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Overview Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning that your body doesn't store it. You have to get what you need from food, including citrus fruits, broccoli, and tomatoes. You need vitamin C for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It helps the body make collagen, an important protein used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C is needed for healing wounds, and for repairing and maintaining bones and teeth. It also helps the body absorb iron from nonheme sources. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, along with vitamin E, beta-carotene, and many other plant-based nutrients. Antioxidants block some of the damage caused by free radicals, substances that damage DNA. The build up of free radicals over time may contribute to the aging process and the development of health conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and arthritis. It’s rare to be seriously deficient in vitamin C, although evidence suggests that many people may have low levels of vitamin C. Smoking cigarettes lowers the amount of vitamin C in the body, so smokers are at a higher risk of deficiency. Signs of vitamin deficiency include dry and splitting hair; gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and bleeding gums; rough, dry, scaly skin; decreased wound-healing rate, easy bruising; nosebleeds; and a decreased ability to ward off infection. A severe form of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy. Low levels of vitamin C have been associated with a number of conditions, including high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, stroke, some cancers, and atherosclerosis, the build up of plaque in blood vessels that can lead to heart attack and stroke. Getting enough vitamin C from your diet -- by eating lots of fruit and vegetables -- may help reduce the risk of developing some of these conditions. There is no conclusive evidence that taking vitamin C supplements will help or prevent any of these conditions. Vitamin C plays a role in protecting against the following: Heart Disease Results of scientific studies on whether vitamin C is helpful for preventing heart attack or stroke are mixed. Vitamin C doesn't lower cholesterol levels or reduce the overall risk of heart attack, but evidence suggests it may help protect arteries against damage. High Blood Pressure Population-based studies (which involve observing large groups of people over time) suggest that people who eat foods rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C, have a lower risk of high blood pressure than people who have poorer diets. Eating foods rich in vitamin C is important for your overall health, especially if you are at risk for high blood pressure. The diet physicians most frequently recommend for treatment and prevention of high blood pressure, known as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, includes lots of fruits and vegetables, which are loaded with antioxidants. Common Cold

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Page 1: Overview

OverviewVitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning that your body doesn't store it. You have to get what you need from food, including citrus fruits, broccoli, and tomatoes.You need vitamin C for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It helps the body make collagen, an important protein used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C is needed for healing wounds, and for repairing and maintaining bones and teeth. It also helps the body absorb iron from nonheme sources.Vitamin C is an antioxidant, along with vitamin E, beta-carotene, and many other plant-based nutrients. Antioxidants block some of the damage caused by free radicals, substances that damage DNA. The build up of free radicals over time may contribute to the aging process and the development of health conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and arthritis.It’s rare to be seriously deficient in vitamin C, although evidence suggests that many people may have low levels of vitamin C. Smoking cigarettes lowers the amount of vitamin C in the body, so smokers are at a higher risk of deficiency.Signs of vitamin deficiency include dry and splitting hair; gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and bleeding gums; rough, dry, scaly skin; decreased wound-healing rate, easy bruising; nosebleeds; and a decreased ability to ward off infection. A severe form of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy.Low levels of vitamin C have been associated with a number of conditions, including high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, stroke, some cancers, and atherosclerosis, the build up of plaque in blood vessels that can lead to heart attack and stroke. Getting enough vitamin C from your diet -- by eating lots of fruit and vegetables -- may help reduce the risk of developing some of these conditions. There is no conclusive evidence that taking vitamin C supplements will help or prevent any of these conditions.Vitamin C plays a role in protecting against the following:Heart DiseaseResults of scientific studies on whether vitamin C is helpful for preventing heart attack or stroke are mixed. Vitamin C doesn't lower cholesterol levels or reduce the overall risk of heart attack, but evidence suggests it may help protect arteries against damage.High Blood PressurePopulation-based studies (which involve observing large groups of people over time) suggest that people who eat foods rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C, have a lower risk of high blood pressure than people who have poorer diets. Eating foods rich in vitamin C is important for your overall health, especially if you are at risk for high blood pressure. The diet physicians most frequently recommend for treatment and prevention of high blood pressure, known as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, includes lots of fruits and vegetables, which are loaded with antioxidants.Common ColdDespite the popular belief that vitamin C can cure the common cold, scientific evidence doesn't support that theory. Taking vitamin C supplements regularly (not just at the beginning of a cold) produces only a small reduction in the duration of a cold (about 1 day). The only other piece of evidence supporting vitamin C for preventing colds comes from studies examining people exercising in extreme environments (athletes, such as skiers and marathon runners, and soldiers in the Arctic). In these studies, vitamin C did seem to reduce the risk of getting a cold.CancerResults of many population-based studies suggest that eating foods rich in vitamin C may be associated with lower rates of cancer, including skin cancer, cervical dysplasia (changes to the cervix which may be cancerous or precancerous, picked up by pap smear), and, possibly, breast cancer. But these foods also contain many beneficial nutrients and antioxidants, not only vitamin C, so it's impossible to say for certain that vitamin C protects against cancer. Taking vitamin C supplements, on the other hand, has not been shown to have any helpful effect.OsteoarthritisVitamin C is essential for the body to make collagen, which is part of normal cartilage. Cartilage is destroyed in osteoarthritis (OA), putting pressure on bones and joints. In addition, some researchers think free radicals -- molecules produced by the body that can damage cells and DNA -- may also be involved in the destruction of cartilage. Antioxidants such as vitamin C appear to limit the damage caused by free radicals. Age-related Macular DegenerationVitamin C (500 mg) appears to work with other antioxidants, including zinc (80 mg), beta-carotene (15 mg), and vitamin E (400 IU) to protect the eyes against developing macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of legal blindness in people over 55 in the United States. The people who seem to benefit are those with advanced AMD. It

