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REPORT TITLE
••CLUB of BOLOGNA
•255ththAnnual alMeeting of the Club of of Bologna•November15-16, 2014
•Bologna–EIMA International 2014
Author or ––email
Good AgriculturalPractices, Product Traceability and Food Quality
Prof. Dr. Ir. Josse De BaerdemaekerProf. Dr. Ir. Wouter Saeys, Dr. Ir. Maarten Hertog, Dr. Ir. Bart De Ketelaere
KU Leuven [email protected]
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Overview
•GAP and precision agriculture concepts•Data handling•Quality control and evolution in the chain•Traceability
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Major concerns:
•Efficient use of resources•Consumer’s concern about the properties of food •Food safety is an important issue•Transparency of production practices•Global resourcing of food•Reduce wastes •Sustainability to feed a growing population
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GLOBALG.A.P. MISSION
•“Globally connect farmers and brand owners in the production and marketing of safe food to provide assurance for consumers.
•the protection of scarce resources by the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices for a sustainable future.”
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Holistic Approach to Farm Assurance
•Risk of microbiological contamination
•Plant protection products •Environmental/ resource
impacts •Post-harvest handling•Worker health and safety•Animal welfare
THE GLOBALG.A.P STANDARDS
Traceability46
Workers Welfare21
Environment (inc.Biodiversity)
50
Food Safety117
number of Control Points: 234
© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 5
CROPS BASE
CB.1 TRACEABILITY CB.2 PROPAGATION MATERIAL CB.3 SITE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT CB.5 FERTILISER USE CB.6 IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION CB.7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT CB.8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS CB.9 EQUIPMENT
© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 6
•Records of seed/planting rate, sowing/planting date
CB. 3 SITE HISTORY AND SITE MANAGEMENT
•Crop rotation for annual crops where feasible
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 7
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Yield map straw (t/ha)
4022550402260040226504022700402275040228004022850East (°)
324050
324100
324150
324200
324250
324300
324350
324400
North(°)
0
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herbicide residuals
Soil compaction
high N-residualsafter potato
lower N-content,more exhausted by cichory
shadowof trees
damage ( wild animals)
water erosion
PREVIOUS CULT.
mais silage
cichory roots
cichory
potato
CAUSES
late sowing
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•Soil map prepared for farm
•Techniques are used to improve/maintain soil structure, avoiding soil compaction
CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 9
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Robots for soil preservation?
Qin ZhangWashington State University, USA
Simon Blackmore [email protected]
•Reduction of soil erosion ( by appropriate cultivation techniques)
CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 11
•Application of all fertilisers according to the specific needs of the crop and soil condition
CB. 5.1 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
CB. 5 FERTILISER USE
•Recommendations for application of fertilizers (organic or inorganic) given by competent, qualified persons?
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 12
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
opticalfibres
Detectionfibre
Directionof travel
Subsoiler
Spectrophotometer
45°
Development of a sensor-basedfertiliser(P) applicator
•Optical Soil sensorto gather the soil P information
•P model to predict soil P from fresh soil;
•Implementation on field machinery
Lens holder
Phosphorus model
Spectrophotometer
P2O5model
•All applications are recorded•Flow rate and GPS with data-
link to farm office?
CB. 5 FERTILISER USECB. 5.3 RECORDS OF APPLICATION
Crop name and/or variety
Application FertiliserMethod of application
OperatorLocationDateTrade
NameTypeConcentrationQuantity
Records of fertiliser applications
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 14
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Measuringcropnitrogenstatus
Hand held sensorforsampling N statusTractor mounteddevice forcoveringwhole
field. Canbelinkedtoon-lineapplicationof variablenitrogendose
FromYara
http://www.yara.com/products_services/fertilizers/support_services/support_tools/index.aspx
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CB 6.2.1The producer can justify the methods of irrigation used in light of water conservation.(Major)
CB Annex 2 Responsible Water Use
CB 6. IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION
CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.2 PREVENTION
•show evidence of production practices that reduce the incidence and intensity of pest attacks
© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 17
CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.3 OBSERVATION AND MONITORING
•Observe extent of pests and their natural enemies to
•plan pest management techniques
© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 18
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Diseasedetectionin cereals
•Spectrography•Thermalimaging•Fluorescence
imaging andkinetics
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CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.4 INTERVENTION
•Non-chemical approaches must be considered
•Specific pest control just in case of pest attacks affect the economic value of a crop
© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 20
CB. 8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
Crop name and/or variety
Application ProductOperatorJustifica-tion for application
Technical authoriza-tion for application
MachineryPre-Harvest Days LocationDateTrade
NameActive Ingredient
Quantity
Records of plant protection product applications
CB. 7.5 AVOID PEST RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 21
•Pre-harvest interval observation required as stated in product approval.
CB. 8.3 PRE-HARVESTINTERVAL
CB. 8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
Pre-harvestInterval
Combinable crops
Potatos14 Days
Vegetables
Onion, Bean, Radish14 Days
Endive, Lettuce, Leek21 Days
Seedling (Green House)N/A
OrnamentalsN/A
Avoid exceeding MRL (maximum residue levels -country specific)
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 22
CB. 9 EQUIPMENT
•Kept in good condition, •Verified annually
© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 23
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Needforappropriateequipment forprecisioncropprotection: exampleavoidunwantedspray boom vibrations
Rolling
Yawing
Jolting
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25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
GAP and precision agriculture•Say what you do•Do what you say•..•Say why•…•Profit? or•License to operate?
