Overview of Overview of Renewable Energy Renewable Energy

Solar power generationSolar power generation

prepared By

Eng./ Amin GadoEng./ Amin GadoEng./ Amin GadoEng./ Amin Gado

Main Renewable Energy Sources Main Renewable Energy Sources

� Biomass (including biogas & biofuels)

� Solar energy

� Wind energy

� Small hydro power

� Geothermal energy

� Ocean energy (including wave & tidal)

Solar radiation and heating devices ocean

thermal energy

Solar

radiation

From

sun

photosynthesis

Kinetic energy

Latent heat

potential energy

Sensible heating

30

300

40000

80000

120000

Reflected to space

50000

Absorbed on earth

Biofuels

Wind and wave conversion

Hydropower

Infrared radiation to speed

Natural energy currents on earth , showing renewable energy system.Natural energy currents on earth , showing renewable energy system.

Geothermal

Gravitation, Orbital motion

From

earth

From

Plantary

motionTides

Heat

3

30

Tidal

power

Geothermalinstallations

Note:

the great range of energy flux ( 1 : 10 5 ) and the dominance of solar radiation and heat. Units terawa tts ( 10 12 w )

Traditional RenewableTraditional Renewable

Renewable Energy Added and Existing Capacities, Renewable Energy Added and Existing Capacities, 20112011

RENEWABLE 2012GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Advantages of Solar EnergyAdvantages of Solar Energy

� Solar energy is the most widely distributed renewable energy source

� Solar energy can be used for a wide variety of applications such as heating, variety of applications such as heating, cooking, drying, desalination, lighting, pumping and remote power.

� Solar systems cause no pollution, generally have no moving parts and are easy to maintain.

Breakdown of incoming solar energy Breakdown of incoming solar energy

Solar EnergySolar Energy

SOLAR THERMAL

For direct heating , cooking, drying, power

Solar energy can be used through two main routes

generation etc.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

For direct electricity generation

Solar radiation distribution in the worldSolar radiation distribution in the world

Solar radiation mapSolar radiation map --AfricaAfrica --andand--MiddleMiddle --EastEast

Average annual irradiation in EgyptAverage annual irradiation in Egypt

Solar InsolationSolar Insolation

Main solar technologies for power Main solar technologies for power generationgeneration

1. Solar Thermal

- Parabolic trough collectors- Solar tower- Dish – Stirling systems- Dish – Stirling systems- Linear Fresnel Reflectors

2. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

- Flat plate modules : fixed and tracking- Concentrating modules

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

Photovoltaic Technology Photovoltaic Technology

� Photovoltaic technology enables the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells

� Solar cells are most commonly made from wafers of high purity siliconfrom wafers of high purity silicon

� Cells are connected in series and encapsulated (laminated) with a glass sheet on top to make a module

� Modules are the building blocks of a PV system.

PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIESPHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

BULKBULK CRYSTALCRYSTAL

Mono -crystalline Si

Poly -crystalline SiPoly -crystalline Si

EFG Si(Edge-defined Film-fed Growth)

Silicon Film

PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIESPHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

THIN FILMTHIN FILM

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)

Cadmium Telluride Cadmium Telluride (cd-Te)

Copper indium diselinide

GaAs/Inp Concentrators

Polycrystalline Mono-crystalline

Major types of PV cellsMajor types of PV cells

Thin Film (6-10%)

Polycrystalline13-18%

Mono-crystalline14-19%

'Hybrid‘ (15 – 20%)

Solar PV Value ChainSolar PV Value Chain

Solar cellPolysilicon Ingot &Wafer Solar cell

Solar PV moduleSolar PV Array

Polysilicon Ingot &Wafer

Solar PV Plant

Advantages of PV systemsAdvantages of PV systems� They do not need any fuel

� There is no pollution

� There are no moving parts

� They are easy to maintain

� They are modular in nature, generating power from

milliwatts to megawatts

� They generate power instantaneously

� Energy can be stored for use later

Photovoltaic ConversionPhotovoltaic Conversion

An atom is made up of two main parts,firstly the nucleus, the red sphere you cansee in the middle and secondly theelectron cloud. Which is the random paththe electron follows around the atom

