fri@ghana.com

WORKSHOP ONWORKSHOP ONSOYBEAN SOYBEAN

PROTEIN FOR PROTEIN FOR HUMAN HUMAN

NUTRITION AND NUTRITION AND HEALTHHEALTH

ACCRA, GHANA 28th September 06

OVERVIEW OF THE OVERVIEW OF THE SOYBEAN INDUSTRY IN SOYBEAN INDUSTRY IN

GHANAGHANA

*Dr. W. A. Plahar*Dr. W. A. Plahar

DIRECTOR, CSIR-FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, P.O. Box m.20, Accra, GHANA. Tel: +233 (0) 21519100; Fax: +233 (0) 21 777647; E-mail: fri@ghana.com; waplahar@hotmail.com W: www.csir.org.gh/fri.html

1

Soybean Introduced in Ghana in 1910Soybean Introduced in Ghana in 1910Used by local farmers iUsed by local farmers in the Northern sectorn the Northern sector

BimbilaBimbila,,NakpanduriNakpanduri,,KaragaKaraga, , TilliTilli, , BawkuBawku

In their traditional foodsIn their traditional foodsMain problem facing farmers at the timeMain problem facing farmers at the time

Loss of seed viability in storageLoss of seed viability in storage

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDHISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2

Late 1960s and early 1970sLate 1960s and early 1970s

Soy research intensified by CSIRSoy research intensified by CSIR--Crops Research Institute Crops Research Institute and the UG Agric Research Stationand the UG Agric Research Station

Aimed at improving human and animal nutritionAimed at improving human and animal nutrition

Attempts failed:Attempts failed:Poor knowledge of soy utilization at household levelPoor knowledge of soy utilization at household levelWeak industrial base for soy processingWeak industrial base for soy processingProduction package unattractive to farmersProduction package unattractive to farmersNo market for the cropNo market for the crop

3

1975 and 19771975 and 1977

Major soybean campaign launched in support of the Major soybean campaign launched in support of the growing poultry industry in Ghanagrowing poultry industry in Ghana

Initial farmer response was positive and remarkable Initial farmer response was positive and remarkable increases in production recordedincreases in production recorded

Again utilization base was low and knowledge on Again utilization base was low and knowledge on processing was inadequateprocessing was inadequate

4

Late 80Late 80’’s to the 90s to the 90’’s:s:Public/Private partnership approach was adopted to launch a massPublic/Private partnership approach was adopted to launch a massive ive campaign on soybean production and utilization under Min. of Agrcampaign on soybean production and utilization under Min. of Agric.ic.

An interAn inter--sectoralsectoral National Committee on Soybean Production and National Committee on Soybean Production and Utilization formedUtilization formed

Min. of Agric., Min. of Health, CSIR AgricMin. of Agric., Min. of Health, CSIR Agric--based Institutes, based Institutes, Universities, Food Distribution Corp., Farmers, and IndustriesUniversities, Food Distribution Corp., Farmers, and Industries

Policy formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation of soybePolicy formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation of soybean an production, marketing and utilization in Ghanaproduction, marketing and utilization in Ghana

Research policiesResearch policiesGrain and seed productionGrain and seed productionProcessing, Marketing and DistributionProcessing, Marketing and Distribution

PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP APPROACH APPROACH

5

Thrust of the promotion driveThrust of the promotion driveSimultaneous promotion of production and utilizationSimultaneous promotion of production and utilizationProduction of oil for human and cake byProduction of oil for human and cake by--product for product for animal feedanimal feedPromotion of household utilization technologiesPromotion of household utilization technologies

6

MoFAMoFA-- Women in Agricultural DevelopmentWomen in Agricultural DevelopmentReceived training at IITA onReceived training at IITA on

Soybean processingSoybean processingHousehold utilization of soybean in traditional dishesHousehold utilization of soybean in traditional dishes

Organized Training programmesOrganized Training programmesSchool teachersSchool teachersNutrition Officers of the Ghana Health ServiceNutrition Officers of the Ghana Health ServiceCommunity Health Nurses at Child/Maternal Health Community Health Nurses at Child/Maternal Health Centres and Kwashiorkor ClinicsCentres and Kwashiorkor ClinicsHouseholdHousehold--level demonstrations for farmlevel demonstrations for farm--familiesfamiliesTV demonstrationsTV demonstrations

7

CSIRCSIR--Food Research Institute:Food Research Institute:VarietalVarietal characterizationcharacterization

Nutritional compositionNutritional compositionAntiAnti--nutritional factors & their relative thermal nutritional factors & their relative thermal labilitylabilityRelative ease of processingRelative ease of processingSuitability for specific food usesSuitability for specific food uses

Development of Appropriate Technologies for Development of Appropriate Technologies for production of soyproduction of soy--based weaning foods and other based weaning foods and other high proteinhigh protein--energyenergy

8

CSIRCSIR--Food Research Institute:Food Research Institute:International collaboration on product and recipe International collaboration on product and recipe development, quality evaluation and promotiondevelopment, quality evaluation and promotion

Food Research Institute,Food Research Institute,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,MoFA Extension,MoFA Extension,Home Science Dept. of the Univ. of GhanaHome Science Dept. of the Univ. of GhanaCote dCote d’’Ivoire.Ivoire.