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isn't known whether this combination of nutrients helps prevent AMD or is beneficial for people with less advanced AMD. This combination includes a high dose of zinc, which you should only take under a doctor’s supervision.

Dietary SourcesExcellent sources of vitamin C include oranges, green peppers, watermelon, papaya, grapefruit, cantaloupe, strawberries, kiwi, mango, broccoli, tomatoes, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, and citrus juices or juices fortified with vitamin C. Raw and cooked leafy greens (turnip greens, spinach), red and green peppers, canned and fresh tomatoes, potatoes, winter squash, raspberries, blueberries, cranberries, and pineapple are also rich sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C is sensitive to light, air, and heat, so you'll get the most vitamin C if you eat fruits and vegetables raw or lightly cooked.Available FormsYou can purchase either natural or synthetic vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, in a variety of forms. Tablets, capsules, and chewables are probably the most popular forms, but vitamin C also comes in powdered crystalline, effervescent, and liquid forms. Vitamin C comes in doses ranging from 25 - 1,000 mg."Buffered" vitamin C is also available if you find that regular ascorbic acid upsets your stomach. An esterified form of vitamin C is also available, which may be easier on the stomach for those who are prone to heartburn.How to Take ItThe best way to take vitamin C supplements is 2 - 3 times per day, with meals, depending on the dosage. Some studies suggest that adults should take 250 - 500 mg twice a day for any benefit. Talk to your doctor before taking more than 1,000 mg of vitamin C on a daily basis and before giving vitamin C to a child.Daily intake of dietary vitamin C (according to the National Academy of Sciences) is listed below.Pediatric

Birth - 6 months: 40 mg (Adequate intake) Infants 6 - 12 months: 50 mg (Adequate intake) Children 1 - 3 years: 15 mg Children 4 - 8 years: 25 mg Children 9 - 13 years: 45 mg Adolescent girls 14 - 18 years: 65 mg Adolescent boys 14 - 18 years: 75 mg

Adult Men over 18 years: 90 mg Women over 18 years: 75 mg Pregnant women 14 - 18 years: 80 mg Pregnant women over 18 years: 85 mg Breastfeeding women 14 - 18 years: 115 mg Breastfeeding women over 18 years: 120 mg

Because smoking depletes vitamin C, people who smoke may need an additional 35 mg per day.The dose recommended to prevent or treat many of the conditions mentioned in the Uses section is often 500 - 1,000 mg per day.