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Statistical Process Control
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0102030405060
Temperature
Sample number
Upper tolerance limit
Lower tolerance limit
Upper warninglimit
Lower warning T limit
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
•The development of data capture tools for use in orchards/fields that will enable real time measurement of (surrogate) indicators of crop condition or fruit quality.
•Tools shoulddistinguishbetweenoptimalconditionorquality(forstorageorforspeedyconsumption).
•Combine on-the-go data capture with previous or stored information: multivariate data analysis
•Real time decision support for immediate or later action
Tacticalvariabilitymanagement basis
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
•Chocolate eggs…
Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 6, 62014GAP and Traceability
Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS•Specific focus on processes that
•Are non stationary•Hard to model•Multivariate
•… typical for biological processes•adaptations needed
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16 November1516GAP and Trace
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
•Simple example: daily milk yield
•Large INTER subject variability •detect (often small) abnormal INTRA individual variability
individualcowlimits
cowA
cowB
Global limits
Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014GAP and Traceability
Laying Hen health monitoring
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 62014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
IB Infection
Red Mite InfestationPoor Plumage End
of lay
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Monitoring milk production•IMU = individual cow
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Yield (kg)
Control chart Daily Milk Yield
050100150200250300-6
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Days In Milk
Cusum
Cplus/CminControl LimitsAlarm
Milk YieldCalculated reference
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
•The management unit is now a location in a field
•Observations on all locations in a field are now available during a single operation
•Spatial variability•Crop observations repeated at different times
•Temporal variability •Field management as a spatio-temporal statistical process
control challenge
On-the-gocropconditionmonitoring
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Deviationfromexpecteddevelopmentover a long period. Reasons? Intervention?
Monitor temporal cropbehavioron the basis of measurements(biomass, groundcover, quality,…)
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Fruit trees as individual management units
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Production
Exporter
Pack/
Grading
Retail
Importer
Sea/Air
Freight
Consumer
Storage
Tree/vine/area/
block/orchard
Bin
Retail pack/
purchase
Shipping container/
vessel/truck
Individual fruit
Package/tray/carton/bin
Pallet
•Where is it?•Where did it come from?•How cold is it/was it?•Is there a food safety problem with it?
Traceability in Fresh Produce Supply Chains
Frank Bollen, Lincoln Ventures Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
Main TRU Transformers
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Perishable food products
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Intrinsiceproduct
properties
Quality assignments
Product acceptability
Social and psychological influences
Environmentalinfluences
Quality limit
Consumer
Product
Product Quality
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Quality change model
Preharvest Postharvest
time
Hue
harvest
P
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Fruit-to-fruit variance
0246810 40
50
60
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80
90
100
Hue
time (days)
Variance in at-harvest colour
Variance in end colour idd
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Data interpretation
Chain evaluationTraceabilityIdentifying causes
Product characteristics
Chain conditions
++
Chain innovation
Chain con
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Information required? ? ? ?
Conditions OK!6 days remainingCurrent Quality
Quality
StatisticalKeepingQuality
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control Warnings
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control
•PredictingKeepingQuality
Warnings
#daysshelflife
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control
•PredictingKeepingQuality
•PredictingQuality
Warnings
# days shelf life
Specificproduct attributes ngQualityttributes
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Conclusions on quality control
•Statistical control models•Proven concept•Parameters industry/product dependent
•Keeping quality model•Accurate integration of sensor data into single Q-number•Generic
•Quality attribute models •Good discrimination between scenarios•Realistic time-lapse of quality attributes•Product specific
•Batch-batch variation•No absolute predictions•Screening logistic chain against ‘ideal’ chain
2425262728293031320
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0204060800
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modelled
measured
er
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Precision agricultureandG.A.P. •Automatic registrationandmonitoring of allcropconditions
andtheirchange•Automatic registrationandmonitoring of allcroptreatments•Tracking andtracingof productsandinformation: fromthe
field tothe retailer tothe consumer… •Precision agriculturetechnologycanbesuccessfulin the
frameworkof G.A.P. •G.A.P. certifiedfarmers have betteropportunities….
•“licensetooperate”: whatandwhyyoudidit
G.A.P= Good Agricultural Practices
47
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Precision Agriculture, Food Security•Agriculture needs to produce more food (double by 2020?)
because the world’s population is growing…•It also needs to produce better food that’s more nutritious. •And it needs to find ways to make the process of growing
food more efficient and aligned with our environmental needs,
•So farmers use less water and land, and better utilize things like fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides.
http://www.monsanto.com/improvingagriculture/Pages/why-does-agriculture-need-to-be-improved.aspx
25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability
Precision Agriculture, Food Security•Agriculture needs to produce more food (double by 2020?) because
the world’s population is growing…•It also needs to produce better food that’s more nutritious. •And it needs to find ways to make the process of growing food more
efficient and aligned with our environmental needs, •So farmers use less water and land, and better utilize things like
fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides. http://www.monsanto.com/improvingagriculture/Pages/why-does-agriculture-need-to-be-improved.aspx
It is also important that society finds better ways to reduce food waste and losses…