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SFEN JG Atoms for the Future14th October 2010
Overview of Reactor Technologies in the World
Martin TaylorOECD Nuclear Energy Agency
World Nuclear Generating Capacity, 1960 to 2009
NPP construction starts, 1955 to 2009
Electricity Generation by Source, 2007
Share of Nuclear Power in Total Electricity, 2009 (%)
Source: IAEA PRIS
Nuclear Capacity by Country, 2010 (MWe)
Source: IAEA PRIS
The Existing Reactor Fleet440 large power reactors are in operation (including a few under refurbishment)
Total capacity of 376 GWeOver 80% are light water reactors (LWRs)The USA (104 units), France (58) and Japan (55) account for 56% of global capacity
OECD countries (including also Germany, Korea, Canada, UK) have 83% of global capacity
Outside the OECD, Russia, Ukraine, China and India have large nuclear programmes
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Type No. of units Net capacity (GWe)
PWR 217 210.8BWR 88 78.9VVER 52 37.5PHWR 48 24.3RBMK 11 10.2GCR 18 8.9ABWR 4 5.0FBR 2 0.8Total 440 376.4
Types of Nuclear Power Plant in Operation
Source: IAEA PRIS 8
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Reactor vessel
Steam generator
Control rods
Reactor core
Containment
Generator
Steam flow
Water flow
Condenser
Turbine
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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Reactor vessel
Control rods
Reactor core
Containment
Generator
Steam flow
Water flow
Condenser
Turbine
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Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
Heat exchanger
Heavy water circuit
Fuel channels
Containment
Steam flow
Water flow
Dump tank
Calandria
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Average energy availability factor for NPPs worldwide
Age Structure of Operating NPPs
Projected Lifetime of Existing Nuclear Capacity
Key Points on the Existing Reactor FleetMost were built in the 1970s and 1980s, and are now 20 to 40 years old
Some suffered from delays & high costs during construction, and poor initial performance
Performance much improved during 1990s; now highly valued generating assets
Planned lifetime of about 40 years; for many plants, 50 to 60 years now expected
Investment in power uprating and preparing for extended operation
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Vendors of Nuclear Power Plants in Operation
Consolidation of NPP Vendors Since 1990
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Main Current NPP Vendors & DesignsWestinghouse (AP‐1000)AREVA (EPR, Atmea)Atomenergoprom (VVER‐1200, VVER‐1000)Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (APWR, Atmea)Doosan (APR‐1400)General Electric‐Hitachi (ABWR, ESBWR)Toshiba (ABWR)Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (ACR, Candu‐6)CNNC, China Guangdong NPC (CPR‐1000)To come: CAP‐1400 (Chinese Gen III+ design)
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Location No. of units Net capacity (MW)Argentina 1 692
Brazil 1 1 245
Bulgaria 2 1 906
China 24 25 010
Finland 1 1 600
France 1 1 600
India 4 2 506
Iran 1 915
Japan 2 2 650
Korea 5 5 560
Pakistan 1 300
Russia 11 9 153
Slovak Republic 2 782
Chinese Taipei 2 2 600
Ukraine 2 1 900
United States 1 1 165
Total 61 59 584
Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction
Source: IAEA PRISSource: IAEA PRIS19
© OECD/IEA 2010
Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap
Prepared jointly by the Nuclear Energy Agency and the International
Energy Agency
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Covering the main low‐carbon energy technologies Based on a scenario to halve energy‐related CO2emissions by 2050 (near decarbonisation of electricity)
Assess current status of technology and set out specific technology targets to be achieved and by when
Other barriers that need to be overcome (e.g. legal, regulatory, financial, public acceptance, etc.)