Source: Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | University of Maryland Medical Center http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid#ixzz3jJJtLRCO University of Maryland Medical Center Follow us: @UMMC on Twitter | MedCenter on Facebook

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

In developed countries, vitamin C deficiency can occur as part of general undernutrition, but severe deficiency (causing scurvy) is uncommon. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, and connective tissue defects (eg, gingivitis, petechiae, rash, internal bleeding, impaired wound healing). In infants and children, bone growth may be impaired. Diagnosis is usually clinical. Treatment consists of oral vitamin C.

Severe deficiency results in scurvy, a disorder characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations and abnormal osteoid and dentin formation.Pathophysiology

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Formation of intercellular cement substances in connective tissues, bones, and dentin is defective, resulting in weakened capillaries with subsequent hemorrhage and defects in bone and related structures.

Bone tissue formation becomes impaired, which, in children, causes bone lesions and poor bone growth. Fibrous tissue forms between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, and costochondral junctions enlarge. Densely calcified fragments of cartilage are embedded in the fibrous tissue. Subperiosteal hemorrhages, sometimes due to small fractures, may occur in children or adults.Symptoms and Signs

In adults, symptoms develop after weeks to months of vitamin C depletion. Lassitude, weakness, irritability, weight loss, and vague myalgias and arthralgias may develop early.

Later, symptoms related to defects in connective tissues develop. Follicular hyperkeratosis, coiled hair, and perifollicular hemorrhages may develop. Gums may become swollen, purple, spongy, and friable; they bleed easily in severe deficiency. Eventually, teeth become loose and avulsed. Secondary infections may develop. Wounds heal poorly and tear easily, and spontaneous hemorrhages may occur, especially as ecchymoses in the skin of the lower limbs or as bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage.

Diagnosis

Usually clinical (based on skin or gingival findings and risk factors)

Diagnosis is usually made clinically in a patient who has skin or gingival signs and is at risk of vitamin C deficiency. Laboratory confirmation may be available. CBC is done, often detecting anemia. Bleeding, coagulation, and prothrombin times are normal.

Skeletal x-rays can help diagnose childhood (but not adult) scurvy. Changes are most evident at the ends of long bones, particularly at the knee. Early changes resemble atrophy. Loss of trabeculae results in a ground-glass appearance. The cortex thins. A line of calcified, irregular cartilage (white line of Fraenkel) may be visible at the metaphysis. A zone of rarefaction or a linear fracture proximal and parallel to the white line may be visible as only a triangular defect at the bone’s lateral margin but is specific. The epiphysis may be compressed. Healing subperiosteal hemorrhages may elevate and calcify the periosteum.

Laboratory diagnosis, which requires measuring blood ascorbic acid, is sometimes done at academic centers. Levels of < 0.6 mg/dL (< 34 µmol/L) are considered marginal; levels of < 0.2 mg/dL (< 11 µmol/L) indicate vitamin C deficiency. Measurement of ascorbic acid levels in the WBC-platelet layer of centrifuged blood is not widely available or standardized.

In adults, scurvy must be differentiated from arthritis, hemorrhagic disorders, gingivitis, and protein-energy undernutrition. Hyperkeratotic hair follicles with surrounding hyperemia or hemorrhage are almost pathognomonic. Bleeding gums, conjunctival hemorrhages, most petechiae, and ecchymoses are nonspecific.Other symptoms and signs include femoral neuropathy due to hemorrhage into femoral sheaths (which may mimic deep venous thrombosis), lower extremity edema, and painful bleeding or effusions within joints.

VITAMIN C TOXICITY

The upper limit for vitamin C intake is 2000 mg/day. Up to 10 g/day of vitamin C are sometimes taken for unproven health benefits, such as preventing or shortening the duration of viral infections or slowing or reversing the progression of cancer or atherosclerosis. Such doses may acidify the urine, cause nausea and diarrhea, interfere with the healthy antioxidant-prooxidant balance in the body, and, in patients with thalassemia or hemochromatosis, promote iron overload. Intake below the upper limit does not have toxic effects in healthy adults.

