overview of the hydrogen economy: perspectives from · pdf filehydrogen transition pathway,...

1International Seminar on the Hydrogen Economy for Sustainable Development, Reykjavik, 28th September 2006

Dr William Borthwick

European Commission

Directorate General for Research

“Energy Production and Distribution Systems”

Overview of the Hydrogen Economy:

Perspectives from Europe

International Seminar on the Hydrogen Economy for Sustainable Development


Outline

�EU Energy Policy context

�A Strategy for Europe: From High Level Group to The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform

�Hydrogen and fuel cell RTD7D in 6th Framework Programme

�Energy Research in 7th EU Framework Programme

� International Co-operation


Since 1 May 2004:

•Cyprus

•Estonia

•Hungary

•Latvia

•Lithuania

•Malta

•Poland

•Czech Republic

•Slovenia

•Slovakia

Enlarged European Union450 million people

EU until 30 April 2004

�Austria

�Belgium

�Denmark

�Finland

�France

�Germany

�Greece

�Ireland

�Italy

�Luxembourg

�The Netherlands

�Portugal

�Spain

�Sweden

�United Kingdom

Candidate countries:

•Bulgaria

•Croatia

•Romania

•Turkey

European Economic Area:

•Iceland

•Norway

•Switzerland


EU Energy Policy ContextEU Energy Policy ContextEU Energy Policy ContextEU Energy Policy Context

� Security of EU energy supply

� Import dependency forecast to grow from >45% today to nearly

70% by 2030 (90% for oil!)

� Reduction of EU greenhouse gases and pollutant

emissions (Kyoto and beyond)

� Improve energy efficiency, reduce energy intensity (save 20%

energy consumption by 2020)

� Increase share of renewable energy (from 6 to 12% in 2010)

� Improve EU industrial competitiveness

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells offer great potential -opportunity for sustainable

development!


EU Energy Policy Context

� Green Paper (March 2006): A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy; open for public consultation;

� sets out future energy policy priorities,

� measures for energy markets;

� common external energy policy;

� recommendations for carrying out a Strategic European Energy Review;

� Action Plan on Energy Efficiency;

� Renewable Energy Roadmap;

� Strategic Energy Technology Plan.


Outline




�Energy Research in 7th EU Framework Programme



High Level Group Vision Report–June 2003

Hydrogen-oriented

economy

2050

H2 prime fuel choice for FC vehicles

Fuel cells become dominant

technology in transport, indistributed power generation,

and in micro-applications

Fossil fuel-basedeconomy

2000

H2 transport by road, and local H2

production at refuelling station (reforming

and electrolysis)

20302030

20402040

20202020

20102010

RTD, fie

ld te

st, n

iche

fleet

s

Incr

easin

g m

arket

pen

etratio

n

FC vehicles competitive for passenger cars

H2 produced from fossil fuels with C sequestration

H2 produced by reforming natural gas

and electrolysis

Increasing de-carbonisation of H2 production;

renewables, fossil fuel with sequestration, new nuclear

direct H2 production from renewables;

de-carbonised H2 society

Local clusters of H2 filling stations

Stationary low temperature fuel cell systems (PEM) (<300kW)

Stationary high-temperature fuel cells systems (MCFC/SOFC) (<500kW);

H2 ICEdeveloped; Demonstration fleets of FC-buses

Stationary low temperature fuel cell systems for

niche commercial (<50kW)

First H2 fleets (1st generation H2 storage)

2nd generation on-board storage (long-range)

Series production of FC vehicles for fleets (direct H2 and on-board reforming)

and other transport (boats); FC for auxiliary power units(incl. reformer)

Interconnection of local H2 distribution grids;

significant H2 production from renewables, incl.

Biomass gasification

Low-cost high temperature fuel cell systems;

FCs commercial in micro-applications

Significant growth in distributed power generation

with substantial penetration of FCs

Public

incen

tive a

nd priv

ate

effo

rt

Funda

ment

al re

sear

ch, A

pplied

rese

arch, D

emons

tratio

n

Fue

l Cells

(vehic

les a

nd e

lect

rical

gener

ation)

Hyd

roge

n pro

ducti

on, tr

ansp

orta

tion,

dist

ributio

n and

use

Public re

ward a

nd priv

ate

benef

its

Hydro

gen a

nd F

uel C

ell la

rge-s

cale

com

merc

ializ

ation

H 2

Pro

ducti

on

FC mobil

e app

licat

ions

H 2

Tra

nspor

t

FC stat

iona

ry a

pplicatio

ns

H 2

Sto

rage

20102010

20202020

20302030

20402040

2050

H2

prod

uctio

n

& distri

butio

n

FC and H2 sy

stems

Developm

ent

& deployment

H2 use in aviation;

