Overview of Research Activities Infrastructure Field (1) Investigation Research on Internationalization of Technical Standards for Design, Construction and Maintenance of Structures, and on History of Structural Design Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Investigation Research on Overseas Standards for Design and Construction of Steel Structures

In the WTO which Japan has also joined, the international matching of technical standards in all the countries of world is regulated in order to remove the technical failure on the trade. By receiving the regulation, in the ISO where the EU countries occupy a large number, the internationalization of technical standards is being attempted in close co-operation with the CEN (Committee on European Norm). Therefore, the countermeasure against this becomes the urgency for our country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the overseas standards mainly on the ISO/CEN standards for design and construction of steel structures. Also, it is intended to examine the appropriate countermeasures, and in future to propose a standard from Japan, which can match internationally. b) Integration of Guideline on Monitoring of Bridges and Viaducts, and Its Internationalization

In the ISO, the deliberation is also advanced on the guideline on dynamic tests of bridges and viaducts at present, and Japan has charge of the integration of regulations on the evaluation method of test results. In the meantime, since the before several years, the necessity of guidelines on the monitoring of bridges and viaducts, including the application to maintenance, was cried even in our country, and the preparation has been advanced. The purpose of this study is to integrate a guideline on the planning, the measurement, the data operation, the analytical technique and the evaluation method for the vibration monitoring of bridges and viaducts. Also,

it is intended to propose a new ISO standard on the basis of this guideline from Japan, as a countermeasure for the internationalization. c) Investigation Research on History of Material, Structure and Design for Bridges, and Evaluation as Modern Cultural Heritages in Civil Engineering

Recently, civil engineering structures, which were constructed between the age of civilization in the pre-Meiji era and the end of war in the Showa era, have been evaluated as the modern cultural heritage. Bridges are among the most important civil engineering structures. In order to prevent loss of valuable bridge records and to stimulate repair or preservation works, immediate results of evaluation are desired. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of Japanese bridge technology, the character of bridge distribution in each river, and the change of material, structure and design for each bridge type, focusing on bridges in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Then, results of this study are used for the evaluation as modern cultural heritages and for the reflection in designing, repair and strengthening of today. (2) Analysis, Design and Construction of Cable-Supported Bridges, and their Computer Aided Systems Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Estimation of Ultimate Strength of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges by Elasto-Plastic Finite Displacement Buckling Stability Analysis

The development of cable-stayed bridges has been rapid, and the class with span of 1,000m is planned for construction in the near future. It is said that the critical span length is about 1,500m, mainly because the in-plane buckling stability is degraded with increasing axial compressive forces of main girders. The purpose of this study is to develop a computer program system for buckling stability analyses based on elastic or elasto-plastic finite displacement theory, which enables setting of load parameters to the prestress similar to those of the dead load, considering application to the limit state design method. Also, it is intended to compare with linearized buckling eigenvalue analyses, and to clarify effects of the

loading condition, the support condition of main girders, the material properties of cables including the flexibility, the initial imperfection or the plasticity of members, etc. on the ultimate strength, using trial-design cable-stayed bridges with center span of 1,000m and 1,500m. b) Out of Plane Ultimate Strength of Main Girders in Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges Varying Support Conditions

As discussed above, the critical span length of cable-stayed bridges is said to be about 1,500m due to the in-plane buckling stability considerations. However, for sufficiently ensuring the economical efficiency, it is necessary to reduce out of plane bending moment under wind loads at the intermediate support. The first purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal support condition of main girders by applying elastic supports, in order to reduce the stress resultants which are dominant in the static design. The second purpose is to examine the out of plane ultimate strength under wind loads. For their purposes, elastic and elasto-plastic finite displacement analyses under design loads are employed to trial-design cable-stayed bridges with center span of 1,500m. (3) Development of New Type Ultra Long-Span & Super Ultra Long-Span Cable-Supported Bridges, and their Feasibility Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Applicability of Dischinger-Type Cable-Stayed Suspension Bridge as Ultra Long-Span Bridge

Since the success of ultra long-span bridges with span of 2,000 to 3,000m depends on the aerodynamic stability, research on the new economical cable-supported bridges with high torsional rigidity have been attracting attention. Dischinger-type cable-stayed suspension bridges, which has been proposed as alternatives to cable-stayed bridges with critical span length of 1,500m, seem to have the torsional rigidity higher than ordinary suspension bridges by combining the advantage of cable-stayed bridges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying Dischinger-type bridges as ultra long-span bridges compared with

suspension bridges, using a trial-design cable-stayed suspension bridge with span of 2,500m in which ratios of suspended parts are used as variable, and considering roughly estimated results of a 3,000m span bridge. b) Realizability of Ultra Long-Span Suspension Bridge and Cable-Stayed Girder Bridge Using New Material (CFRP) Cables for Main Cable and Stay Cable

The progress of the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in recent years is remarkable, and they are spotlighted as new materials for the civil Engineering structures. Especially, by using CFRP cables for the main cable or the stay cable of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge instead of steel cables, it would have been indicated that the dead load can be drastically reduced, if a center span becomes longer than longer. However, the reduction of dead load mostly becomes disadvantageous to the aerodynamic stability. The purposes of this study are to investigate the static structural characteristics, the aerodynamic stability and the economical efficiency, and to discuss the prospect on the realizability of ultra long-span suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, using trial-design bridges with span of 2,500m and 1,500m respectively, in which sag ratios and material properties of new material (CFRP) cables are applied as variable. (4) Development of Innovative New Material Bridges, and Function, Serviceability and Aesthetics of Bridges Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Repair and Reinforcement of Steel Members Using FRP Stripes

Recently, the damage has been generated in many members of steel bridges by vibration, fatigue and corrosion under heavy traffic loads. The number of the steel bridge which requires repair and reinforcement increases. Fiber reinforced plastics, which are the light weight and are excellent in workability and weather resistance, have been applied for materials of repair and reinforcement in civil engineering structures. The purpose of this study is to clarify the feasibility of carbon fiber reinforced plastic stripes for repair and reinforcement of existing steel bridges, and to

obtain basic data for establishing design and construction method. b) Applicability of New Hybrid FRP Composite Girders to Pedestrian Deck including Free Passage over Railway

An innovative hybrid composite girder is being developed in Japan consisting of carbon and glass fibers. In addition the economic aspects such as initial cost and life cycle cost are being examined considering the environmental loading. The innovative feature of this girder is the optimum use of CFRP and GFRP in the flanges to maximize structural performance while reducing the overall cost by using glass fibers in the web section. In order to clarify the strength of the web-crippling and the effect of its shear deformation characteristics on the bending deflection, a series of I-shaped girders with two different flange widths have been tested by varying the amounts of GFRP and CFRP. Because it is well known that the deflection limitation and the shear stress often dominate the design of FRP girders. We are experimentally investigating with the emphasis on the appropriate composition of GFRP and CFRP for the potential application of such I-shaped girders to full scale pedestrian decks and footbridges. c) Design Guideline of FRP Bridges, and Applicability of Pulltruded Profiles to Footbridges

The progress of the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in recent years is remarkable, and they are spotlighted as new materials for bridges because of the ultra light weight and the high durability for the salt damage. The purposes of this study are to integrate a design guideline of FRP bridges, and to examine the applicability of GFRP pulltruded profiles to footbridges. For the latter purpose, single span footbridges which have variable support conditions are trially designed, and cross sections required for satisfying the restriction of deflection are compared in order to confirm the possibility of production. Then, the vibration serviceability is also examined. As examination objects, truss bridges are also regarded in addition to plate girder bridges.

