overview - community indicators...
TRANSCRIPT
#MTDream2017
OVERVIEW
• Overview of the Measuring the Dream Project
• Select Data Review: Education, Health, History and Ethics, and Criminal Justice
By the end of this presentation, the audience will:
(1) Understand the drivers to establishing the Measuring the Dream Index
(2) Explain the importance of having objective, longitudinal data when considering equity
(3) Identify three domains in which the struggle for equity is measured and their component
variables
(4) Understand the methodology employed in developing the Measuring the Dream Project
(5) Explain the value of employing a national dataset as reference for local and regional policy,
planning and organizing efforts.
#MTDream2017
Andrea Young
Executive Director, The ACLU of
Georgia & Professor of Practice,
Andrew Young School of Policy
Studies, Georgia State University
Nisha Botchwey
Associate Professor of
City & Regional Planning
Georgia Institute of Technology
Katie O’Connell
Project Manager, Healthy
Places Lab
MCRP Graduate, Georgia Tech
School of City and Regional
#MTDream2017https://www.archives.gov/files/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf
#MTDream2017
How do we measure the
progress toward the realization
of Dr. King’s Dream?
Nearly 50 years after the
Dreamer was killed, what has
become of the Dream?
#MTDream2017
#MTDream2017
Data from the Census Bureau
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Dolla
r A
mount
Year
Median Income
Definition: Median
income is the amount
that divides the income
distribution into two
equal groups, half having
income above that
amount, and half having
income below that
amount.
Notice: At no point
does African American
median income reach
the lowest median
income of whites.
White
Black
#MTDream2017
HOW EQUITABLE ARE WE SINCE DR. KING’S 1968 I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH?
OECD Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators
1. Developing a theoretical framework
2. Selecting variables
3. Imputation of missing variables
4. Multivariate analysis
5. Normalization of data
6. Weighting and aggregation
7. Robustness and sensitivity analysis
8. Back to the details
9. Links to other variables
10.Presentation and dissemination
http://www.oecd.org/std/42495745.pdf
#MTDream2017
DATA DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO RIGOROUS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Sample size of 1
Time-series
challenges
Residuals only
represent
everything
other than time
(can be just
noise)
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SO HOW EQUITABLE ARE WE TODAY?
Data available
since 2005 for
African
Americans and
2010 for Latinos
Setting: 80
metropolitan
areas
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MEASURING THE DREAM: EDUCATION
Nelson Mandela once said “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world”. Education has always promised to be the great equalizer, scrubbing the
barriers between race, class, and society at large. The struggle for equal opportunity in
education has seen a variety of interventions at the national level, but sadly many of our
nation's schools are de facto segregated to this day.
#MTDream2017
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Ave
rage
Sco
re o
ut
of
50
0
Year
Average Math Age 9 NAEP LTT Score
Definition: National of
Educational Progress
(NAEP) Long-Term
Trend (LTT)
Assessments is the
largest nationally
representative and
continuing assessment
on American students. White
Black
Data from the Census Bureau
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Perc
ent
of
Pop
ula
tio
n A
ge 2
5+
Year
High School Graduate or More
Data from the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress
Definition: After 1991,
persons 25 years old
and over that graduated
high school. Prior to
1991, persons 25 years
or older that completed
4 or more years of high
school
Notice: The gap has
closed significantly but
there are still a smaller
number of African
American high school
graduates than white
White
Black
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Perc
ent
of
Pop
ula
tio
n A
ge 2
5+
Year
College Graduate or More
Data from the Census Bureau
Definition: After 1991,
persons 25 years old
and over that graduated
college. Prior to 1991,
persons 25 years or
older that completed 4
or more years of college
Notice: Both groups
increased but African
Americans at a slower
rate. This creates a
widening gap between
white and black.
White
Black
#MTDream2017
EDUCATION
• School segregation is increasing
• The goal of education should be to produce a better
citizen not just find a good job
• By having segregation in schools, we are failing
students and the country by not developing the best
citizen
#MTDream2017
MEASURING THE DREAM: HEALTH
King spoke a deep truth in saying ”we can never be satisfied as long as our children are
stripped of their adulthood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating ‘For whites only’”.
Often read as a statement solely about unequal opportunities of access, studies have
revealed how this statement has very literal interpretations reflecting the health and
longevity implications of systematic oppression.
#MTDream2017
Data from the Center for Disease Control - National Vital Statistics System
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Dea
ths
per
1,0
00
live
bir
ths
Year
Infant Mortality
Definition: Infant
mortality is the number
of deaths under one
year of age occurring
among the live births
White
Black
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Data from the Center for Disease Control - National Vital Statistics System
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
s
Year
Life Expectancy
Definition: the
probable number of
years a person may
expect to liveWhite
Black
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Data from the CDC National Vital Statistics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Deat
hs
per
100,0
00 r
esi
dent
popula
tion
Year
Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Unintentional Injuries
Definition: Age-
adjusted death rates is a
death rate that controls
for the effects of
differences in population
age distributions.
