Te oot on which Christian





mission has stood or the past ew centuries is stretched behind us and the oot

on which we will soon be standing is out in ront It is no longer the wealthy

educated people o European descent who will be leading the missionary effort

Te US missionary community continues to grow but that growth is slowing

Te European missionary effort is in decline while the missionary movements

in Asia Arica and Latin America are picking up Te Brazilians or instance

now have more crosscultural missionaries than the Brits11

In table 1048625 we observe the shif in the top twenty missionary-sending na-

tions as a percentage o the Christian population over the period 1048625104863310486311048624 to104862610486241048625104862412 Five o the top twenty sending nations in 1048625104863310486311048624 dropped off the chart

because they no longer send enough missionaries as a percentage o their

Christian population Portugal Switzerland Austria Sweden and Bolivia

Tey were replaced by five countries that have moved up the list because o

the dramatic increase in the number missionaries they now send South

Korea South Arica Philippines China and Nigeria Te table can be

slightly misleading due to a rapidly declining Christian population giving

some a positive change in the ratio o missionaries to Christians Likewise

a country like India has more than doubled the missionaries sent in 1048626104862410486251048624

over 1048625104863310486311048624 However India reflects a negative percentage change because the

Christian population increased so much more dramatically Nonetheless

we witness in these numbers one window on the changing state o mission

Majority-world missionaries are rediscovering what George Leile andthe Christians in the first ew centuries o the church knew instinctivelymdash

advancing the kingdom o God is not reserved or wealthy well-connected

or ormally educated people nor does it need to be propped up by a large

and highly structured Christian-Industrial Complex Some o these new

missionary-sending nations are overtuning the tables o our corporate-

shaped ventures though it is important to note that many are simply

copying the business approach to mission o the Western missionaries who planted the church in these countries Tis makes it all the more imperative

that we begin to inspire newly shaped and newly resourced structures that

can be more easily adopted by these emerging Christian communities







Protestantism is in decline in the so-called developed countries o

the West he percentage o Protestants in the United States has

dipped below 10486291048624 percent or the irst time since religious ailiation

data has been collected in America13 It appears to be ollowing closely

the trajectory o other traditionally Protestant Western nations like

Great Britain Australia and New Zealand Most Western Protestant

mission agencies employ highly educated middle-class white people

with access to capital But even those o us embedded in middle-class

American culture are inding it increasingly diicult to raise the largesums required to get onto the mission ield he era o the missionary

corporation is drawing to a close

What we need now are rereshed

orms o mission One history lover

said the arther back you look the

arther ahead you can see hereore

in the coming pages I will draw rom

older models whose picture and

memory have been obscured by the prevailing corporate missionary-

sending lens we have been seeing mission through or at least two

hundred years I will also explore more recent models o mission rom

communities like the ones sending Eren and Becky Roxas hese are

Christian ellowships who use dierent mission methodologies thanthose o us in the Protestant West hese new missionaries are re-

sourcing their mission in ways that do not lean on the copious amounts

o money required by the existing corporate worldview hey are re-

deining mission with a perspective that moves us away rom a product

orientation toward one that is more holistic hey are repopulating

mission out o their naturally communal understanding o the aith

rather than an overly individualistic interpretation o Christianityhey are reorienting mission toward a biblical view that leans away

rom the patron-client model and toward a posture o interdepen-

dence And they are recalibrating mission through practices that dey

The era of the missionary

corporation is drawing

to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

the simplistic capitalist growth metrics that depend so heavily on du-

bious quantitative measurements

But to drive the marketplace out o Protestant church and mission we

must trace the source back even urther than the Judson mission o 1048625104863210486251048626

In the early days o the British East India Company we get a glimpse o the

marriage between commerce and mission





Overturning



Scott A Bessenecker




InterVarsity Press





Press
















ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983091983094983096983088-983090 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983095983094-983097 (digital)




P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS












Notes 983089983096983097





PROLOGUE























10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155
















nomic ood chain
















Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









InterVarsity Press





Press
















ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983091983094983096983088-983090 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983095983094-983097 (digital)




P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS












Notes 983089983096983097





PROLOGUE























10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155
















nomic ood chain
















Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









CONTENTS












Notes 983089983096983097





PROLOGUE























10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155
















nomic ood chain
















Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









PROLOGUE























10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155
















nomic ood chain
















Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









10 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155
















nomic ood chain
















Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 11






























The first economist

was God




12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









12 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





























unified whole




Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 13




































14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









14 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

J983141983155983157983155 V983145983155983145983156983155 W983137983148983148 S983156983154983141983141983156






























Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 15

















existing powers











them (Matthew 1048626104862510486251048626-10486251048628)




16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









16 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155

































economic stronghold




Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 17


































18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









18 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













F983151983148983148983151983159983145983150983143 J983141983155983157983155 983145983150 983156983144983141 M983145983150983145983155983156983154983161 983151983142

O983158983141983154983156983157983154983150983145983150983143 T983137983138983148983141983155





















Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 19






















prophet making











20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









20 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


kingdom mission

T983144983141 E983150983140 983151983142 W983151983154983148983140 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983155 983137983155 W983141 K983150983151983159 I983156





























Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 21





















jority20















Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155











Prologue 23

































24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









24 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155






























We are more than

the business we

have become




Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 25


















W983144983137983156 I A983149 N983151983156 S983137983161983145983150983143














26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









26 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







































Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









Prologue 27

































28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









28 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155































1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









1

























30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









30 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155








































































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155













































T983144983141 L983141983145983148983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150































African proverb




34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









34 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



































































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155










































36 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155





















M983137983146983151983154983145983156983161 W983151983154983148983140 R983145983155983145983150983143





























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155


























serve in mission



















































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155












































40 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155



























W983141 N983141983141983140 983137 N983141983159 M983151983140983141983148









































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155












































































to a close




4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155









4 4 O983158983141983154983156983157983154 983150983145983150983143 983137983138983148983141983155







overturning tables by scott bessenecker - excerpt

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