overview of biogas technology as future fuel
TRANSCRIPT
Online Capacity Building of SAARC Professionals on
Commercial Scale Biogas Plants
August 23-27, 2021
Overview of Biogas Technology As Future Fuel
Aug. 23, 2021, 2:50 – 3:45 pm
Prof Sanjeev Kumar
HRED, IIT Roorkee, India
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Contents❑ Overview of the biogas technology and historical development
❑ Global Biogas market and SAARC member states
❑ COVID-19 impact on biogas industry
❑ Discussion on biogas cycle and biogas plants
❑ Future potential
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Learning objective:
➢To get an insight on biogas technology, biogas market and future potential
Biogas Technology
Livestock waste
Wastewater
Food waste
Anaerobic
digester
Crops
Biogas
Biomethane
Fuel
ElectricityHeat
Digestate
Livestock
beddingFertilizer
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Biogas: Historical Development
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• In 1922, Germany starts using biogas, producing on a technical scale.
• Until 1937, many cities used these areas to produce biogas.
• When in the 50s oil became available at lower costs, use of biogas decreased drastically
• Only after the 70s oil crisis, the interest towards biogas arose again. In 1983 around 15 firmsintroduced into their production biogas plants. This led to the start of more than 100 plants inGermany.
Source: https://www.greenergyimpianti.it/biogas/historical-information/
History of Biogas Development in India
• In India, the principle of anaerobic digestion of biogas was first applied at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), NewDelhi, in 1939. The IARI developed the first biogas plant in 1946.
• In 1951, J. J. Patel developed a digester that delivered about 5.7 cubic meters of gas a day, calling it the gramalaxmi (Wealth ofVillage) gas plant.
• In 1954, an improved version of the gramalaxmi gas plant was developed which offered trouble-free operation, constant gaspressure, and more efficient cast iron burners. This design was adopted by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)for popularization.
• By the end of March 1984, there were more than 2.5 Lakhs biogas plants in India.
• The Central Sector Scheme on National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) under implementation since1981
• Major role by MNRE: setting up Biogas Development and Training Centers
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Historical Development …..History of Biogas in Pakistan
History of Biogas Plants in Bhutan
• During late 80s - about 50 biogas plants were installed in the southern sub-tropical region of the country
• The model selected for these plants was Deenbandhu fixed dome digester with a size of 4m3 and 6m3 capacity
• The first plant constructed as a demonstration plant functioned till 2006
• The key institutes: Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Department of Energy (DoE), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MoEA)
Biogas Market Study in Bhutan by Prakash C.Ghimire & Saroj K. Nepal , 2009
History of Biogas Development in Nepal
• The first module: introduced in 1955
• The formation of a Biogas Development Committee (BDC) as a part of the Energy Research and Development Group (ERDG) in 1976
• Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal (ADB/N) had played an active role in the promotion of biogas technology in 1974/75
• Gobar Gas and Agricultural Equipment Development Company (GGC) was established in 1977 with an objective of promoting biogastechnology in the country
Karki et al., 2015
• Biogas technology was first introduced in Pakistan through the government line departments in the 1970s.
• The Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET) is the lead organization
• PCRET under a PSDP (public sector development program) project has installed 4137 plants by the year 1987, in all the parts of Pakistanfor promotion of biogas plants
• Besides PCRET, Initiative for Rural and Sustainable Development (IRSD), an NGO installed 1500 biogas plants. (N. Shaukat et al., 2016)
• One of the major initiatives: Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme (PDBP) (documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXYrPnzPhQ8)
Feasibility Study of Domestic Biogas in Pakistan by Bikash Pandey Sundar Bajgain, 2007
Global Biogas Market
• In 2018, 59.3 billion m3 of biogas was produced globally with an equivalent energy content of 1.36 EJ.
• During 2000 – 2018, the sector experienced an annual growth rate of 9%.
(World Bioenergy Association, 2020)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Glo
ba
l b
iog
as
pro
du
ctio
n (
Bil
lio
n m
3)
Year
2005
22 billion m3
2010
37.1 billion m3
2016
56.6 billion m3
2015
56 billion m3
2017
57.7 billion m3
2018
59.3 billion
m3
2000
12.4 billion m3
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Continued…
• Growth Drivers: Shift towards renewable sources of energy, effective
waste management practices, circular economy, rising energy demand
• Challenges: High initial investment
(Gupta and Bais, 2019)
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Biogas Market size is anticipated to record around 7% CAGR through 2025. Rising concerns toward emissions pertaining
to fossil fuel-based power generation along with growing focus to achieve diversity across the energy portfolio will drive the
global biogas industry statistics.
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• Europe is the world leader in biogas production.
• 2018 - Europe produced 30.9 billion m3 of biogas with an energy equivalent of 7.1x 1011 megajoule.