Technical, analytical and consultancy service to soy Technical, analytical and consultancy service to soy processing enterprisesprocessing enterprises

9

MoFA and the NARSMoFA and the NARSInvolved inInvolved in

Adaptive ResearchAdaptive ResearchProper agronomic practicesProper agronomic practicesVarietalVarietal improvement programsimprovement programs

NyankpalaNyankpala Agricultural Station of the CSIRAgricultural Station of the CSIR--CRICRIVarietalVarietal trials in collaboration with the International Soybean trials in collaboration with the International Soybean Program (INTSOY) of the University of IllinoisProgram (INTSOY) of the University of Illinois

Later joined byLater joined byGrains and Legumes Development BoardGrains and Legumes Development BoardGhana/CIDA Grains Development Project of CRIGhana/CIDA Grains Development Project of CRIUG Research Station, UG Research Station, KpongKpongUSTUST

10

Currently, Promoted under the MoFA Food Crops Currently, Promoted under the MoFA Food Crops Development Project (Development Project (Soybean CommitteeSoybean Committee))R&D InstitutionsR&D Institutions

CSIR CSIR –– Crops Research Institute (CRI)Crops Research Institute (CRI)CSIR CSIR –– Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI)Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI)CSIR CSIR –– Food Research Institute (FRI)Food Research Institute (FRI)KNUST KNUST –– Technology Consultancy Centre (TCC)Technology Consultancy Centre (TCC)MoFA MoFA –– Agric. Engineering Services Dept. (AESD)Agric. Engineering Services Dept. (AESD)

ProducersProducersFarmers Groups RepresentativesFarmers Groups RepresentativesSeed Growers AssociationSeed Growers AssociationABA Seed GrowersABA Seed GrowersGrains & Legumes Development Board (GLDB)Grains & Legumes Development Board (GLDB)ICOURICOUR

11

ExtensionExtensionMoFA MoFA –– Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD)Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD)MoFA MoFA –– DADUsDADUs

NGOsNGOsADRAADRAFOSADEPFOSADEP

ProcessorsProcessorsFeed Millers Association RepresentativesFeed Millers Association RepresentativesRatkiaRatkia Holdings Inc.Holdings Inc.

ExportersExportersGhana Export Promotion CouncilGhana Export Promotion Council

12

Soybean Production in GhanaSoybean Production in GhanaCurrently concentrated mainly in the northern partsCurrently concentrated mainly in the northern parts

Mean acreage under soybean cultivation per farmer Mean acreage under soybean cultivation per farmer of 3.4 acresof 3.4 acres

minimum of 0.5 acreminimum of 0.5 acremaximum of 80 acresmaximum of 80 acres

Southern sector production still at the rudimentary Southern sector production still at the rudimentary stagesstages

Except for Except for EjuraEjura Farms Farms -- about 300 acresabout 300 acres

Few satellite farmersFew satellite farmers

SOYBEAN PRODUCTION, STORAGE SOYBEAN PRODUCTION, STORAGE and PROCESSINGand PROCESSING

13

Soybean Storage & Marketing in GhanaSoybean Storage & Marketing in GhanaGrowing demand for soybean for industrial purposes and Growing demand for soybean for industrial purposes and to some extent for household utilization to some extent for household utilization

Soybean production and marketing offer significant Soybean production and marketing offer significant opportunities for farmers to earn a living, without opportunities for farmers to earn a living, without requiring large capital investmentrequiring large capital investment

Farmers generally have no constraints to storageFarmers generally have no constraints to storage

Extent of insect infestation during storage very negligibleExtent of insect infestation during storage very negligible

Over 95% farmers do not practice any form of Over 95% farmers do not practice any form of pretreatment prior to storage.pretreatment prior to storage.