d) Design Concept and Survey of Safe and Comfortable Footbridges as Universalized Pedestrian Space for all humans

The aim of footbridges over roads is to separate pedestrians and cars in order to prevent traffic accidents, and at one time, the number of footbridges sharply increased accompanying the increment in motor traffic volume. Footbridges are superior to underground walkways in terms of public safety, but are far inferior in terms of serviceability. On the other hand, it has been required that nearby living environment and global environment are also sufficiently considered. The purpose of this study is to develop design concepts of safe and comfortable footbridges as universalized pedestrian space for all humans, and to survey the present condition of footbridges. (5) R & D of a more economical structural system for long--span suspension bridges Kuniei NOGAMI

As the construction of long-span suspension bridges pushed forward into new territory, the emphasis of development was historically on financial integrity and safety. However, recent changes in the societal environment mean that more rational designs that provide better economy and durability are now required. Efforts to develop new structural forms and design methods that meet these new requirements are urgently needed. The aim of this research program is to pursue a more cost-efficient structural system for long-span suspension bridges. During the current year, research focused on the themes outlined below. a) Clarification of elasto--plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of ultra--long four-span suspension bridges

Taking a four--span structure as an example of an ultra-long multi-span suspension bridge, parametric analysis was carried out to study the effects of adopting a cross-sectional form consisting of two boxes and a grating for the stiffening girder and of using high-strength main cables on the elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of the

structural system as a whole. b) Clarification of elasto-plastic behavior and load-carrying capacity of the steel tower in long-span suspension bridges

The ultimate in-plane behavior in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the main towers for a 1,500 m suspension bridge had been clarified, focusing particularly RC towers but also considering steel and composite structures. In this year, detailed design was carried out for steel main tower for a 3,000 m suspension bridge. The ultimate in-plane behavior in the transverse directions of the main tower was calculated and the applicability of steel tower was studied by comparing the ultimate load factors. (6) R & D of long-span cable-stayed bridges for urban areas Kuniei NOGAMI

When we would like to consider the construction of long-span cable-supported bridges in coastal urban areas, lightweight of steel construction is economically advantageous because poor ground conditions and other factors are often encountered. Such bridges are often subject to aircraft flight path restrictions because of the vicinity of an airport or projected airport, while consideration of the natural environment, such as wind and sunlight, is important if buildings surround the site. This research aims at developing a long-span cable-stayed bridge with greatly reduced tower height compared with the conventional optimum. In this year, focusing on cable-stayed bridges with a center span of 200 m, 400 m and 600 m, the elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of bridges with the conventional tower height (one-fifth of the center span) and the tower height reduced to one-tenth of the center span were studied comparatively. Especially, for cable-stayed bridges with a center span of 200 m, the cross-section of stiffening girder are adopted with box, edge and composite girders. (7) Research on durability (remaining ultimate strength) evaluation method

for existing structural members in steel and composite structures Kuniei NOGAMI

Typical causes of deterioration and damage in structural members and in steel structures are corrosion and deformation. As deterioration and damage progress in a structure, the cross-sectional area of structural members falls and the structure loses load-carrying capacity. This means that it is extremely important to accurately evaluate the remaining ultimate strength of structural members and structures after corrosion and deformation have progressed so as to determine future durability and study maintenance and/or replacement. For the purpose of establishing a method for evaluating the remaining ultimate strength of deteriorated or damaged structural members, this research program aims to clarify experimentally and analytically the ultimate strength characteristics and the corrosion parameters that lead to decreases the load-carrying capacity. It also includes a basic study aimed at proposing a method of evaluating remaining ultimate strength. The research focused on the themes outlined below during the current year. a) The remaining load-carrying capacity of corroded columns using the elasto-plastic finite displacement analysis using the FEM

Focusing on the upper/lower cross beams, lateral struts and diagonal chords of truss bridges, the load-carrying capacity of these corroded columns was evaluated using the FEM. The relationship between corrosion pattern and changes in load-carrying capacity was clarified. Parameters affecting load-carrying capacity were identified. An equation for evaluating remaining load-carrying capacity was proposed. b) Measurement of the crevice corrosion shape in the rivet joint of truss bridge

In the rivet joint such as the gusset connection of the truss bridge which has been served for about 40 years, the corrosion shapes in the contact surface between a steel plate tightened by a rivet were measured and the distributions of the crevice corrosion ware clarified.

(8) Research into methods of safety verification during erection Kuniei NOGAMI

Continuous composite steel girder bridges of medium span have recently been constructed in Japan. With a longer distance between main girders and reduced main girder count, these bridges yield labor saving advantages. However, the methods used to verify safety during erection are based on the premise of a structure with multiple girders and the design of the bridges is not necessarily rational. In this research, a means of verifying the safety of the web plates applied patch loading and a method of reinforcing the web plates have been proposed. The representative standards for bridge design, such as the Japan Road Association's Erection Design Manual and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers' Erection Design Guidelines, provide verification equations for checking the safety of the web plates in rationalized composite girder bridges applied patch loading. Differences between these equations were clarified. Ultimate strength characteristics were elucidated analytically and we were proposed a method of reinforcing the plates. (9) Development of monitoring method for corrosion-deteriorated steel and composite structures Kuniei NOGAMI

As monitoring object, Bridge “HBB” (H-shaped steel girder bridge) is selected which has been served for about 30 years ever since its opening and which has noticeably deteriorated due to corrosion. Its corrosion patterns are measured by an ultra-sonic plate thickness measuring gauge, and its strains and vibration frequency are measured by an optical-fiber sensor through loading tests using static and dynamic loads, for instance, cars. Furthermore, HBB having corrosion-deteriorated sections and design sections is numerically analyzed by FEM method. The analysis results are compared with the test results to establish highly exact numerical analysis model. We consequently developed an effective service life evaluation method. Through all these efforts, a monitoring system is to be developed by which

existing bridges can be evaluated for their remaining ultimate strength. In this year, the structure analysis and the eigenvalue analysis were performed for real HBB bridge, and to clarify those static and dynamic behaviors (a stress, a deformation and a natural frequency), we carried out comparison with the measurement result of the loading experiment (micro-tremor, vibrator and wood hammer) and analytical results and examined structure modeling in the FEM numerical analysis. (10) Development of road planning and designing theory harmonized with traffic operations in urban area Takashi OGUCHI and Hiroyuki ONEYAMA

Conventional highway and street network planning concept is based on the prediction of traffic demand in the future. In the case of traffic congestion is prevailed around an urban area presently, the prediction of future traffic becomes very difficult because the potential demand cannot be predicted. In addition, the environmental problem in an urban area and sustainability concepts would raise the needs for entirely novel 'planning concept' should be introduced, instead of conventional 'planning concept with predicted demand (following-demand concept)'. The feasible way of harmonization of highway planning and design procedure with traffic operation measures, under current Japan's institutional conditions, is discussed. The draft of the planning and designing manual for introducing "roundabouts", which are rapidly introduced in developed countries recently, is also discussed.