SOFC systems atmospheric and hybrid commercial (<10MW)

2000

Widespread H2 pipeline infrastructure

Clusters of local H2 distribution grids;

European Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel-Cells


European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology

Platform – established January 2004

Obective :“To facilitate and accelerate the

development and deployment of cost– effective, world class European hydrogen and fuel cell based energy systems and component technologies for applications in transport, stationary and portable power”


European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell

Technology Platform

� European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell TechnologyPlatform ! https://www.hfpeurope.org/

� Major stakeholder consultation

�Strategic Research Agenda and Deployment Strategy

� Implementation Plan

� Determine appropriate financial engineering to realise SRA and Deployment Strategy

� Human capital : Analyse education and training requirements

� Encourage public debate to facilitate technology acceptance

� Basis for building public-private partnership;


Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform structure

HLG VisionVision

StrategicStrategic Research Agenda / Deployment StrategyStrategy

Advisory Council+ Executive Group

Member States‘Mirror Group

EuropeanCommission

European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP)

Implementation Panel Coordination Group

Transport StationaryPortables &

Premium Markets

Hydrogen

Supply

Cross-cutting

Issues

General Assembly

JTI Working Group Secretariat

Roads2HyCOM

& HyLightsPlatform Operations

Projects and initiatives (EC, MS national, regional, local)


MOVING FORWARD

– Building upon the Foundation

STRATEGY(2005)

IMPLEMENTATION(2006)

VISION(2003)

IMPLEMENTATIONPLAN

IMPLEMENTATIONPLAN

Implementation Plan : “Snapshot 2020”

Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for

a 2020 Scenario

< 100 €/kW

(for 150.000 units per

year)

2.000 €/kW (Micro)

1.000-1.500 €/kW (industrial CHP)

500 €/kW1-2 €/ WFC system cost target

80 kW<100 kW (Micro HP)>100 kW (industrial CHP)

10 kW15 WAverage power FC system

Mass market roll-out

GrowthEstablishedEstablishedEU Expected 2020 Market Status

1-5 million400,000 to 800,000(8-16 GW

e)

~ 600,000(~ 6 GW

e)

n.a.EU cumulative sales projections until 2020

0.4 million to 1.8 million

100,000 to 200,000 per year

(2-4 GWe)

~ 100,000 per year(~ 1 GW

e)

~ 250 millionEU H2/ FC units sold per year projection 2020

Road TransportStationary FCsCombined Heat and

Power (CHP)

Portable Generators & Early Markets

Portable FCsfor handheld

electronic devices


Draft Implementation Plan - Status 2006RTD&D Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020”

Sn

ap

sh

ot 2

02

0

European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme

H2 Vehicles & Infrastructure

Sustainable H2 Supply

Fuel Cells CHP and Power Generation

Fuel Cells for Early Markets

HL

G 2

05

0 V

isio

nDraft Implementation plan proposes RTD&D programme with four main action areas:


FP7 proposes concept of a Joint

Technology Initiative (JTI)

� Implements the Integrated Strategy for research and deployment developed in the Technology Platforms

� Public-Private-Partnership with an appropriate legal, governance and management structure (avoiding conflicts of interest) – aiming also at leveraging funding from various sources – to achieve critical mass

� Strong industrial participation essential

� Supporting a European Research Area (ERA)

� Developing outreach at international level


Outline



�Hydrogen and fuel cell RTD&D in 6th Framework Programme

�Energy Research in 7th EU Framework Programme (FP7): Joint Technology Initiative



8

32

58

145

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

M€

FP2 (1986-

1990)

FP3 (1990-

1994)

FP4 (1994-

1998)

FP5 (1998-

2002)

FP6 (2002-

2006)

EC Support to Fuel Cell and

Hydrogen RTD in Framework

Programmes


Pathways and socio-

economic analysis

9,0%

Stationary and Portable

Applications

6,3%

Transport applications

(including FC hybrid

vehicles)

19,8%

High Temp FC - basic

research

6,7%

Low Temp FC - basic

research

8,3%

Safety, Regulations,

Codes & Standards

4,7%

H2 distribution

3,7%

H2 storage

8,3%

H2 production

16,0%

Validation and

Demonstration

17,2%

FP6 (2002-2006)Budget Breakdown H2/FCsTotal EC Contribution 300 M€


EU Hydrogen and Fuel Cell R&D

Fuel Cells RTD:

� Collaborative research on durable, high temperature MEAs

� Research on PEMFC materials and systems, including for APUs, FC vehicle drivetrain

� Research on SOFC materials and systems

� MCFC system integration for shipborne applications

� Harmonisation and standardisation of cell and stack testing

Hydrogen ICEs

� Optimising hydrogen combustion, NOx reduction

� hybrid drive-traincomponents and systems



Hydrogen Transition Pathway, infrastructure build-up analysis

� scenario analysis, energy; environmental, economic impact;