Source: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/vitamin-deficiency-dependency-and- toxicity/vitamin-c

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IkhtisarVitamin C adalah vitamin yang larut dalam air, yang berarti bahwa tubuh Anda tidak menyimpannya. Anda harus mendapatkan apa yang Anda butuhkan dari makanan, termasuk buah jeruk, brokoli, dan tomat.

Anda membutuhkan vitamin C untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan jaringan di seluruh bagian tubuh Anda. Ini membantu kolagen tubuh make, protein penting yang digunakan untuk membuat pembuluh kulit, tulang rawan, tendon, ligamen, dan darah. Vitamin C diperlukan untuk penyembuhan luka, dan untuk memperbaiki dan mempertahankan tulang dan gigi. Hal ini juga membantu tubuh menyerap zat besi dari sumber non-heme.

Vitamin C adalah antioksidan, bersama dengan vitamin E, beta-karoten, dan banyak nutrisi nabati lainnya. Antioksidan memblokir beberapa kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas, zat yang merusak DNA. Terbentuknya radikal bebas dari waktu ke waktu dapat menyebabkan proses penuaan dan perkembangan kondisi kesehatan seperti kanker, penyakit jantung, dan arthritis.

Sangat jarang untuk menjadi serius kekurangan vitamin C, meskipun bukti menunjukkan bahwa banyak orang mungkin memiliki tingkat rendah vitamin C. rokok Merokok menurunkan jumlah vitamin C dalam tubuh, sehingga perokok berada pada risiko yang lebih tinggi dari kekurangan.

Tanda-tanda kekurangan vitamin termasuk rambut kering dan membelah; gingivitis (radang gusi) dan gusi berdarah; kasar, kering, kulit bersisik; menurun luka-penyembuhan tingkat, mudah memar; mimisan; dan penurunan kemampuan untuk menangkal infeksi. Suatu bentuk parah kekurangan vitamin C dikenal sebagai penyakit kudis.

Rendahnya tingkat vitamin C telah dikaitkan dengan sejumlah kondisi, termasuk tekanan darah tinggi, penyakit kandung empedu, stroke, beberapa jenis kanker, dan aterosklerosis, penumpukan plak di pembuluh darah yang dapat menyebabkan serangan jantung dan stroke. Mendapatkan cukup vitamin C dari diet Anda - dengan mengonsumsi banyak buah dan sayuran - dapat membantu mengurangi risiko pengembangan beberapa kondisi ini. Tidak ada bukti yang meyakinkan bahwa mengonsumsi vitamin C suplemen akan membantu atau mencegah kondisi ini.

Vitamin C berperan dalam melindungi terhadap berikut:

Penyakit jantung

Hasil penelitian ilmiah tentang apakah vitamin C membantu untuk mencegah serangan jantung atau stroke adalah campuran. Vitamin C tidak menurunkan kadar kolesterol atau mengurangi risiko keseluruhan serangan jantung, tetapi bukti menunjukkan hal itu dapat membantu melindungi arteri terhadap kerusakan.

Tekanan darah tinggi

Studi berbasis populasi (yang melibatkan mengamati kelompok besar orang dari waktu ke waktu) menunjukkan bahwa orang yang makan makanan yang kaya antioksidan, termasuk vitamin C, memiliki

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risiko lebih rendah dari tekanan darah tinggi daripada orang yang memiliki pola makan yang lebih miskin. Mengonsumsi makanan kaya vitamin C penting untuk kesehatan Anda secara keseluruhan, terutama jika Anda berada pada risiko untuk tekanan darah tinggi. Para dokter diet yang paling sering merekomendasikan untuk pengobatan dan pencegahan tekanan darah tinggi, yang dikenal sebagai DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, termasuk banyak buah-buahan dan sayuran, yang sarat dengan antioksidan.