(11) A Study on an Estimation Method of Vehicle Emission Considering Dynamic Traffic Condition Hiroyuki ONEYAMA and Takashi OGUCHI

Air quality such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particle matters (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a cause of global warming, caused by road traffic, is severe especially in the vicinity of intersection and congested section. In order to evaluate such an effect appropriately, dynamic change of traffic flow should be described and the emission level under these traffic

conditions should be estimated by the emission model that can take into account the effect of speed variation of vehicles on the emission. In this year, the emission model parameters for various vehicle types are identified using JCAP emission maps and NILIM running test modes. (12) Analysis of Capacity at Signalized Intersections Shigenori SHIKATA and Takashi OGUCHI

Capacity of kerb lanes at signalized intersections is affected by conflicts between left-turn vehicles and pedestrians. The flow rate of pedestrians who discharge at the beginning of green period and the diffusion characteristics of platoon of pedestrians are analyzed from the observed data. Using the results, the model for estimating the capacity of kerb lanes has been developed. Furthermore our attention was focused on capacity affected by the imbalance of lane use at signalized intersection approaches. Based on the observed data, it has been found out that the capacity of the approaches is strongly affected because of the imbalance of lane use. The "lost time" of signal control is caused inevitably to keep the conflicting traffic safe in signal change intervals, and it affects cycle time and traffic efficiency considerably. The actual phenomena of the lost time and vehicle behavior in such signal change intervals are practically studied. The concept of "supplemental effective green time" considering the impact of right turning sneakers is proposed originally from the theoretical consideration.

(13) Study on Highway Traffic Performance of Ordinary Sections on Freeways Takashi OGUCHI

The bottlenecks of traffic capacity on sag sections and entrances of tunnels are widely known in Japan; in particular, because the ETC system are now prevailing in Japan, the frequency of such traffic congestions caused by the bottlenecks is in the majority. The car-following behavior is considered as key factor of initiation of queued traffic flow. The mathematical models to describing the car-following behavior are compared and evaluated. The unbalanced traffic lane usage, concentrating on inner (passing) lane, is also

known as the reason why the throughputs of such bottleneck sections are decreased. The feasible auxiliary lane configuration, controlling such traffic lane distribution at the upstream of a bottleneck is discussed.

(14) Analysis of Drivers' Behavior on the Expressway using ETC Data Hiroyuki ONEYAMA

This study aims to know the drivers' behavior on the expressway using their personal history records of Electric Toll Collection System (ETC) that includes date and time of entering and exiting ramps. These results will be fundamental knowledge to conduct effective traffic operation and control. In this year, continuously in the previous year, on-ramp choice behavior on the Metropolitan Expressway (MEX) was investigated in case of incident. Especially, the analysis was done considering the relationship between the entering time and the occurrence time of the accident for the high frequent MEX user. As a result, there are so many drivers who gave up using Metropolitan Expressway, rather than changing an on-ramp from an usual one and this tendency lasts after clearing up the accident.

(15) Study on Optimal Traffic Signal Control to Reduce CO2 Emission Hiroyuki ONEYAMA

This study aims to clarify the fundamental traffic signal control strategy to reduce CO2 emission and concrete methodology using the mathematical and traffic simulation analysis. In this year, CO2 emission is formulated based on the simple stop and go model of uniform velocity and constant acceleration for two intersections and the condition of the minimum emission is clarified based on the numerical computation. As a result, in almost cases the condition of minimum delay is the same as that of minimum CO2 emission but it is different in case of the condition that it is difficult to obtain advantage of traffic signal coordination. A similar result was derived by the traffic simulation analysis.

Environmental System Field (1) Systems Analysis for Environmental Engineering Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU, Kimiko YAMAZAKI, Yasuhiro ARAI and Minako KOMINE

In our laboratory of sanitary engineering, the computer applications to water-works, sewage-works and studying with the methods of systems analysis and applied mathematics, and also the experiments in a laboratory and the field surveys are assisted. Our subject is a practical study for an ideal future of the urban environment.

Nowadays, a lots of environmental problems in the cities are very complicated, and such problems are difficult to solve only on a viewpoint of civil engineering, therefore we must consider them on the economical and sociological viewpoints and etc. The purpose of our study is to find the compromised better solution for the problems in the fields of water and wastewater engineering and also municipal solid wastes engineering. In this year, we solved some problems and published the papers which are listed in the following pages. (2) Study on Short-term Water Demand Prediction and Water Distribution Control Planning Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU and Yasuhiro ARAI

Water supply system serves as a lifeline for our urban life, and the active maintenance planning is needed to preserve its security. In this paper, we propose a time series model for hourly fluctuation of supplied water consumption. First, after analysis of the fluctuations, we find the two components that are the cyclic component (typical fluctuated pattern with a 1-day cycle) and the deviational component (complex and random pattern). Second, we make the cyclic and deviational component models by applying the finite Fourier series and multiple ARIMA models respectively. Third, we show a case study and we can obtain an effective model to describe the supplied water consumption. Our proposed model is useful for water distribution control planning.

(3) A Neural Networks Model for Water Distribution Systems Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU

This study proposes a new water quality simulation model of pipe networks system for water distribution control, in order to get a clear understanding of the hourly fluctuation of the residual chlorine concentration. Regarding a water distribution network as a black box, we make a neural network model by training the multilayer units with extended Kalman algorithm. Furthermore, we include time lag which is between the input point (service reservoir) and the output point. As a result, the stability of outputs toward new inputs (not used for training) is increased, and our model can clearly describe input-output response of complex nonlinear dynamical system like water distribution pipe networks. This research is promoted by endowment fund. (4) Study on Control and Management Planning for Water and Wastewater Systems in Urban Area Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU

In order to maintain the stable activity of water and wastewater system, we need an economical and effective plan which has adaptability for the kinds of fluctuation arisen from urban factors. We may also consider the effective use of resources in the evaluation of control and management plan for urban systems. In one of our research, we apply time series analysis to the control planning for wastewater treatment system, and we can clear the structural relationship between factors which help us to keep stability of the treated water quality. In another research for water distribution network management we deal with the lower water quality problem, which makes great damage to many residents. We propose a method to estimate the amount of suspended iron rust which advects or sediments in water pipelines. By using this method, we show how to decide the priority sequence minimizing water drain volume for pipeline cleaning. (5) Study on Optimization of Renewal Planning of Water and Wastewater

Pipe Networks Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU

The damage caused by the aging of water distribution pipes or sewage pipes has become one of the major problems. The pipes renewal costs much money and time, so the renewal planning has to be made under evaluating its effects and costs sufficiently. In this research we quantify the effects of renewal in water distribution pipe system, and propose a new methodology applying Genetic Algorithm (GA) on the scheduling problem to maximize benefits of water supply performance in the planning period under the revenue constraints. Through the sensitivity analysis using our GA model, we can clarify the validity of investment under trade-off between water supply service level and renewal cost. (6) Statistical Analysis for Municipal Solid Wastes and Air Pollution Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU, Kimiko YAMAZAKI and Yasuhiro ARAI

The increase of municipal solid wastes and air pollution are big problems in Tokyo, so it is very important how to control them. We have been studying the relationship between those actual conditions and regional characteristics depending on the statistics, and cleared the difference or similarity in each district of Tokyo metropolitan area. And we also explained the structures of those generations based on the statistical viewpoint by using the Multiple Regression analysis, Principal Component analysis and System Dynamics. Our results will be used for the municipal solid wastes treatment and disposal planning and also the air pollution control in the near future. (7) An Analysis of the Quantitative Relation of Recyclable Waste to Domestic Refuse Akira KOIZUMI, Yasuhiro ARAI

This analysis shows the quantitative relation of the recyclable waste amount to domestic refuse generated from households, based on the continuous actual survey data collected from questionnaires and measurements. Firstly, we examined the change in the total waste amount

generated between each survey period, and classified data samples into three groups by their amount. Secondly, we calculated the ratio R/D to be that of the recyclable waste amount to domestic refuse generated from a household, and showed the difference in the recoverable amount for every composition item. Thirdly, in order to show the variations in the recoverable amount of recyclable papers and plastics, we conducted a comparative analysis. Our proposed results are useful to estimate the reducible amount of domestic refuse. (8) Study on Optimization of Transportation Planning for Waste Treatment and Recycling Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU and Yasuhiro ARAI