� Analysis of hydrogen production and end-use opportunities, early niche market managament

Hydrogen Production and Distribution (fossil)

� Developing technologies to reduce cost of CO2 capture from combustion of fossil fuels

� On site H2 production from gaseous and liquid feedstocks-development of a small-scale, fuel flexible H2 generator

� Investigating distribution of hydrogen in local natural gas networks – separation and end-use



Advanced electrolysers

� feasibility of SOEC electrolyser

� development of PEM electrolyser

The European Solar Hydrogen cluster:

� solar steam reforming- development of 400 KW reformer

� development of solar reactors : prototype (50 KW) for co-production of H2/C black from NG reforming

� water splitting via redox-pair based thermo-chemical cycles (target: building 100 kWth solar reactor plant )

� Exploring synergies between solar reactors and nuclear-based production with thermochemical cycles – basic research and concept definition


Hydrogen and Fuel Cell R&D

Hydrogen Safety and Regulations, Codes and Standards� Developing EU-harmonised set of codes for approval of H2

based systems: � HyAPPROVAL approval handbook for approval of

Hydrogen Refuelling Stations in Europe; � Stationary systems: HyPER (permitting guides for small

stationary installations)

H2 safety (HySAFE network): � HIAD database definition; � CFD Benchmarks Based on H2, large scale (industry

relevant) experiments, � H2 safety training: E-Academy – setting up of Europe-wide

educational projects and development of safety curriculum � InsHyde (internal releases in small confined spaces); � HyTunnel (H2 safety in tunnels).


H2 Safety and RCS � Safety of storage

� assessment of modification of existing (EU) design test procedures (e.g. impact damage tests, fire engulfment tests)

� investigation of a probabilistic safety approach for H2 storage requirements

� Prenormative research :

� HarmonHy- EU roadmap towards harmonisation of technical standards and regulations (EU-wide and global)

� Gap analysis on European standards in the EU internal market

� A comprehensive set of fuel cell testing protocols (single cells, stacks and systems) for transport, portable and stationary applications established


Demonstration Projects

� FP6 (2002-2006), 56 M€ allcated to hydrogen demonstration projects. 5 projects related to “Hydrogen for Transport” (EC funding 48 M €); one project on poly-generation (EC funding 8 M €) .

� “Hydrogen for Transport” coordinates the projects, enhances visibility, prepares the way for future projects

� > 200 hydrogen vehicles to be demonstrated (buses, passenger cars, mini cars, motor cycles and even wheel chairs) as well as the corresponding hydrogen supply infrastructure.

� CUTE/ECTOS project successfully operated 30 hydrogen fuel cell buses in 10 European cities during the last two years; � more than 1,000,000 Km � 70,000 hours in regular public transport services; � availability rate 80 to 90%, including the hydrogen

supply infrastructure.


HyLightsMonitoring and Preparation of « Lighthouse projects»

Coordination action

Buses

HyFLEET:CUTE

“HYDROGEN FOR TRANSPORT”(Demonstration Projects in FP6)

Cars

ZERO REGIO

Mini:Transport

HyCHAIN

Page 18

PREMIA


Outline




�Energy Research in 7th EU Framework Programme (FP7): Joint Technology Initiative



OBJECTIVE

Transforming the current fossil-fuel based energy system into a more sustainable one

based on a diverse portfolio of energy sources and carriers combined with enhanced energy

efficiency, to address the pressing challenges ofsecurity of supply and climate change, whilst increasing the competitiveness of Europe’s

energy industries.

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

Transforming the current fossil-fuel based energy system into a more sustainable one

based on a diverse portfolio of energy sources and carriers combined with enhanced energy

efficiency, to address the pressing challenges ofsecurity of supply and climate change, whilst increasing the competitiveness of Europe’s

energy industries.

Energy Research in FP7 (2006 – 2013)


FP7 Specific Programmes

Cooperation – Collaborative researchCooperation – Collaborative research

People – Human PotentialPeople – Human Potential

Ideas – Frontier ResearchIdeas – Frontier Research

Capacities – Research CapacityCapacities – Research Capacity


FP7 (2007-2013)‘CooperationCooperation’ indicative budget breakdown

Theme Budget

Breakdown (M€)

1. Health 5,984 2. Food, agriculture and biotechnology, 1,935 3. Information and Communication Technologies 9,110 4. Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, materials and new production technologies

3,467

5. Energy 2,265 6. Environment (including Climate change) 1,886 7. Transport (including Aeronautics) 4,180 8. Socio-economic sciences and the Humanities 607 9. Security and space 2,858