Unintentional injuries
include motor-vehicle
accidents and poisonings
(overdoses)
Notice. In 2000, a
crossover occurred as
deaths by overdose
increased significantly
among whites.
White
Black
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Dea
ths
per
10
0,0
00
Death Rate by Race and Sex for Age Under 1 Years
White (M) Black (M) White (F) Black (F)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Dea
ths
per
10
0,0
00
Death Rate by Race and Sex for Age 15-24 Years
White (M) Black (M) White (F) Black (F)
Definition: Death rate
is the ratio of deaths to
the population
Notice: For children
under 1, all groups
followed similar declines
in death rates. For black
males age 15-24, there
was a significant increase
during the late 1980s.
Data from the CDC National Vital Statistics
#MTDream2017
HEALTH
• Consistent bias in resources and treatment impacts
health outcomes
• Significance of roadway infrastructure on building and
tearing down communities.
• Health not just in hospitals but across landscape.
• Planners/developers/agencies must be cognizant of
long-term outcomes that will impact community.
#MTDream2017
MEASURING THE DREAM: CRIMINAL JUSTICE
In recent years, increased access to social media and recording devices has catapulted the
discussion of policing and criminal justice to the forefront of the national stage. But we need
not only see this in the realm of popular culture, social science research underpins the
reality experienced by many African Americans, that there are great differences between the
treatment of African American and White citizens in the country’s criminal justice system.
#MTDream2017
Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Report (1950-1980), Bureau of Statistics (1980-2014)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Arr
est
Rat
e p
er 1
00
,00
0 p
op
ula
tio
n
Year
Arrest
Nixon declares “drug abuse” is public enemy
number one (1971)
Definition: The
Uniform Crime
Reporting Program
counts one arrest for
each separate instance
in which a person is
arrested, cited, or
summoned for an
offense. Because a
person may be arrested
multiple times during a
year, arrest figures do
not reflect the number
of individuals who have
been arrested.White
Black
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1989 1999 2009
Rat
e p
er
100,0
00
Year
Prison Rate
White – In prison, sentenced to 1 year or more
Black – In prison, sentenced to 1 year or moreWhite – In prison
Black – In prison
Definition: In prison
population includes all
people in prison at time
of survey regardless of
sentence length
Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1989 1999 2009
Rat
e p
er
100,0
00
Year
Rate of Population Supervised by Correctional System
White – In prison, sentenced to 1 year or more
Black – In prison, sentenced to 1 year or more
White – In prison
Black – In prison
White – Supervised by correctional system
Black – Supervised by correctional system
1163
4970
Definition: Supervised
by correctional system
includes all people in
prison, jail, on parole, or
on probation
Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics
#MTDream2017
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
• The justice system was invented post Civil War with
the explicit intention to protect white safety and
possession and explicit to not protect for black
• Society has built economies on the back of prisoners
• Low data collection around criminal justice makes
reform difficult
#MTDream2017
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT TO PROTECT AND EXTEND THE PROGRESS OF THE PAST 50 YEARS
Organizations and activist can move dialogue into action within their local communities. By
the end of the session, the audience will understand the continuing impact of past events
on the current criminal justice system and discuss the development of cohesive strategies
needed to address persistent disparities.
#MTDream2017
Definition: Poverty limit
is defined by the Census
Bureau who uses a set
of money income
thresholds that vary by
family size and
composition to detect
who is poor
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009
Perc
ent
Year
Percent of Population Under Age 18 Below Poverty Limit by Race
White
Black
Data from the Census Bureau
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Definition: Population
that reported voting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Perc
ent
Percent of Population that Voted
White – presidential year
White – nonpresidential year
Black – nonpresidential year
Black – presidential year
Data from the Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
#MTDream2017
Definition: Population
that reported voting
Note, zoomed in
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Perc
ent
Percent of Population that Voted
White – presidential year
White – nonpresidential year
Black – nonpresidential year
Black – presidential year
Data from the Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
#MTDream2017
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
• Change happens at the local level
• If you don’t see yourself represented by a political
office, run for that seat
• Activism can take many forms
#MTDream2017
WHAT’S NEXT
Build a dataset at multiple geographical scales
• Differences across space and time
• Strengthen sample size
Adding in appropriate context
• Interviews with people who lived formative years impacted by
national policies
Online Dashboard
Various Publications and Reports
#MTDream2017
Ford Foundation Open Society
BIG THANKS TO …
Alex Morrison
Graduate Student, Georgia Tech School of
City and Regional Planning
Erwin J. Coleman
Graduate Student, Georgia State Andrew
Young School of Policy Studies Graduate
Students
Nene Igietseme
PhD Candidate, Georgia Tech School of
Regional Planning
Birgit Burton, Melanie Dieg , Meghan McMullen, Symone Heath,
Jessica Brandon and Sara Howard
#MTDream2017
https://www.archives.gov/files/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf
#MTDream2017