This study analyzes an optimal planning of facility arrangement and transportation problems for recycling and waste treatment. First, We proposed a fuzzy linear programming model for the area-wide hazardous waste transportation planning. This model selected the optimal route taking the planner's permissible level into fuzziness under multipurpose (to minimize the total transportation cost, to minimize the number of traffic accident). Secondarily for the recycling of electric household appliance, we applied genetic algorithms (GA) to solve a combinational optimization problem. After estimating the annual number of electric appliances in Tokyo, we investigated the collection systems as network models using GA. Through a case study, it was revealed that the application of GA was useful for the optimization of these problems. Part of this study was supported by government competitive research fund. (9) Research on predictive models for determining nutrient levels on Ogochi reservoir eutrophication Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI

Accurately forecasting inflow water quality and its effect on eutrophication provides water management agencies valuable information on aquatic ecosystems. This study describes that was conducted on predicting nutrient levels from local watersheds, including runoff from

rainfall, on Ogochi Reservoir in western Tokyo, and its impact on reservoir eutrophication by utilizing water temperature and turbidity measurements. Multi-regression analysis was used to extrapolate predictive models for phosphorus and other plant nutrients. The predictive models correlated well with actual data and demonstrated a high level of predictability. The predictive models, which include precipitation measurements from non-point sources, can forecast nutrient levels and provide management an important tool for controlling and reversing reservoir eutrophication. (10) A Study on the Efficient Treatment and Utilization of the Sludge from Purification Plant Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI and Yasuhiro ARAI

Toward the establishment of the Recycling-based Society, we proposed a sludge integrated management system and researched on the efficient sludge treatment and disposal. What we have done is as follows: (a) a proposal of the integrated system for the sludge treatment and disposal of water and sewage works, (b) a fundamental experiment of the adsorption of phosphate based on the sludge from purification plan, (c) an application of the water treatment plant's sludge to a sewage treatment process with the evaluation of phosphorus removal, (d) an evaluation of the economical efficiency of the sludge integrated management system and (e) a consideration of changes in water quality of sewage disposal water by adding the sludge from water treatment plant. (11) An Experimental Study for Preservation of Water Quality in the Reservoir Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI

Recently, the reservation of drinking water sources is an important problem because people's interest is focused on the taste and odor. This study examined the seasonal change of the water quality of a reservoir on the Bonin Island, Tokyo. We found that the water quality wouldn't become worse by stopping the water circulator for about 1 week even in summer. In addition, changing the position of intake was showed to be an appropriate

way against stopping the water circulator for long time. Moreover, by the consignment of research from the Tokyo public government office, we examined the water quality of the dam for agriculture in the Haha-Jima Island and showed the possibility of the water quality improvement by the aquatic plant. (12) Changes in Turbulent Flow Structure under Combined Wave-Current Motions Motohiko UMEYAMA The horizontal, lateral, and vertical velocity components in a recirculating channel were measured to study changes in the turbulent intensity, Reynolds stress, and velocity distributions due to the interaction between a current and gravity waves. These physical quantities for waves following and opposing a current were obtained by analyzing the velocity data taken during 250 wave cycles. The phase-averaged RMS values of horizontal and vertical turbulent intensities for the larger waves seem to decrease from those for the smaller waves at most elevations above the bed, although the analyzed data are scattered in the measured range. The direction of wave propagation to the current mostly influences the essential features of the resultant Reynolds stress and the general characteristics of the horizontal and vertical velocities. In this situation for the following waves, the mean velocities for the larger waves increase more rapidly from the bed to the mid-depth but decrease still more in the outer region. In contrast, the situation for the opposing waves reverses in the whole depth. The physical aspects from these measured horizontal velocities could be well described using the Eulerian mean velocity equation. Phase-averaged water surface variations for a combined wave and current motion are similar to those for the associated wave-alone motion, regardless of the relative directions of wave and current. The surface waves have sharp crests and long troughs when wave height is larger or water depth is shallower. The distributions of mean velocity components and turbulent quantities, including the lateral and vertical turbulence intensities and the corresponding Reynolds stress, were derived from the velocity data in a

lateral plane. The presence of the waves amplifies the magnitude of lateral turbulent intensities considerably near the sidewall but does not cause marked changes in their vertical profiles close to the center of the channel. (13) Measurements of particle velocities and trajectories in a wave-current motion using PIV with Micro bubbles Motohiko UMEYAMA and Tetsuya SHINTANI In this study, we focus our attention on surface waves propagating with a steady current. A PIV/PTV system was used to measure the water particle velocities and trajectories. Validation results are presented from the comparison of measurements via some nonintrusive methods to those via intrusive equipment. The main difference between the previous contributions of Umeyama (2005, 2009a,b) and the present investigation is that here we apply an alternative measurement technique for internal waves (Umeyama 2008 and Umeyama et al. 2009) to a case for surface waves. The comparison of the trajectory given by PTV technique and that estimated by coupled PIV/PTV technique indicates that the PIV instrument can be applied to the Lagrangian description of the water particle trajectory. A suitable agreement among experimental results of PIV with seeding particles or micro bubbles and EC meter in both time and space domains confirms the accuracy of the nonintrusive measuring technique. (14) PIV Measurements of Internal Waves using Laser Sheet and Visualization Analysis based on Python Motohiko UMEYAMA and Tetsuya SHINTANI We have studied the kinetic behavior of internal waves propagating in a two-layer fluid system. The physical properties of the interfacial displacement and particle velocity during one wave cycle were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Several internal-wave theories were applied to the problems for estimating the temporal and spatial displacements of the density interface and the two-dimensional velocity distributions. The interfacial displacement and particle velocity were measured under several experimental conditions using an internal-wave

gauge and a PIV system with two laser systems. The data analyzed by Python were compared with the corresponding theoretical results to determine the adaptability and limitations of our experimental tools. The experimental data have given valuable information on progressive internal waves. (15) A New Concept for Lower-lying Land Areas and Coastal Villages Safe from Natural Disaster Motohiko UMEYAMA and Toshio NAKAJIMA Strenuous efforts have been made to restore the global environment and create a sustainable society. In spite of the widespread movement to diminish greenhouse gas, a substantial reward is yet to be seen. It may be impossible to halt the accelerating sea level rise under the influence of global warming. The situation is made even worse by the serious danger facing many cities near a river and/or the sea. In Tokyo, large urban areas along the bay are below the high water level. Therefore, we should devise a scheme and implement an effective idea that will minimize the damage from natural disasters. The work must be begun immediately to construct social infrastructures that are capable of withstanding any global climate change and that will avert any disasters.

In this investigation, we propose a new concept of establishing urban community bases. The living space is based upon floating foundations riding on the water in artificial inlets and/or lagoons in order to attain a sustainable residential environment for a prosperous future. The establishment of secure bases counters the risks arising from natural disasters: e.g. flooding due to heavy rain, storm surges caused by typhoons, tsunamis, and earthquakes. The concept is of a waterfront that is developed by excavating the soil in a low ground area down to a few meters below the surface and then flooding the area to construct an artificial water basin. Finally buildings and houses are constructed on the floaters inside the man-made inlets. The present study gives concrete details by applying the basic concept to a water city plan for Koto ward in Tokyo and then to many villages in coastal zone.