Atom structure

Electrons Orbits

Metals, Insulators, SemiconductorsMetals, Insulators, Semiconductors

� Atoms with 1 or 2 electrons in the outer

orbit are called Metals,

Conductors

� Atoms with 6 or 7 electrons in the outer

orbit are Non-Metals,orbit are Non-Metals,

Insulators

� Atoms with 3 or 4 electrons in the outerorbit are called

semiconductors

NN--TYPE SILICON,TYPE SILICON,Doped With Phosphorus, Doped With Phosphorus, 5 5 ElectronsElectrons

elel

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Freeelectron

elel

Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

P+ P+

PP-- TYPE SILICONTYPE SILICONSilicon Doped with Boron, Silicon Doped with Boron, 33EleEle

free hole

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

B−B−

Description of TechnologyDescription of Technology

� Photovoltaic (PV) Cell� N-layer made with Silicon and Phosphorus� P-layer made with Silicon and Boron � Basic Process

-- N-layer - -

++ P-layer ++

How Solar Cells WorkHow Solar Cells Work

� Two types of silicon—negative “n” type (A) and positive “p” type

(B)—form an electric field.

� Each photon hitting the cell will free exactly one electron, e-,

which flows toward the load.

� This results in an electric current.

Basic ProcessBasic Process

� Light hits the Photovoltaic Cell

- - N-layer - -

++ P-layer ++

Basic ProcessBasic Process

� P-layer absorbs the light energy

- - N-layer - -

++ P-layer ++

Basic ProcessBasic Process

� P-layer uses energy to free electrons

- - N-layer - -

++ P-layer++

Basic ProcessBasic Process

� Electric field repels electrons to flow in one direction

- - N-layer - -

++ P-layer ++

Leads

Basic ProcessBasic Process

� Flow of electrons in one direction produces electricity

- - N-layer - -

++ P-layer ++

Leads

Module structureModule structure

Concept of Solar PV TechnologyConcept of Solar PV Technology

SetSet--up for testing a PV module up for testing a PV module

Testing a PV module Testing a PV module

Electrical performance of PV module Electrical performance of PV module

Junction box & By Bass Diode & MPPTJunction box & By Bass Diode & MPPT

The largest solar PV plant in The largest solar PV plant in AmericaAmerica

PV power plant at Fresno, PV power plant at Fresno, CaliforniaCalifornia

Solar PV Additions and Existing Capacity, Solar PV Additions and Existing Capacity, 20072007––20112011

Estimated Estimated LevelizedLevelized Cost of New Generation Resources, Cost of New Generation Resources, 20172017U.S. Average U.S. Average LevelizedLevelized Cost for Plants Entering Service inCost for Plants Entering Service in2017 2017

((2010 2010 USD/USD/MWhMWh) )

Advantages of solar power plantsAdvantages of solar power plants

� Cause no pollution� Low running cost� Need no fuel� Low gestation period� Can be set up in dry or waste lands

� High initial cost� Low plant load factor (18-22%)

Disadvantages of solar power Disadvantages of solar power plantsplants

Solar power Solar power Solar power Solar power Solar power Solar power Solar power Solar power

ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications

Classification Of solar Power Plants

GRID CONNECTED

STAND ALONE

� GRID CONNECTED- Central Generation

- Distributed Generation

- Main Grid Interface

- Local Grid Interface

- Small RooftopsGRID SERVICECONNECTION

PV ARRAYS

KWhMETER

AC LOADS

ELECTRICALDISTRIBUTION

PANEL

INVERTER

SOURCECOMBINERWITH DCSTRING

DISCONNECTS

ACDISCONNECT

LIGHTNINGPROTECTION

DC AC

Central Generation

Main Grid Interface

Small Rooftops

�STAND ALONE- Simple DC System

- Large DC System

- AC and DC System

- Hybrid system

PV ARRAYS CHARGECONTROLLER

DCLOAD

BATTERY DC/ACINVERTER

ACLOAD

ACDC

AC and DC System

Simple DC System Large System

STAND ALONE

Simple DC System Large System

Hybrid system

Simple DC SystemStreet Lighting

Telecommunication `

Railway Signaling

Solar-Powered Water Pump Systems

A typical solar-powered water pump system

• The PV array and its support structure, • An electrical controller, and • An electric-powered pump.