Overview of BiotechnologyWeek 1&2 (12&19 Sept 2013)Mdm Khadijah Hanim Abdul RahmanSchool of Bioprocess Engineering, UniMAPkhadijahhanim@unimap.edu.my

Course Outcomes (C0s):

• Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology.

• Ability to demonstrate important recent advances in methods and applications of biotechnology with regards to microorganisms and plants.

• Ability to differentiate scopes and importance of various biotechnological streams.

• Ability to demonstrate understanding on ethical implications of biotechnology.

Evaluation

 • Peperiksaan/ Examination: 60%• Mid-term Examination 1 = 10%• Mid-term Examination 2 = 10%• Final Examination = 40%•  • (ii) Kerja kursus/course work: 40%•  • Assignments & Quizzes = 40% (Quizzes may be given without prior notice)

List of text books and references :

•Text Book: William J.T. and Michael A.P. (2009).

Introduction to Biotechnology. 2nd Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

•References Books:• 1). Susan R. Barnum. (2005). Biotechnology an introduction. 2nd

edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publication.• 2). Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology. Pearson.

Prentice Hall. • 3). Bougaize, D., Jewell, T.R. and Buiser, R.G. (2000).

Biotechnology; Demystifying the Concept. Benjamin-Cummings Publication

• 4). Rene Fester Kratz PhD, Donna Rae Siegfried. (2010). Biology For Dummies. Second Edition.

• 5). R.C. Sobti and Suparna S. Pachauri (2009). Essential of biotechnology. CRC press, US.

Minggu/Week Kandungan Kursus / Course Contents(Panduan/Guidelines)

Pensyarah/Lecturer

Week 1-2(9 Sept- 22 Sept)

An Overview of BiotechnologyDefine biotechnology and describe the classical biotechnology and the foundations of new biotechnology. Express the importance and commercial potential of biotechnology.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 3-5(23 Sept- 13 Oct)

Techniques in BiotechnologyDemonstrate the basic principles of Recombinant DNA Technology and illustrate other methods used in biotechnological field, to include tissue culture, electrophoresis, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and biosensor.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 6 (14 Oct-20 Oct) Cuti Pertengahan Semester/ Mid-term Break

Week 7-8 (21 Oct- 3 Nov)

Biotechnology and IndustryIllustrate scopes of industrial biotechnology and examine commercial production of microorganisms and product from microorganisms.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 9(4 Nov-10 Nov)

Biotechnology and Medicine Illustrate scopes of medical biotechnology and examine gene transfer methods, gene therapy and Human Genome Project (HGP) and applications.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 10(11 Nov- 17 Nov)

Biotechnology and Environment Illustrate scopes of environmental biotechnology and examine methods and application of microbial in bioremediation and wastewater treatments.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week11-12(18 Nov- 1 Dec)

Biotechnology and AgricultureIllustrate scopes of plant biotechnology and methods of tissue culture used in biotechnology. Differentiate products produced through application of plant genetic engineering methods in crop improvement, herbicides resistance and insect resistance.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 13(2 Dec- 8 Dec)

Recent Advances in BiotechnologyDemonstrate new development and findings in various fields of biotechnology. Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 14-15(9 Dec-22 Dec)

Patents and Ethical IssuesDescribe the concept of patents. Illustrate public concerns and risk associated with genetic engineering, ethical, legal and social implications of biotechnology.

Mdm Khadijah Hanim

Week 16(23 Dec-29 Dec)

Minggu Ulangkaji/ Study Week -

Week 17 – 19(30 Dec-10 Jan)

Final Examination -

What is Biotechnology?

Have you ever?

Vaccine/ use antibiotics

Yogurt drink/cheese

/tempeh

Make a bread

Received tissue grown from embryonic stem cells/ see n a ‘knocked

out’ mouse/using insulin to treat diabetes

DefinitionsUsing living organisms or

product of living

organisms for

human/surrounding benefits

To make products

or to solve

problems

Biotechnology

Is biotechnology a new science?

•Gene cloning/ genetic manipulation – modern day techniques; BUT

•Many applications represent old practices with new methodologies.

•Microorganisms have been used in fermentation of bread, cheeses, yogurts, alcoholic beverages.

Fermentation

alcohol •During fermentation- yeast decompose sugar to derive energy•Produce ethanol as waste

Bread•Yeast is added to make dough rise•Yeast ferments sugar releasing CO2 – dough rise and creates holes•Alcohol produced- evaporated when baked

Yeast for baking, wine & beers

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm

Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BCAncient Egyptians diet included bread & beerChinese use of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae.

5000 year old bread

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm

Selective breeding

•To improve production of crops and livestock = food

•Organisms with desirable features are purposely mated to produce offspring with the same desirable traits.

•Choosing organisms with useful genes and taking advantage of their genetic potential for human benefit.