(16) Study of Saline Water Intrusion in Red River Motohiko UMEYAMA & Tetsuya SHINTANI The intrusion of saltwater through the river mouth from the estuary into the river needs to be controlled, as it is a threat to the quality of the freshwater in lake, reservoir, or ground. The more dense saline water generally sinks, potentially creating a stratified layer below which water may stagnate. In future, due to urbanization and growing population, freshwater will be pumped out in excess along the Red river stretch near Hanoi city to meet its daily requirements. Hence there is a possibility for saline water intrusion to have taken place. Collected data sets included wind speed and direction, water level, flow discharge, water quality and salinity instantaneously in space and time through the Red river estuaries. Observations were carried out by Hanoi Water Resources University to furnish proof of the important connection among tidal flow, salinity and fresh water at several locations in Red river. (17) Study of Water Movement and Quality in Ha Long Bay Motohiko UMEYAMA and Tetsuya SHINTANI We collects geographical information including maps and charts (bathymetry), and data sets including wind, air temperature, precipitation, waves, tides, flow discharge, currents, sediments, water temperature, water quality and salinity instantaneously in space and time in Ha Long Bay. Methods or tools have been investigated to formulate flow field in Ha Long Bay, and the flow and temperature fields have been calculated inside and outside of the bay using the 3-dimensiona. We made some systematic attempts to correlate the water movement with the geometry of Ha Long Bay and the tidal characteristics using field data. Observations will be carried out by Hanoi Water Resources University to furnish proof of the important connection of river discharge and tidal flow. The Coastal and Ocean Engineering Department measured winds, currents, water level, and water parameters such as temperature, density and etc at several locations in Ha Long Bay.

(18) Influence of the vertical fence on the movement of a density current in a water supply reservoir Katsuhide YOKOYAMA, Akira KOIZUMI and Kimiko YAMAZAKI

The current, temperature and turbidity were observed in the Ogouchi reservoir, in order to investigate the influence of a vertical fence on a river inflow. Around the vertical fence, the constant current of 100 mm/s was observed at a depth of 10 m. And the temperature profile was changed in the upstream region, because of the mixing of water mass by the vertical fence. It is suggested that this constant current is the river inflow, and it is easy to be led to the middle layer by the change of the temperature in a reservoir. The turbidity water at a depth of 5 m was stagnating in the upstream region of the vertical fence for the period of a flood. The cumulative suspended sediment load was calculated using the turbidity and the current profile at the river and the reservoir. The cumulative suspended sediment load at the reservoir had decreased by 60 percent compared with the river. It is thought that this decrease is an effect of the vertical fence. (19) Vertical profile of the stratified flow toward a line sink in a reservoir Katsuhide YOKOYAMA

Vertical distributions of current and temperature were investigated at a withdrawal facility in the Ogochi reservoir. The water current was plotted as the Gaussian distribution, and the maximum velocity was found a few meters above the gate. Current distribution was widely spread out from the gate. As a result, in the withdrawal facility, the temperature above the gate was warmer than in the reservoir. On the other hand, the temperature below the gate was colder because of the influence of intake flow. We presented the way to predict current distribution. We set up fixed velocity above the first thermocline and used the equations for the withdrawal layer, and maximum velocity which based on the experience on the channel. The predicted current distribution showed good agreements compared with previous study. This study showed temperature and turbidity of the discharged water could be determined from predicted current.

(20) Long-term morphodynamics and sediment transport in the Chikugogawa river estuary Katsuhide YOKOYAMA

The river bathymetry and distribution of the riverbed material were frequently analyzed during 2002-2009 in the estuarine channel of the Chikugogawa River. The bed material was mainly composed of silt and clay during low flow periods; however, it was eroded and flushed away, and after the storm runoff, it changed to sand. Furthermore, over a period of several months, the sand bed was gradually covered with fine sediment, and the thickness of the muddy layer became 1-2 m after half a year. This fluctuation occurred annually. The relationship between the shear velocity and the eroded cross-sectional area was investigated. The shear velocity was estimated using a water surface slope that was calculated from the difference in water levels between 2 gauge stations. The third power of the shear velocity, calculated every one hour, was integrated over the period of storm runoff; an increase in the cross-sectional area was explained on the basis of this integrated shear velocity. (21) A New Groundwater Recharge Model for an Urban Catchment Using the Geographical Feature Based GIS data Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo AMAGUCHI, Naoko NAKAGAWA

In urbanized area such as Tokyo, it is difficult to construct new surface flood ways. Though constructions of underground flood ways and underground regulating reservoir are an effective means of solving the problem of urban flooding, these kinds of facilities take a large amount of cost. Hence, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive approach such as river basin measures and damage mitigation measures.

A new groundwater recharge model for an urban catchment, an important process in the hydrological cycle, was developed. The model was developed using GIS geographical feature data, which can describe the infiltration area more accurately than the grid-type model, where artificial development of impermeable surfaces such as buildings, roads and parking

spaces has formed complex land covers. In this research, the model was applied to the upper area of Kanda river basin using the actual GIS geographical feature data. The Infiltration process in the upper soil layer was modeled using SMPT model and the groundwater flow was modeled using a two dimensional model. (22) Physically Based Distributed Flood Runoff Model for Urban Catchments using the Geographical Feature Based GIS data Hideo Amaguchi, Akira KAWAMURA, Naoko NAKAGAWA

The urban environment is characterized by its abundance of impervious surfaces (roofs, roads, parking lots etc.), from which runoff is rapidly generated as overland flow. Under normal conditions, this flow enters the sewage system to finally be drained to a receiving watercourse, typically a river or an open channel. If the generated runoff exceeds the storage capacity of the sewage system, surface flooding is caused by excess water outflowing from manholes and inlets. The flooding may be exacerbated by a simultaneous overflow of the receiving watercourse.

In this study, physically based distributed urban flood runoff model using polygon feature GIS data is proposed. The polygon feature GIS data are used to parameterize complicated land use patterns in the urban catchment for the modeling. It is shown how various land use, streets, drainage and river systems are used as input to coupled hydraulic and hydrological models. No calibration or tuning was performed, but the general model formulation was used with standard parameter values obtained from the literature. The runoff response to storm event which did not inundate was simulated. The simulated discharge substantially reproduced the observed ones. It was also demonstrated how the model can be used to evaluate the flow conditions in specific components of the urban hydrological system, which facilitates e.g. evaluation of flood-preventive measures. Owing to its high level of detail as well as potential for result visualization, the model is well in line with the recent trend of increased stakeholder involvement in hydrological modeling.

(23) Flood Rainfall-Runoff Analysis for Urban Area by Storage Function Model Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo Amaguchi

The progress of urbanization in the form of high-density housing land development increased the outflow into rivers, shortened the flood reach hours, and reduced the safety of rivers from flooding. With increased property values of buildings and other structures, potential damage from prolonged flooding can easily extended in the millions of dollars. Development of a practical flush flood forecasting model for urban area is desired, in which discharge/water level of a certain point of a river should be predicted real-time with high accuracy.