• The production accounted for more than half of the global biogas production with Asia coming 2ndwith a share of 32%.
Biogas Production in Continents 2018
19.3
0.01
8.34
30.9
0.84
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Asia Africa America Europe Oceania
Bio
ga
s p
rod
uct
ion
( B
illi
on
m3)
(World Bioenergy Association, 2020)
Continued…
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Country Installed capacity Targets
BhutanUpto Dec. 2019 - 6,087 biogas plants installed in Bhutan
(Ministry of Economic Affairs 2020)-
BangladeshUpto Dec. 2020 – IDCOL* financed construction of over
56,500 biogas plants (https://idcol.org/home/dbiogas)
60,000 biogas plants by 2021
(https://idcol.org/home/dbiogas)
India
From 1981-82 to 2018-19 - 50.28 lakh family/small size
biogas plants installed under NPBD/NBMMP** and
NNBOMP*** (https://mnre.gov.in/bio-energy/current-
status#energy)
5000 CBG plants by 2023
(https://www.globalmethane.org/challenge
/mnre.html)
NepalUpto 2019 – 4 lakh domestic biogas plants were installed
(Tika Ram, P., & Hom Bahadur, R. 2021)
Additional 2 lakh household biogas plants,
500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/
industrial/ municipal/community) by 2025
(MoFE 2021)
*IDCOL - Infrastructure Development Company Limited, established by the Government of Bangladesh
**NPBD/NBMMP - National Project on Biogas Development/National Biogas and Manure Management Programme
***NNBOMP - New National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme
Biogas Industry - SAARC
Country Installed capacity Targets
Pakistan By 2018 – 14,500 biogas plants installed (Abbas et al. 2020)
Potential to run 1.5 crore biogas
plant and increase production rate
from 1% to 5% by 2030 (Tareen et
al. 2020)
Sri LankaBy 2017 – 7000 existing biogas plants (Bekchanov et al.
2019)-
Afghanistan By 2010 - 75 family-size biogas plants (Milbrandt and
Overend 2011)
8.96 lakh domestic biogas plants
could be installed using cattle
manure (Milbrandt and Overend
2011)
Continued…
World Biogas Leaders(Germany)
(France)
PlanET Biogas Global GmbH (Germany) (U.S.)
(U.K.)
(Canada)
(India)
Biogas Plant Manufacturers - SAARCMember State Some major companies
Afghanistan BÜCHI Labortechnik AG
Bangladesh Clarke Energy, Infrastructure Development Company Limited, Engreen Limited
BhutanServing Bhutan - inCTRL Solutions Inc. (based in Canada), ennox biogas technology
GmbH (based in Austria), EnviTec Biogas AG (based in Germany)
India Urja Bio System Private Limited, Netel India Ltd. (BioMali), Sintex Plastics, Era
Hydro- Biotech Energy Pvt. Ltd., VNS Enviro Pvt. Ltd.
MaldivesServing Maldives - Gazpack B.V. (based in Netherlands), EnviTec Biogas AG (based in
Germany), Prodeval (based in France)
NepalGandaki Urja Pvt. Ltd., Gobar Gas Company, Abiskar Energy, Eco Concern Pvt. Ltd.,
Envipower Energy and Fertilisers Pvt Ltd
Pakistan Punjab Bio Gas Company, Revgreen Pakistan, Qidwai Associates Pakistan, Royal Bio
Energy
Sri Lanka Dikkowita Biogas Project, HomeBiogas
Commercial-scale Biogas Plant - Switzerland
Nestle Waters Biogas Plant; largest agricultural biogas production facility in Switzerland
@ Treize-Cantons, Valbroye
25,000 tons of
manure from local
cows
RE for
Henniez bottled
water plant
Electricity for Swiss
power grid (enough
for 1,000
households/yr)
After processing, manure -
natural fertilizer
CO2 emissions reduction by
1,750 t/yr
Used coffee grounds
from Nescafé &
Nespresso sites (3800
tons)
(https://www.nestle.com/media/news/nestle-waters-opens-biogas-production-facility-switzerland) - 2016
Commercial-scale Biogas Plant - Nepal
Gandaki Urja Pvt. Ltd. One of the largest commercial scale biogas plants in Nepal
(https://bo2.com.np/investment-made/gandaki-urja/, https://gandakiurja.com/)
@ Pokhara, Nepal
45,000 kgs of
organic waste
matter Substitution of
37,183 LPG
cylinders
High quality organic
fertilizer (11,000 t/yr)
≡528,000 kg CNG
per year
Recipient of prestigious international Energy
Global award 2020
Commercial-scale Biogas Plant - IndiaBanas Bio-Gas Plant
(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/banas-dairys-first-bio-cng-outlet-opened/articleshow/77880158.cms)
40 tonnes/day dung from
around 250 farms in 12
villages
200 m3 raw biogas on
daily basis
800 kg bio-CNG
every day
Purification
8 ton/day solid fertilizer
70,000 L/day liquid fertilizer
@ Gujarat, India
Impact of COVID-19 on Biogas Market
• Global biogas plant market impacted due to disruption on international supply chain and
reduction in investment for upcoming projects.