Antibiotics

•Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillium mold inhibit the growth of bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (causes skin disease).

•Use to treat bacterial infections in humans.

Birth of modern biotechnology

•Since 1960s, rapid development and understanding in genetics and molecular biology – led to new applications and innovations in biotechnology.

•Gene cloning- ability to identify and reproduce gene of interest

•Genetic engineering- manipulating the DNA of an organism – recombinant DNA technology.

Biotechnology: A science of many disciplines

Summary of interdisciplinary nature in biotechnology• E.g:

Identify potential genes or gene products in bacteria for treating disease

Basic science:- Biology

- Microbiology

etc

• To better understand the role of these genes

Biochemistry

Molecular biologygenetics

• To study the DNA and protein data

• Gather information

Computer science

Statisticsmathema

tics

• Drug testing

Immunology

Human, animal/plan

t physiology

• Chemical engineering

• physics

production

Biotechnology

Modern Biotech

ClassicalBiotech

Genomics

Recombinant DNA

MicrobialBiotech

Plant BiotechAnimal

Biotech

MarineBiotech

Immunology

Medical Biotech

Forensic

Fermentation

Breeding

Restriction enzymologyCloningMicroarrays/GENE CHIP

Human Genome ProjectFunctional genomicsPROTEOMICS

CANCER RESEARCHGENE THERAPYTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGSTEM CELLS

HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMVACCINESANTIBODIES

FOOD BIOTECHENZYMOLOGYANTIBIOTICSFUELSBIOPOLYMERSAGRICULTUREBIOREMEDIATION

TISSUE CULTUREGENETICALLY MODIFIEDMEDICIANL

TRANSGENICSAGRICULTURE

FISH BIOTECHNATURAL BIOPRODUCTS

ANIMAL HUSBUNDARYCROP IMPROVEMENTHIGHER YEILDHIGHER RESISTANCE

CHEESEBEERWINEBREADYOGHURT

DNA FINGER PRINTINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Domestication of animals and cultivation of plants

Artificial selection of genetic variation or selective breeding

Evidence since 8000-1000BC Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms,

dogs, horses, camels ,oxens

Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate genetic composition of useful species.

Historical development of Biotechnology

Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines

Saffron- stigmas of the flowerCrocus sativus

Cumin seeds have a distinctive bitter flavor and strong, warm aroma due to their abundant essential oil content. Their smell can also be detected in the eater's sweat even after consuming only small amounts. It is used as an ingredient of curry powder. In herbal medicine, cumin is classified as stimulant, carminative, and antimicrobial

Tumeric

And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent further infection

Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900?

1850-1900birth of modern genetics

Charles DarwinOrigin of species Gregor Mendel

Principles of Inheritance in pea plants

1900

1850

1866

1859

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Tschermak Rediscovery of Mendel’s work. Beginning of modern genetics 1900

Natural selection. How does the variation that drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had considered Mendel's work he would have an available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper but was unread (unopened).

Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical geneticsHeinzendorf Central EuropeAugustinian monk1856

Developed the theory of inheritanceDemonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisum sativumSuggested that every cell contained pairs of ‘factors’ and that each pair determine specific traits (law of segregation)

Unappreciated (due to lack of understanding in cell structure and cell division), but rediscovered 1900

Experiments in plant hybridization

Chromosomal theory of inheritanceChromosomes discovered in early 20th centuryEpigenetic interpretation was further established

Inherited traits are controlled by genesThey reside in chromosomesThese traits are faithfully transmitted through gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals in the next generation

Thomas Hunt Morgan

1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes, the search for genetic material

1900 1950

Stevens & WilsonSex chrXX: female XY: male

1902

1908

Archibald GarrodInborn errors of metabolism‘one mutant gene-one metabolic block’Due to lack of specific enzyme (albinism & alkaptonuria)

1944

Avery, MacLeod & McCartyPurified the transforming principle found to be DNA

1945

Max DelbruckBacteriophages

NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus

1910

Thomas H MorganChr theory of inheritanceX linked inheritanceFly lab (Sturtevant)Linkage analysis

Barbara McClintockJumping genesColour variationin MaizeTransposableelements

Erwin ChargaffA:T, G:C ratio

1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered byAlexander FlemingHoward Florey1928

1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st time

Karl Ereky

Paul Berg & Herb Boyer1st recombinant DNA molecules

1972

Francis Crick & James WatsonSolved double helixstructure of DNA

1953

1950-1980The code breakers

1950 198019701960

Smith & Wilcox1st restriction enzymeHind III

19701951

Rosalind FranklinX-ray diffraction photos of DNA

1952

Martha Chase &Alfred HersheyProof that DNA isMolecule of heredity

1977

Fred SangerDNA sequencing

BoyerHuman Insulin from bacteria1978 Genentech

Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein.