New storage function model considering urban runoff process such as the outflow from combined sewer system is proposed. In this model, total runoff components are conceptually included, which enable to disuse an estimate of the effective rainfall as an input and to eliminate the runoff-component separations by taking into account of urban runoff process. The proposed model is applied to the upper river catchment of the Kanda River in Tokyo, the typical urbanized area, against 9 storm rainfall events using 3 different objective functions. The results show that the proposed model is able to reproduce the observed hydrograph much more accurately with accurate peak discharge and the total amount of discharge compared with the conventional storage function model. (24) Real Time Rainfall Runoff Forecasting by Kalman Filter Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo Amaguchi

The flood forecasting is essential to prevent or deal with the damages caused by the flood events. Daily basis low flow forecasting is also important from the environmental viewpoint. The storage function model for the food runoff forecasting and the tank model for the low flow forecasting have been widely used for the rainfall-runoff analysis in Japan due to the ease of expressing the nonlinear relationship of rainfall-runoff events with simple equations and its ability to provide relatively easy computation. In this study, real time rainfall runoff forecasting approach by Kalman filter

is formulated for both two-valued storage function model and four-stage tank model. These models are applied to observed flood events and daily river discharge data. The results show that the real time forecasting by these methods is more accurate than the conventional approach, which fix the model parameters during the flood event or low flow period. (25) Statistical Characteristics of Southern Oscillation and Its Correlation Analysis with Precipitation in Japan and Korea Akira KAWAMURA

The impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on climate are widespread and extend far beyond the tropical Pacific. The phenomenon can be characterized by Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) which is derived from values of the monthly mean sea level pressure barometric difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. Its best-known extreme is the El Nino event. Several studies have tried to link SOI and observed precipitation in Korea and Japan. However, so far no clear relationship between the SOI and the precipitation in the area has been found. First, in this study, for the long-term data since 1866 general statistical characteristics of SOI and the data from which it is derived are studied as guidance when using SOI for other analyses.

Second, categorized SOI are used to reveal quantitative and statistically significant influence on monthly precipitation at Busan in Korea and at Fukuoka in Japan. Monthly precipitation data were transformed to cubic root and nonexceedance probability time series. Correlation between the categorized SOI and transformed precipitation was calculated. The results show that significant correlation is at hand. Significant correlation at the 1% level was obtained with lag time of four months under the “Strong La Nina” category at both stations. The results show that southern Korea and southern parts of Japan are located in the same or very close influence range of SOI. (26) Low environmental Load Domestic Waste Water Treatment System

Naoko NAKAGAWA and Akira KAWAMURA The construction of the domestic waste water treatment system is

one of the basic infrastructure maintenance, and indispensable for the protection of sanitary living conditions. The purpose is exclusion of a disease for the sanitary supervision, and the removal of the nutrients for the environmental preservation at the discharge destination. In the drainage maintenance region, the advanced waste water treatment for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorous is indispensable, however, the most of drainage in the big city region are the combined sewers and it is difficult to introduce them because of high cost and insufficient space. In addition, the BOD type JOUKASOU which has 90% removal rate of BOD should be improved concerning the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.

In this study, a low environmental load domestic waste water treatment system with high effect of the pollution load reduction with high energy efficiency by separating black water which includes high nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic waste water as the alternative system of the above-mentioned sewage treatment system and the combined JOUKASOU . Focusing on Japanese highway service area with a lot of toilets, the effect of introducing a low environmental load domestic waste water treatment system was estimated quantitatively, for example the reduction of water use, energy consumption, and the pollution load, etc. by using the data obtained from NEXCO Ltd. Moreover, concerning the low environmental load domestic waste water treatment system which consists of composting toilet and constructed wetland introduced into the Miyako island in Okinawa Prefecture, the water quality of the constructed wetland was measured and the ability of removing pollution load was examined in detail. (27) Projection of the domestic water use demand Naoko NAKAGAWA and Akira KAWAMURA

The amount of water supply per capita in Japan increased with economic growth reached a plateau in the 1990s and then has decreased over the last 4–5 years. The amount of domestic water use per capita in Tokyo also shows a gradual decrease over the last 6–7 years. One reason for this

trend is that newer appliances with advanced water saving technology, such as dishwashers and water-saving washing machines have been developed and supplied to the market under the condition in which the usage rates of basic water-related appliances, such as flushing toilets and private baths, have approached a degree of saturation. The domestic water use per capita is known to be influenced by various factors, such as water charges, household income, household size, climate, precipitation, consciousness about water saving and so on. However, it is most likely that the use of advanced water-saving appliances has greatly influenced the downward trend of domestic water use per capita in recent years because the use reduction achieved by these appliances is significant.

In this study, a new model to quantify the amount of domestic water use by using the usage rates and saving rates of various water-related appliances was proposed. Selecting Tokyo Metropolis as a case study, the calculations for domestic water use reproduced actual usage figures from 1998 to 2006 as obtained from the Tokyo Waterworks Bureau. The calculated amount of the domestic water use per capita per day is accurate to within plus or minus 1 %. Following this result, the projection of the domestic water use demand was performed until 2050. (28) Evaluation of Sedimentation Vulnerability at Small Hillside Reservoirs in the Semi-Arid Region of Tunisia using Self-Organizing Map Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo AMAGUCHI, Naoko NAKAGAWA and Yoshihiko ISERI

In many parts of the world, soil erosion affects the stability of ecosystems, often causing irreversible land degradation. Particularly in the semi-arid and arid Mediterranean regions, soil erosion is one of the major threats to the conservation of soil and water resources. In this study, we focused on the erosion problem in Tunisia, where the sedimentation problems of soils in reservoirs is very serious. The main objective of this study is to investigate the erosion vulnerability of small hillside catchments in the semi-arid region of Tunisia by considering the geomorphological aspect and how it affects the erosion.

In this study, we firstly examined the geomorphological characteristics of the target hillside catchments. The hypsometric curve and topographic index were used as geomorphological indicators. They are slope-related attributes and thus are useful for the study of the erosion vulnerability. The results have shown that the hypsometric curves of those catchments can be visually classified into three groups: concave, S-shaped and convex hypsometric curves. Findings have also revealed that the concavity of the hypsometric curve affects the peak frequency of the topographic index distribution. Then, the erosion vulnerability of target catchments was evaluated by the use of self-organizing map. In this case, twenty-three catchments were selected for this purpose because of unavailability of soil and vegetation covers’ data. By classifying the patterns of 6 variables (i.e. hypsometric integral, topographic index, rainfall-related attribute as well as lithological and vegetation cover) to describe the characteristics of target basin, the catchments were categorized into four groups on the basis of their vulnerability to erosion. The most vulnerable group to erosion is characterized by high values of hypsometric integral and peak frequency of topographic index distribution. In addition, high occurrence of erosive rainfall events and sparse vegetation cover contribute to the vulnerability of this group. This study has also revealed a global trend of the erosion risk which increases from the southwest mountainous areas to the highest risk of the northeast plane areas. (29) Extraction of Hydrometeorological Fields by the use of pattern recognition methods Yoshihiko ISERI, Akira KAWAMURA

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been extensively used for multivariate data analysis including climate data analysis. However, recent studies suggest the use of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) for hydrometeorological analysis.