Common Cold

Meskipun kepercayaan populer bahwa vitamin C dapat menyembuhkan flu biasa, bukti ilmiah tidak mendukung teori itu. Mengambil suplemen vitamin C secara teratur (bukan hanya pada awal dingin) hanya menghasilkan pengurangan kecil dalam durasi dingin (sekitar 1 hari). Satu-satunya bagian lain dari bukti pendukung vitamin C untuk mencegah pilek berasal dari penelitian yang meneliti orang berolahraga di lingkungan yang ekstrim (atlet, seperti ski dan pelari maraton, dan tentara di Arktik). Dalam studi ini, vitamin C tampaknya untuk mengurangi risiko terkena flu.

Cancer

Hasil banyak studi berbasis populasi menunjukkan bahwa makan makanan yang kaya vitamin C dapat dikaitkan dengan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari kanker, termasuk kanker kulit, dysplasia serviks (leher rahim perubahan yang mungkin kanker atau prakanker, dijemput oleh pap smear), dan , mungkin, kanker payudara. Tapi makanan ini juga mengandung banyak nutrisi yang bermanfaat dan antioksidan, tidak hanya vitamin C, sehingga tidak mungkin untuk mengatakan dengan pasti bahwa vitamin C melindungi terhadap kanker. Mengambil suplemen vitamin C, di sisi lain, belum terbukti memiliki efek bermanfaat.

Osteoarthritis

Vitamin C sangat penting bagi tubuh untuk membuat kolagen, yang merupakan bagian dari tulang rawan normal. Cartilage hancur di osteoarthritis (OA), menempatkan tekanan pada tulang dan sendi. Selain itu, beberapa peneliti berpikir radikal bebas - molekul yang diproduksi oleh tubuh yang dapat merusak sel dan DNA - juga mungkin terlibat dalam penghancuran tulang rawan. Antioksidan seperti vitamin C muncul untuk membatasi kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas. -Terkait usia Degenerasi makula

Vitamin C (500 mg) tampaknya bekerja dengan antioksidan lain, termasuk seng (80 mg), beta-karoten (15 mg), dan vitamin E (400 IU) untuk melindungi mata terhadap pengembangan degenerasi makula (AMD), penyebab utama kebutaan hukum pada orang di atas 55 di Amerika Serikat. Orang-orang yang tampaknya menguntungkan adalah mereka dengan canggih AMD. Hal ini tidak diketahui apakah kombinasi nutrisi membantu mencegah AMD atau bermanfaat bagi orang-orang dengan kurang maju AMD. Kombinasi ini termasuk dosis tinggi seng, yang Anda hanya harus mengambil di bawah pengawasan dokter.

VITAMIN C KEKURANGAN

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Di negara maju, kekurangan vitamin C dapat terjadi sebagai bagian dari gizi umum, tapi kekurangan parah (menyebabkan penyakit kudis) jarang terjadi. Gejala termasuk kelelahan, depresi, dan cacat jaringan ikat (misalnya, gingivitis, petechiae, ruam, pendarahan internal, gangguan penyembuhan luka). Pada bayi dan anak-anak, pertumbuhan tulang mungkin terganggu. Diagnosis biasanya klinis. Pengobatan terdiri dari mulut vitamin C.

Hasil defisiensi yang parah di kudis, gangguan yang ditandai dengan manifestasi perdarahan dan osteoid yang abnormal dan pembentukan dentin.

Patofisiologi

Pembentukan zat semen antar di jaringan ikat, tulang, dan gigi yang rusak, sehingga kapiler melemah dengan perdarahan berikutnya dan cacat pada tulang dan struktur terkait.

Pembentukan jaringan tulang menjadi terganggu, yang, pada anak-anak, menyebabkan lesi tulang dan pertumbuhan tulang miskin. Bentuk jaringan fibrosa antara diaphysis dan epiphysis, dan persimpangan costochondral memperbesar. Padat fragmen kalsifikasi tulang rawan yang tertanam dalam jaringan fibrosa. Perdarahan subperiosteal, kadang-kadang karena patah tulang kecil, dapat terjadi pada anak-anak atau orang dewasa.