• Global energy demand - fall by around 6% in 2020 relative to 2019 (International Energy
Agency, 2020b).
• Around 8% of the 40 million jobs directly provided by energy sector - at risk or have already
been lost (International Energy Agency, 2020b).
• India - 5000 CBG plants by 2023 – delayed/hampered due to COVID-19.
Change in global primary energy demand, 1900 to 2020e (International Energy Agency, 2020b)
Continued…
Biogas CycleSolar EnergyPhotosynthesis
Organic Waste
Animal Husbandry
Biofuel Production
Crop Harvesting
Industrial Processing
Human Consumption
Anaerobic
Digestion
Energy CropsBio-fertilizer
Natural
Gas
Pipeline
CO2
H2O
Electrical and/or
Thermal Energy
Biogas
Biogas Plants – Types
Biogas digester
Small-scale
Floating Drum Plants
Fixed Dome Biogas Plants
Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube
Digester
Balloon Plants
Horizontal Plants
Earth-pit Plants
Ferro-cement Plants
Industrial
UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge
blanket)
CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactor)
EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed)
Small-scale Biogas Digesters
(a) Balloon Plants (Ray et al. 2016)(b) Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester (Ferrer
et al. 2011) (c) Horizontal plant (Kumar et al. 2015)
(e) Earth bag plant
(Kumar et al. 2015)
(d) Floating Drum Plants (Rupf et al.
2016)
(f) Fixed Dome Plants (Rupf et al. 2016)
Industrial Biogas Digesters
(a) UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge
bed reactor)
(b) EGSB (expanded granular sludge
bed reactor)
(c) SGBR (static granular bed
reactor)
(Basitere et al. 2020)
Feedstock Types
Livestock
manure
Slaughterhouse
wastes
Glycerin (product – biodiesel
production) Industrial wastes Sewage sludge
Corn silage (energy crop) Ethanol stillage Waste feed
Food processing waste
• Only fraction of existing feedstocks used
• Sustainable feedstocks availability set to grow by 40% over period to2040
Feedstocks for Biogas Production
Production potential for biogas/biomethane by feedstock source, 2018 (International Energy Agency, 2020a)
Huge untapped potential,
underexploitation of
available feedstocks
Biogas as Future FuelM
toe: m
ega tonnes
of oil
equiv
ale
nt
Global Potential of Biogas
Anaerobic
digestion
Reduce global GHGe by
3,290 to 4,360 Mt CO2 eq.
10-13% of world’s
current GHGe
Biogas
Avoided emissions through organic waste
management, avoided fossil fertilizer
manufacture, crop burning, deforestation≡
Continued…
• 50 million micro-digesters, 132,000 small, medium and large-scale digesters and 700 upgrading plantsoperating globally.
• Still, only 1.6-2.2% of the global potential of AD is tapped yet.
(Jain et al., 2019)
Continued…
• IEA SDS (Sustainable Development Scenario) - biogas provides source of clean cooking to an additional 200million people by 2040
Outlook for Global Biogas Consumption, w.r.t. sector
(International Energy Agency, 2020a)
Policy Support
*AD – Anaerobic digestion
**CE – Circular economy
Policy Support
Removal of fossil fuel
subsidies
National plans to raise
biogas production &
consumption
National commitments to
reduce GHGe
Inclusion of AD* in all
govt. strategies
Inclusion of AD* in RE
generation incentives
Implementation of CE**
with AD* at its coreKnowledge
development
(Jain et al., 2019)
Conclusions• Biogas industry has experienced a tremendous boost in the recent decade.
• Different types of feedstocks are available, although their full potential is not explored.
• Still, only 1.6-2.2% of the global potential of AD is yet tapped.
• High potential of AD technology to generate renewable energy (biogas) and abate GHGe.
• Commercial scale deployment delimited – financing (major hurdle, particularly, in developing andunderdeveloped regions of world), since commercial biogas plants are expensive (due to high capitalinvestment followed by operation and maintenance costs).
• Various technical and infrastructural barriers pertaining to feedstock supply/transportation, poor gridnetwork, and poor enforcement of law and policies also act as barriers.
• Robust research, technological interventions and awareness programs required to strengthen thebiogas industry.