This study compares the pattern extraction capability of the SOM and the EOF by applying both methods to 500 hPa daily temperature field surrounding Japan. The extracted field patterns are compared with heavy

snowfall events which mainly occurred in the area along the Japan sea. Both the SOM and the EOF with cluster analysis succeeded in extracting the synoptic fields which seem to be related to the occurrence of heavy snowfall. Moreover, similar synoptic fields were identified by both methods as the patterns related to the heavy snowfall events. The combining use of the SOM and the EOF is likely to provide more reliable identification of synoptic patterns. Safety and Disaster Prevention Field (1) Reduction of Environmental Impact due to Construction of Concrete Structures Atsushi UENO, Kimitaka UJI and Kentaro OHNO a) Research on Concrete Using Mineral Admixtures

We have to use mineral admixtures, such as fly ash or blast furnace slag powder, for concrete making material (as binder) to realize the sustainable development in construction field. It should be noted that the properties of each material is quantitatively investigated. In this study, we investigated influence of mixture proportion and curing conditions on strength of mortar containing fly ash. The influences are evaluated by k-value (cementing efficiency factor for fly ash). Also the compounds composition of portland cement explains change of the k-value for fly ash. b) Drying shrinkage of Extremely Dry Concrete containing Recycled Coarse Aggregate

We should use recycled aggregates manufactured from demolished concrete structures for conservation of natural resources. Dimensional stability of the concrete containing recycled aggregates tens to deteriorate especially under drying condition. This is because, the recycled aggregates often attaching mortar matrix or cement paste in the particles. The smaller volume of new cement paste or mortar contributes to control the drying shrinkage of the recycled aggregate concrete. The extreme of the mixture

proportion is extremely dry concrete. In this study, we investigate the drying shrinkage of extremely dry concrete for roller compacted concrete pavement to express the effectiveness as the mixture proportion. Also, we investigate the new method for drying shrinkage of concrete specimen by metal base gauge. c) Research on Eco-cement Concrete

Industrial production of Eco-cement in Tama area has been started in 2006. This new type cement is expected as ecological cementing material because it is made from city waste ashes. On the other hand, the use of recycled aggregates is also suggested. It is effective to use Eco-cement and recycled coarse aggregate in extremely dry concrete. Because the Eco-cement contains relatively high amount of alkaline metals and chlorides from the ash, and recycled coarse aggregate contains considerable amount of mortar or cement paste. In this study, we investigate mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of the extremely dry concrete consist of the new cement and recycled coarse aggregate. (2) Research on Index of Continuous Pore in Aggregate Particle by Electric Resistance Test and Drying Shrinkage of Hardened Concrete Atsushi Ueno, Kimitaka UJI and Kentaro OHNO

Generally, excessive drying shrinkage of concrete is not desirable to many concrete structures. The ability to control the shrinkage is different by type of aggregates. It is recommended to evaluate the difference of the ability by specific surface area of aggregate particles. On the other hand, electric resistance method for absorption test developed by our laboratory gives the index on continuous pore of aggregate particles. In this study we investigate the relationship between the continuous pore index from electric resistance test and specific surface area of aggregate particle. Then drying shrinkage of mortar is evaluated by these indices about continuous pore of aggregate particle. (3) Evaluation Method for Performance of Grouting Materials

Kimitaka UJI, Atsushi UENO and Kentaro OHNO Recently, grout injection method has been adopted for the repair or

retrofitting of existing structures using jacket plate around the structure. It is most important to fulfill the space between structure and plate. The grouting materials should have high fluidity and resistance to segregation for full-fill the target space. The reliable method should be developed to evaluate the performance of grouting materials. In this study, we investigate the suitable evaluating method for the fluidity and resistance to segregation of grouting materials. (4) Durability and Performance Verification of Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Products Kimitaka UJI, Kentaro OHNO and Atsushi UENO a) Pore Structure and Durability of Steam Cured Concrete

Pre-cast concrete products has different carbonating rate with standard cured corresponding concrete. This is because; the microstructure of the pre-cast concrete often varies by steam curing. In this study, we investigate the pore structure of steam-cured concrete, sealed cured concrete and standard cured concrete. We also propose the predicting method for carbonating rate of steam-cured concrete. b) Evaluation for Bearing Behavior of the Products

Most pre-cast reinforced concrete products have thinner than 100-mm, and often have the shallow cover thickness. Therefore, performance or durability verification theories for the ordinary reinforced concrete members, which usually have over 200-mm thickness, can not be adapted to pre-cast concrete products. In this study, fracture process and mechanisms of thin reinforced concrete members similar to pre-cast reinforced concrete is investigated by means of acoustic emission method. Furthermore, numerical method is studied for loading capacity of the pre-cast reinforced concrete products by considering tensile softening properties of the concrete. (5) Flow deformation of ground after earthquake motion

Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE Method of analysis and computer program for evaluation of the

large deformation of ground due to liquefaction with delay of time after earthquake motion were developed. Special attention to the seepage flow after liquefaction in the ground and the resultant decrease of the density was paid in the method. The stress-strain relationships of soils during the change of its densities were examined from laboratory tests and they were converted to a linear-equivalent model, then it is applied to FEM analysis of ground that enabled the prediction of post-liquefaction deformation of ground. (6) Steady State of Sand in Triaxial Extension Condition Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

A new apparatus which enables large deformation of soil specimens in triaxial extension condition was designed and manufactured to examine the steady state of sand in triaxial extension conditions. The test results were compared with the steady state from triaxial compression conditions that is in the opposite in terms of the magnitude of the intermediate principal stress, then it was found that the steady state of sand in these two stress conditions were essentially the same. This results suggested that the stress conditions have no effects on the large deformation characteristics of sands. (7) Mohr- Coulomb's Criterion for anisotropic materials Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

Strength of anisotropic materials was simulated by setting relationships between the friction coefficient R and the spatial direction of the mobilized plane for Coulomb’s Criterion (τ=Rσ). Then the mobilized plane which firstly satisfied the Coulomb’s Criterion was numerically examined and the characteristics of the Mohr- Coulomb's Criterion for anisotropic materials were studied. (8) Evaluation of relative density of high-compressible sands Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

The relative density of high-compressible sands are often not realistic, because the maximum and minimum density of sands are usually measured under zero stress conditions and this makes overestimate of the relative density of soils under confining pressure in the ground. To solve this problem, a series of compression tests on a micaceous sand was conducted and it was proposed to modify the value of the relative density depending on the confining pressure. (9) A study on the liquefaction characteristics of sand with fines contents Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

Experimental works and method for evaluating liquefaction potential of sands with fines contents were done at Canterbury University in New Zealand. Main argument was concentrated on the problems about the density parameters that is suitable for liquefaction potential of sands with wide range of fines contents. I took a role of an external examiner of a PhD thesis on this topic. (10) A cyclic loading test of piles and other topics on failure and deformation of ground Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

A field tests on the response of piles to cyclic loading were done. In addition to this, extensive problems such as numerical technique for evaluating deformation and failure of ground were discussed during my stay at the University of Oakland in New Zealand. (11) Site investigation on the geotechnical disasters cause by Morakot typhoon in Taiwan Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

The typhoon Marakot which hit the southern part of the Taiwan Island caused a catastrophic damage including death of more than 600, and most of them are from geotechnical-related hazards such as slope failures and debris flows. A reconnaissance site investigation on this disaster was conducted mainly in the prefectures of Chiai and Kaosung.

(12) Mutual investigations with China Institute of Seismology Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

Our research group and the institute are continuously communicating about investigation of earthquake-related issues including the research of Sichuan great earthquake in 2008. In this term, discussions about the methodology for risk zonation of Gansu province were made, as well as the maintenance works for the dynamic triaxial apparatus at the institute. (13) International standards for laboratory testing of soils Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE

The establishment of international standards for laboratory testing of soils is in progress in ISO. The compatibility of the new standards with existing one at many countries is an important issue, and it is also important for Japan to make it without serious troubles for its domestic industry. We joined two meetings of the international committee to ensure this aspect. (14) The seismic characteristics of surface ground of Zushi-site (continue) Yoshiya ODA

To clarify the surface ground motion characteristics at Zushi site which has irregular ground condition, the horizontal and vertical array earthquake observations were performed at the five stations on the ground surface and one base rock (-26m depth) in Zushi-site. In 2009, 24 earthquakes were recorded. From these data, seismic characteristics of the surface ground in Zushi-site were clarified.