Policy support required for R&D and for deployment Identification of roles & responsibilities, i.e. who needs to do what and when
Looks to 2050, but focus on near‐term actions and milestones (next 10 years)
A Series of Roadmaps
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Assumes 1 200 GWe of nuclear power by 2050 (up from 370 GWe today); 610 GWe in ETP Baseline
9 600 TWh/year of electricity, 24% of global total Need to add 25 GWe/year in 2020s, rising to 40 GWe/year in 2040s
Allowing for life extension and larger units, could require 20‐25 new units per year
High Nuclear case has 2 000 GWe nuclear by 2050, nearly 16 000 TWh, 38% of global electricity
Model shows this would be cost‐effective (against CCS), but IEA doubts feasibility
ETP 2010 BLUE Map: Nuclear
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Electricity Production by Source in Baseline & BLUE Map Scenarios
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Growth in Nuclear Capacity in BLUE Map Scenario
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Status of Nuclear Energy Today Existing fleet; Nuclear technology for near‐term (Gen III+);
Status of nuclear fuel cycle and waste managementNuclear Energy Deployment to 2050 Nuclear in BLUE Map; Expansion to 2020; Preparing for
more rapid growth after 2020; Fuel cycle requirementsTechnology Development and Deployment Evolutionary development; Implementing HLW & spent fuel
disposal; Next generation nuclear systems; SMRs; Heat, etc.Policy, Financial and Social Aspects Policy support; Legal & regulatory frameworks; Financing;
Civil society; Capacity‐building; Non‐proliferation, etc.Roadmap Action Plan Actions for governments, industry and others
Nuclear Roadmap Structure
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Milestones: Policy Support
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Clear & stable commitment to nuclear power in energy policy
Harmonise regulatory requirements to facilitate the use of standardised designs
Strengthen non-proliferation regimes, while providing security of fuel supply
Ensure legal & regulatory systems work effectively
Ensure institutions & funding are in place for waste disposal & decommissioning
Develop legal & institutional frameworks for wider use of advanced fuel cycles
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Milestones: Capacity Building& Industry
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Increase capacity to supply nuclear plant components & systems
Strengthen & broaden global supply chains as more countries launch nuclear programmes
Increase uranium production & nuclear fuel cycle capacities to meet rapid demand growth
Develop the qualified & skilled human resources needed
Achieve nuclear construction rates from 2020 double present levels
Continue to increase nuclear construction rates
Develop industrial capacities to support advanced fuel cycles
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Milestones: Financing
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Consider direct govt. support or guarantees for NPP investment\
Establish electricity and carbon markets that support large, long-term investments
Develop nuclear energy expertise in private sector financial institutions
Establish routine investment by private sector in proven nuclear plant designs
Increase the availability of private sector finance for NPPs
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Milestones: Technology Development & Deployment
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
FullyestablishGen III+designs,bringFOAKplantson-line
Implement plans to build & operate geological repositories for waste disposal
Showon-time& on-budgetcompletionof furtherGen III+plants Complete demonstration of the most
promising Gen IV nuclear plants
Increase use of nuclear energy for non-electricity applications (e.g. heat)
Strengthen RD&D in advanced fuel cycles
Build & operate commercial-scale Gen IV plants
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Key Findings (1)
Nuclear is a mature low‐carbon energy technology that is already available for wider deployment
In the ETP BLUE Map scenario, nuclear capacity grows to 1 200 GWe by 2050, providing 24% of global electricity
Obstacles to this expansion are mainly policy‐related, industrial and financial, rather than technological
But in the longer term, technological development will be needed for nuclear to remain competitive
A clear and stable commitment to nuclear as part of national energy strategy is a prerequisite
Financing will be a major challenge, and government support may be needed for private‐sector investment
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Key Findings (2)
Industrial capacity to build nuclear plants will need to double by 2020 for expansion in line with the scenario; fuel cycle capacities will also need to increase
A great increase in highly qualified and skilled human resources will also be needed
Progress needs to be made in building and operating facilities for the disposal of spent fuel & high‐level waste
Safeguards and physical protection measures must be maintained and strengthened where necessary
Generation IV reactor and fuel cycle technologies may offer improved sustainability, economics, proliferation‐resistance, safety and reliability, starting before 2050
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Demonstrate the ability to build the latest nuclear plant designs on time and within budget
Develop the industrial capacities and skilled human resources to support sustained growth in nuclear capacity
Establish the required legal frameworks and institutions in countries where these do not yet exist
Encourage the participation of private sector investors in nuclear power projects
Make progress in implementing plans for permanent disposal of high‐level radioactive wastes
Enhance public dialogue to inform stakeholders about the role of nuclear in energy strategy
Expand the supply of nuclear fuel in line with increased nuclear generating capacity
Key Actions for Next 10 Years
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The Nuclear Energy Roadmap was released on16 June 2010
All roadmaps are available at:
www.iea.org/roadmaps