TOTAL 32,292


Hydrogen and fuel cellsHydrogen and fuel cells

Renewable electricity generationRenewable electricity generation

Renewable fuel productionRenewable fuel production

CO2 capture and storage technologies for zero emission

power generation

CO2 capture and storage technologies for zero emission

power generation

Smart energy networksSmart energy networks

Energy savings and energy efficiency

Energy savings and energy efficiency

Knowledge for energy policy makingKnowledge for energy policy making

Clean coal technologiesClean coal technologies

Renewables for heating and cooling

Renewables for heating and cooling

FP7 FP7 FP7 FP7 –––– Proposed Priority Proposed Priority Proposed Priority Proposed Priority

Topics in EnergyTopics in EnergyTopics in EnergyTopics in Energy


International Cooperation

Third CountriesThird Countries

Industrialised countries

Associated countries

International Cooperation Partner Countries (ICPC)

� Mediterranean partner Countries

� Western Balkans

� Eastern European and Central Asian countries

� ACP, ASIA, Latin America, including emerging economies (e.g. China, India, Brazil, Russia, South Africa)

ICPC countries can be funded, while Industrialised countries only if indispensable


Opportunities for International Cooperation

under « Energy » (indicative)

� Activities carried out in the Energy Theme (COOPERATION specific programme) open to

researchers and institutions from Third Countries

� Energy Workprogramme will identify particular topics

where participation of Third Countries is encouraged

� Established international co-operations in FP6 –

especially through IPHE,

� PEMFC,

� Hydrogen safety, storage, permitting,

� solar thermal hydrogen,

� vehicle demonstrations


FP7 timetable (indicative)

� End 2006 Adoption of FP7 package by Council and Parliament

� End 2006 Publish Workprogramme

� Dec. 2006 First calls under FP7, closure call spring 2007

� Feb 2007 Launch conference (Brussels)

� Early 2007 proposal for JTI from EC

� 2nd half of 2007 Launch of JTI (if adopted)


Hydrogen and Fuel Cells –supporting

exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources

� Hydrogen : supports deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) especially in remote locations

� Hydrogen can carry and store renewable energy - (PV, wind, ocean, etc - often renewable energy capacity is located far from population centres)

� Hydrogen : a storage buffer for intermittency which can affect grid stability

� Pipeline storage “line-packing” for stranded RES – e.g. offshore wind, remote solar


Some Key Issues� Future EU perspective is mix of fuels, conventional fossil fuels,

synthetic fuels, liquid bio-fuels and blends, NG, hydrogen� A key issue for transition is centralised v localised H2

production (small and large scale SMR) � Need transition pathways which do not increase energy /

environmental burden – longer term: push for hydrogen from lean carbon , especially renewable sources

� Transition strategies for these alternative fuels need more in-depth scenario analysis and infrastructure build up analysis to ensure compatibility and long term « bankability »

� For transport, replacing vehicle fleet is the biggest cost hurdle, not the infrastructure investment;

� Developing country situations may favour more distributedpower

� On-board H2 storage a barrier, but some interesting new solid state H2 storage technologies, BUT

� Need to consider alternative transport paradigms – city, neighbourhood vehicles, clean public transport

� EU programmes open to international co-operation but funding rules vary;

Energy Research web site and Energy Helpdesk:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/index_en.html

[email protected]

Energy Policy

http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/index_en.html

Calls for proposals

http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/calls.cfm

Towards Seventh Framework Programme

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/future/index_en.html

Newsletter, Information days and similar events, conferences

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/pdf/renews4.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/gp/gp_events/action/article_2790_en.htm

European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform

www.HFPeurope.org

Joint Research Centre

http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int

Further Information at:


THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU !!!!!!!!!!!!


Hydrogen and Fuel Cells – key technologies

for a sustainable energy future

Hydrogen : an energy carrier, not a source; producible from carbon free and carbon neutral primary energy sources e.g.:

� Near term:� Fossil with (longer term) Carbon-capture and sequestration � C-neutral : bio-mass gasification, reformed bio-fuels

� Renewable : e.g. wind, ocean, PV via electrolysis

� Long term� Processes requiring high temperature heat – direct water splitting and thermo-

chemical cycles (e.g. I-S)� C-free nuclear energy fission and eventually fusion

� Photo-biological and photo-electrochemical processes

� As a carrier hydrogen can facilitate transition from today’s fossil-based energy systems to a future diversified energy supply


Hydrogen and Fuel Cells –technologies for

sustainable transport

� Transport : biggest challenge – road transport 98% dependent on oil:

� Hydrogen: one of the few ways to introduce renewable energy sources into the transport chain.

� 20% alternative motor fuels by 2020 – AMFG natural gas ~10%, bio-fuels ~8% (max potential 15%?), hydrogen ~2% - but large longer term potential

overview of the hydrogen economy: perspectives from · pdf filehydrogen transition pathway,...

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