Moreover, the liner and nonlinear two dimensional and three dimensional seismic response analyses were performed using observed earthquake data at bedrock for input motions, and estimate the acceleration responses of the surface ground. (15) Detection of temporal change of subsurface structure using seismic interferometry

Yoshiya ODA Seismic interferometry method is a way to make pseudo-seismic

data from auto (or cross) correlating data observed at seismic-station(s). In this study, we have applied seismic interferometry method to microtremor data (background noise) observed by Hi-net (NIED) around Mt. Asama which had eruptions in 2009 to detect temporal change of subsurface structure. As the results, we obtained temporal velocity change of subsurface structure around Mt. Asama. (16) Estimation of seismic intensity of large earthquakes using two seismic stations and microtremor data Yoshiya ODA

To estimate high dense distribution of seismic intensity soon after a large earthquake, we have developed new estimation method using two seismic station, microtremor data and geomorphologic classification. We applied this new method to the 2001 Geiyo earthquake (M6.7) and the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake (M6.8). As the results we have obtained high dense seismic intensity distribution corresponding with the observed seismic intensities. (17) Subsurface structure of seismic stations in Zushi City using Simulated Annealing method Yoshiya ODA

To estimate subsurface structure with high accuracy at seismic stations in Zushi City, we have been applied simulated annealing method to earthquake spectrum observed at each station. As the results, we obtained velocity structure of each station in Zushi City. (18) Effect of Domain Size and Constitutive lows of Finite Element Method for Shallow Tunneling on surface subsidence Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON

The analytic region size of finite element method on shallow tunnel excavations is one of the difficult issues in urban geotechnical engineering.

In urban areas, subsidence of the surface caused by shallow tunneling is analyzed using FEM to estimate the validity of the design and possible damage on neighboring structure, but the simulated value of subsidence strongly depends upon the size of domain of analysis.

This study is planned to verify the effectiveness of analytic region size of finite element method by parametric studies. Furthermore the effects of constitutive lows of ground material are studied. This research is completed. This study is pursued. (19) A Simplified Model for Ground Response due to Tunnelling of Multi-excavation Stage Tsuyoshi DOMON and Kazuo NISHIMURA

A new simplified model for predicting the ground response induced by the tunnelling of multi-excavation technique is introduced in this study. The investigation was conducted using a series of model tests of multi-trap doors. The ground response occurred in ground on each step of small-size tunnel excavation was carefully observed in order to verify the applicability of conventional prediction of earth pressure of Terzaghi's theory for the new model of tunnel excavation. The model which is widely used in practical fields for predicting earth pressure acting on a tunnel of a single excavation. (20) Seismic Response Analysis on Tunnel Lining in the Ground with Topographic Irregularity Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON

Many compressive failures at the crown of tunnel concrete lining along the tunnel axis were observed in the Niigata Chuuetsu earthquake, which occurred in 2004. This deformation mode, which derives the predominant compressive stress of the crown of lining, can't be occurred in the ordinary seismic ground shear motion. Defects of lining, caused by poor construction works, are inefficient as the causal factor of the extensive compressive failure of tunnel lining.

We considered the main cause for this failure mode is the influence of topographical irregularity of the ground. We investigate the behavior

seismic response of ground with topographical irregularity by dynamic analysis. This study is pursued. (21) The Influence of Face Shape on Tunnel Stability with Face Bolting Tsuyoshi DOMON and Kazuo NISHIMURA

Maintaining the stability of tunnel face is one of the most important factors in the construction of large sectional tunnels. The tunnels have been increasingly employed in present tunnel construction due to the active use of large size tunnelling machine to improve productivity. On the other hand, the use of the machine allows us to employ new type of face shape such as concave or circular face.

In this study, several model tests were performed using base friction apparatus to investigate the possibility of face stability for different face shapes (rectangular, elliptical and circular) with face bolting for granular material. From these tests; i) the most stable face shape was rectangular shape for unsupported tunnel; ii) Supporting mechanism of face bolting became apparent clearly. (22) Frame Analysis Model on Tunnel Lining Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON

Frame model of tunnel lining is useful for estimate the stress resultants in loading process. In case tunnels in service are unloaded by cutting the overburden caused by adjacent constructions such as a cut and cover tunnel or foundations of a structure, ordinary frame model is unavailable.

The aim of this study is proposal of the frame model that is available though all stage from loading under construction to unloading in service. The new model is based on superposing of loading step and unloading step, with two different coefficients of soil reaction. This study is pursued. (23) Seismic Risk Management System Fumio NAGASHIMA

Cultural heritages are indispensable for understanding the history and culture of human beings. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, has more than 8,000 cultural heritages including 2,410 cultural properties designated by the national government. It is important to protect and preserve these cultural heritages, which allow us to understand accurately the history and culture of Japan. Moreover, once a cultural heritage is lost, it is difficult to restore it, and it takes a tremendous amount of labor and cost even if it can be restored. Developing a risk management system is vital to protect effectively the more than 6,000 cultural heritages in Tokyo from natural hazard to enable the passing on of these valuable cultural heritages to the next generation. In this study, an approach for the risk assessment of cultural heritages against seismic disasters, including fires, floods, and landslides, is proposed. The risk assessment of cultural heritages was carried out using a database of our own composition, local hazard maps and risk filters. In this year, we developed information retrieval and exchange system for disaster mitigation of cultural heritages using Web-GIS. (24) Seismic Design of the Bridge Structures Fumio NAGASHIMA

The ultimate strength of the adhesive joint which connects steel base plates by using Consolidated Carbon Fiber Plate (CCFP) as a retrofit material depends on the destruction strength of the adhesion material. However, details of both stress transmissibility between base plate and CCF Plate and destruction process of adhesion surface has not been made clear yet. Thus, we conduct static tension tests of three kinds of length of adhesive joint, and we examine appropriate FEM model for analyzing destruction behavior of the adhesion surface. The test specimen composed by a steel member, CCFP and the adhesion material was modeled by using three-dimensional solid element, and an examination about modeling of the adhesion material part to simulate the experiment results was performed. (25) Shock and Impact Problems Fumio NAGASHIMA

There are various types of impulsive loads acting on the lifeline structures. For example, the collisions with vehicles, a vessel, an aircraft and a falling rock are the case of solid impact, while the gust, tornado and Tsunami are the case of fluid impact. Moreover, there is a hybrid type impact such as debris. Although the occurrence probability of the impact destruction problem is very rare and the behavior is much complicated to analyze, it is one of the important problems that we have to solve immediately from now on, since impact load has enormous destructive power that most likely brings big disaster.

Collision accident to an aged railway bridge girder obstructing train services occasionally occurs due to the collision by the construction vehicle exceeding the limited height passing under the railway bridge. In this year, using a multipurpose FEM code LS-DYNA, we analytically investigate the effects of the damage level and the impact deformation pattern on the load carrying capacities of the riveted steel girders. (26) Development of Cyber Dummy for Evaluating Human Body Damages Fumio NAGASHIMA

One of the most important problems in investigations of natural disasters such as earthquakes and man-made disasters such as collisions between automobiles or ships or accidents involving crowds is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying injury or death. The ultimate purpose of this research is to present the development of a finite element anthropometric model (cyber dummy) that provides more accurate data about trauma than the current crash dummies used in automotive safety engineering. Ethical issues and the complicated shapes of the parts of the human body are considerable obstacles to the creation of cyber dummies. In this research we propose a procedure for transforming data and producing finite elements to create just such a model. Commercially available anthropometric data (DXF format) is processed, enabling closed spline curves to be used to fit the morphology of any given body structure. These closed spline curves are then automatically meshed in a standard application for producing a finite element model. The resulting solid model can be used to analyze trauma

incurred during events such as collisions.