Gejala dan Tanda

Pada orang dewasa, gejala berkembang setelah minggu ke bulan penipisan vitamin C. Kelelahan, kelemahan, lekas marah, penurunan berat badan, dan mialgia kabur dan arthralgia dapat berkembang lebih awal.

Kemudian, gejala yang berkaitan dengan cacat pada jaringan ikat berkembang. Hiperkeratosis folikel, rambut digulung, dan perdarahan perifollicular dapat berkembang. Gusi dapat menjadi bengkak, ungu, spons, dan rapuh; mereka mudah berdarah defisiensi yang parah. Akhirnya, gigi menjadi longgar dan avulsi. Infeksi sekunder dapat berkembang. Menyembuhkan luka buruk dan mudah robek, dan perdarahan spontan dapat terjadi, terutama karena ekimosis pada kulit tungkai bawah atau sebagai bulbar konjungtiva perdarahan.

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Diagnosa

Biasanya klinis (berdasarkan pada kulit atau temuan gingiva dan faktor risiko)

Diagnosis biasanya dibuat secara klinis pada pasien yang memiliki kulit atau gingiva tanda-tanda dan beresiko kekurangan vitamin C. Konfirmasi laboratorium mungkin tersedia. CBC dilakukan, seringkali mendeteksi anemia. Pendarahan, koagulasi, dan protrombin kali normal.

X-ray tulang dapat membantu mendiagnosis masa kanak-kanak (tapi tidak dewasa) penyakit kudis. Perubahan yang paling jelas pada ujung tulang panjang, terutama di lutut. Perubahan awal menyerupai atrofi. Kehilangan hasil trabekula dalam penampilan tanah-kaca. Korteks menipis. Sebuah garis kalsifikasi, tulang rawan yang tidak teratur (garis putih dari Fraenkel) mungkin terlihat di metafisis. Sebuah zona penghalusan atau fraktur proksimal linear dan sejajar dengan garis putih dapat terlihat karena hanya cacat segitiga di batas lateral tulang tetapi spesifik. Epiphysis dapat dikompresi. Penyembuhan perdarahan subperiosteal dapat meningkatkan dan kapur periosteum.

Diagnosis laboratorium, yang memerlukan pengukuran asam askorbat darah, kadang-kadang dilakukan di pusat-pusat akademik. Tingkat <0,6 mg / dL (<34 umol / L) dianggap marjinal; tingkat <0,2 mg / dL (<11 umol / L) menunjukkan kekurangan vitamin C. Pengukuran kadar asam askorbat dalam lapisan WBC-platelet darah disentrifugasi tidak tersedia secara luas atau standar.

Pada orang dewasa, penyakit kudis harus dibedakan dari artritis, gangguan hemoragik, gingivitis, dan gizi protein-energi. Folikel rambut hiperkeratosis dengan hiperemia atau perdarahan sekitarnya hampir patognomonik. Gusi berdarah, perdarahan konjungtiva, paling petechiae, dan ecchymoses yang spesifik.

Gejala dan tanda-tanda lainnya termasuk neuropati femoral karena perdarahan ke dalam selubung femoralis (yang mungkin meniru trombosis vena dalam), edema ekstremitas bawah, dan perdarahan menyakitkan atau efusi dalam sendi.

VITAMIN C TOKSISITAS

Batas atas untuk asupan vitamin C adalah 2000 mg / hari. Sampai dengan 10 g / hari vitamin C kadang-kadang diambil untuk manfaat kesehatan terbukti, seperti mencegah atau memperpendek durasi infeksi

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virus atau memperlambat atau membalikkan perkembangan kanker atau aterosklerosis. Dosis tersebut dapat mengasamkan urin, menyebabkan mual dan diare, mengganggu keseimbangan antioksidan-prooksidan sehat dalam tubuh, dan, pada pasien dengan thalassemia atau hemochromatosis, mempromosikan kelebihan zat besi. Intake bawah batas atas tidak memiliki efek toksik pada orang dewasa yang sehat.