The dawn of biotechnology

1960s-1980s• 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered

that Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a therapeutic agent while working in Toronto.

• 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto researchers

• 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies.

• • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli bacteria - is approved for use by diabetics.

1980-2000

1980 1990 2000

Kary MullisPCR

1985 Olson, YAC1987

1989

Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)

Human Genome project

Embryonic stem cells

1998

GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes

1994

Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified

WilmutClonesDolly

1997

Gene therapy trial

Automated DNASequencing machineCaltech & ABI

1986

Check timeline

Huntington's diseaseLinked to markerGusella

Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter

Alec JeffreysDNA fingerprinting 1984

2000-2010

2000 2005 2010

Glofish2003GM zebrafish

Preimplantation genetics

Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)

Human Genome project

Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified

Gene Chip

Gene control of developmentin Drosophila

Personal genomeSequencing

$1000

Rice genome seq-2002

1986

Check timeline

Personalised medicine

Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter

Products of modern biotechnology•Currently- product related to human

health•Pharmaceutical products: drugs, vaccines

and diagnostic kits •1st biotechnology product: in

1982,Genentech: recombinant insulin for diabetes.

•Many products created by gene cloning: recombinant protein.

•Future trends: gene therapy (treat and cure human disease)

Production of recombinant protein

Types of biotechnology

Microbial

Agricultural

animal Forensic

Microbial Biotechnology• Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of

microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria▫ Create better enzymes▫ More efficient decontamination processes f

or industrial waste product removal▫ Used to clone and produce large amounts

of important proteins used in human medicine

Aspergillus nigerSaccharomyces

cerevisae

Agriculture

• Agricultural Biotechnology▫ Genetically engineered, pest-resistant

plants, drought resistance, cold-tolerant. ▫ Foods with higher protein or vitamin

content▫ Drugs developed and grown as plant

products- molecular pharming (tobacco is a non food crop- to produce recombinant proteins in their leaves)

Animal•Animal Biotechnology

▫ Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins Antibodies (treatment for patients with immunity

disorder) Transgenic animal: secreted therapeutic proteins

in their milk. Produced in large scale.▫ Animals as important models in basic research

Gene “knockout” experiments ( 1 or more genes are disrupted- to study the function of a gene)

Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies▫ Animal cloning

Source of transplant organs

1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and an adult donor cell. The (unwanted) chromosomes are removed from the egg cell and discarded. The nucleus, containing the DNA to be cloned, is removed from the donor cell. 2. The donor nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Afterwards the egg contains a full (adult) set of chromosomes as if it had been fertilised normally. 3. A pulse of electricity, or a chemical 'shock', kick-starts the development process, and the embryo begins to grow. 4. Cell division begins. The subsequent development of the embryo depends upon how successfully the donor nucleus has 're-programmed' the egg.

Forensic

•Forensic Biotechnology▫ DNA fingerprinting- method for detecting

an organism’s unique DNA pattern Inclusion or exclusion of a person from

suspicion based on DNA evidence Paternity cases Identification of human remains Endangered species Tracking and confirmation of the spread of

disease ie E. coli, AIDS, meningitis etc.

Bioremediation

•Bioremediation▫ The use of biotechnology to process and

degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to

pollution▫ For example, bacteria that degrade

components in crude oil 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska

Aquatic• Aquatic Biotechnology

▫ Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources

30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide▫ Genetic engineering

Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and

other finfish▫ Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and

metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits

Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules

Medical

•Medical Biotechnology▫Involved with the whole spectrum of human

medicine Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases

▫New information from Human Genome Project

Gene therapy▫Stem cell technologies

Medical

•Medical Biotechnology

Regulatory

•Regulatory Biotechnology▫Quality Assurance (QA)

All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product

▫Quality Control (QC) Part of QA process that involves lab testing

and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology

change our lives in the years ahead?▫Human Genome Project

Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes

▫Human proteome Collection of proteins responsible

for activity in a human cell

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change

our lives in the years ahead?▫Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual

These variations influence how we respond to stress and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease,

diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change

our lives in the years ahead?▫Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine

Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient

▫Metabolomics A snapshot of the small molecules produced

during cellular metabolism Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling

molecules

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change

our lives in the years ahead?▫Nanotechnology

Applications that incorporate extremely small devices

Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change

our lives in the years ahead?▫Regenerative medicine

Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions

The Biotechnology Workforce

•Biotechnology is a global industry▫Generates more than $63 billion in

worldwide revenues▫$40 billion in sales of biological drugs in

the UnitedStates

The Biotechnology Workforce

•Jobs in Biotechnology▫Research and development▫Operations, biomanufacturing and

production▫Bioinformatics▫Quality assurance and quality control▫Clinical research and regulatory affairs▫Marketing, sales, finance, legal

The Biotechnology Workforce