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References• Abbas, I., Liu, J., Noor, R. S., Faheem, M., Farhan, M., Ameen, M., & Shaikh, S. A. (2020). Development and performance evaluation of small
size household portable biogas plant for domestic use. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-13.• Basitere, M., Njoya, M., Ntwampe, S. K. O., & Sheldon, M. S. (2020). Up-flow vs downflow anaerobic digester reactor configurations for
treatment of fats-oil-grease laden poultry slaughterhouse wastewater: a review. Water Practice and Technology, 15(2), 248-260.• Bekchanov, M., Mondal, M. A. H., de Alwis, A., & Mirzabaev, A. (2019). Why adoption is slow despite promising potential of biogas technology
for improving energy security and mitigating climate change in Sri Lanka?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 378-390.• Ferrer, I., Garfí, M., Uggetti, E., Ferrer-Martí, L., Calderon, A., & Velo, E. (2011). Biogas production in low-cost household digesters at the
Peruvian Andes. Biomass and bioenergy, 35(5), 1668-1674.• International Energy Agency (2020a). Outlook for biogas and biomethane: Prospects for organic growth - World Energy Outlook Special Report.• International Energy Agency (2020b). Sustainable Recovery - World Energy Outlook Special Report (in collaboration with the International
Monetary Fund).• Jain, S., Newman, D., Nzihou, A., Dekker, H., Le Feuvre, P., Richter, H., ... & Thompson, R. (2019). Global potential of biogas (Doctoral
dissertation, The World Biogas Association).• Kumar, A., Mandal, B., & Sharma, A. (2015). Advancement in biogas digester. Energy sustainability through green energy, 351-382.• Luqman, M. J. (2019) Biogas production from different sources in SAARC countries-A review.• Milbrandt, A., & Overend, R. (2011). Assessment of biomass resources in Afghanistan (No. NREL/TP-6A20-49358). National Renewable Energy
Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).• Ministry of Economic Affairs (2020). Domestic Biogas Implementation Guideline, Department of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Economic
Affairs, Thimphu, Bhutan.• MoFE. 2021. Assessment of Electric Cooking Targets for Nepal’s 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), Ministry of Forests and
Environment (MoFE), Kathmandu.• Ray, N., Mohanty, M., & Mohanty, R. (2016). Biogas compression and storage system for cooking applications in rural households''. International
Journal of Renewable Energy Research, IJRER, 6(2), 593-598.• Rupf, G. V., Bahri, P. A., de Boer, K., & McHenry, M. P. (2016). Broadening the potential of biogas in Sub-Saharan Africa: An assessment of
feasible technologies and feedstocks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, 556-571.• Tareen, W. U. K., Dilbar, M. T., Farhan, M., Ali Nawaz, M., Durrani, A. W., Memon, K. A., ... & Aamir, M. (2020). Present status and potential of
biomass energy in Pakistan based on existing and future renewable resources. Sustainability, 12(1), 249.• Tika Ram, P., & Hom Bahadur, R. (2021). Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal. Sustainability, 13(8), 4243.• World Bioenergy Association (2020). Global Bioenergy Statistics 2020.
Webpages
• ET Bureau, 2009. PepsiCo installs biogas plant at Pune unit. URL https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/pepsico-
installs-biogas-plant-at-pune-unit/articleshow/5063539.cms?from=mdr
• Gupta, A., Bais, A.S., 2019. Biogas Market Forecasts 2019-2025 Growth Statistics Report. URL https://www.gminsights.com/industry-
analysis/biogas-market
• Nestle News, 2016. Swiss cows help Henniez produce green energy. URL https://www.nestle.com/media/news/nestle-waters-opens-biogas-
production-facility-switzerland
• https://idcol.org/home/dbiogas
• https://mnre.gov.in/bio-energy/current-status#energy_o
• https://www.globalmethane.org/challenge/mnre.html
• https://gandakiurja.com/
• https://bo2.com.np/investment-made/gandaki-urja/
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/banas-dairys-first-bio-cng-outlet-opened/articleshow/77880158.cms
Suggested reading material
• Deublein, D., & Steinhauser, A. (2011). Biogas from waste and renewable resources: an introduction. John Wiley &Sons.
• Tabatabaei, M., & Ghanavati, H. (Eds.). (2018). Biogas: Fundamentals, process, and operation (Vol. 6). Springer.• Wellinger, A., Murphy, J. D., & Baxter, D. (Eds.). (2013). The biogas handbook: science, production and applications.
Elsevier.• World Bioenergy Association (2020). Global Bioenergy Statistics 2020.• International Energy Agency (2020a). Outlook for biogas and biomethane: Prospects for organic growth - World Energy
Outlook Special Report.
Continued…
Online Capacity Building of SAARC Professionals on
Commercial Scale Biogas Plants
August 23-27, 2021
Thank you
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