14

A B C D E F Approx. 80%

Soybean Producers

NGOs/ Govt Institutions

Agent

Processing Companies

Itinerant W ho lesalers

W ho lesalers

Household & M icro Processors

Retailers

Animal Feed & H uman Consumers

V illage level W ho lesalers

Com. Agent

Soybean Marketing DistribSoybean Marketing Distribution Channels in Northern Ghanaution Channels in Northern Ghana

15

North South

> 90% <10%

Techiman Ejura Ejura Techiman, Nkoranza,Wenchi Kumasi Kumasi Accra

Unidentified Dawadawa, Soyflour, weanimix, Ice Lolly, Tubani

Largely sourced from producers in Northern Ghana and Ejura farms

Itinerant Wholesalers

Oil processing and Animal feed industries, Clinics Retailers

Micro scale Processors/Clinics

Consumers

Agents

Soybean Marketing distribution channels in Southern Ghana Soybean Marketing distribution channels in Southern Ghana

Existing Soybean Processing TechnologiesExisting Soybean Processing Technologies

Household and MicroHousehold and Micro--scale processingscale processingVery simple, requiring unsophisticated and Very simple, requiring unsophisticated and locallylocally--available machinery and facilitiesavailable machinery and facilitiesSome methods highly inappropriate and inefficientSome methods highly inappropriate and inefficient

Relatively largeRelatively large--scale processingscale processing55%55% -- Animal feed production and oil extractionAnimal feed production and oil extraction20%20% -- Soy flour and High protein foodsSoy flour and High protein foods15%15% -- High protein foods onlyHigh protein foods only5%5% -- Soymilk and Soy flour Soymilk and Soy flour 5%5% -- Soymilk and Soy curdSoymilk and Soy curd

17

HOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION OF SOYBEANHOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION OF SOYBEAN

HOUSEHOLD PROCESSINGHOUSEHOLD PROCESSINGSimple methods developed and promoted for household Simple methods developed and promoted for household production of soyproduction of soy--products:products:

FullFull--fat soy flourfat soy flourSoy gritsSoy gritsSoybean pasteSoybean pasteSoymilkSoymilkMaizeMaize--soy blendssoy blends

Household techniques involve the use of available equipment Household techniques involve the use of available equipment and facilitiesand facilities

Processing parameters effective in producing high quality Processing parameters effective in producing high quality intermediate products based on which various recipes are intermediate products based on which various recipes are developeddeveloped

HOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION IN GHANAHOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION IN GHANA

18

HOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION OF SOYBEANHOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION OF SOYBEAN

RECIPE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONRECIPE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONOver 50 recipes developed and promoted under two Over 50 recipes developed and promoted under two projects: IDRC/IITA and USAID/SAFGRAD soybean projects: IDRC/IITA and USAID/SAFGRAD soybean projectsprojects

Collaborating Institutions:Collaborating Institutions:CSIRCSIR--Food Research InstituteFood Research InstituteUniv. of Ghana Home Science DepartmentUniv. of Ghana Home Science DepartmentMoFA MoFA -- ExtensionExtension

Recipe formulations based on household food Recipe formulations based on household food consumption patterns obtained through surveysconsumption patterns obtained through surveys

19

RECIPE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION (Contd.)RECIPE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION (Contd.)

Participatory approach adopted in Participatory approach adopted in promotion through field demonstrationspromotion through field demonstrations

Household utilization covers:Household utilization covers:Whole soybean productsWhole soybean productsSoybeans in Ghanaian stews and soupsSoybeans in Ghanaian stews and soupsSoybeans in Ghanaian staple foodsSoybeans in Ghanaian staple foodsSoybeans in pastry productsSoybeans in pastry productsSoybeans in local Ghanaian snack foodsSoybeans in local Ghanaian snack foods

Nutritive values of products and recipes Nutritive values of products and recipes establishedestablished

20

COMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEANCOMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEAN

Name of Name of Company Company

YearYearestablished established

Location Location Main Main products products

Scale orScale orProd./ Yr (MT) Prod./ Yr (MT)

1.1. FatecoFateco2.2. MayJustMayJust Industries Industries 3.3. Golden Mills LtdGolden Mills Ltd4.4. ErmaksErmaks IndustriesIndustries5.5. Sisters of the EastSisters of the East6.6. TringoTringo LtdLtd7.7. Dodo FoodsDodo Foods8.8. SydalsSydals companycompany9.9. Dominion Pty LtdDominion Pty Ltd10.10. DarkrubyDarkruby EnterpriseEnterprise11.11. DelabacDelabac Ltd.Ltd.12.12. Premier Food Ind.Premier Food Ind.13.13. AsasepaAsasepa IndustriesIndustries

1991199120002000199919991996199620012001199519951994199420002000200120012000200020012001

----

PokuasePokuaseTemaTema

PokuasePokuaseDomeDomeAccraAccraAccraAccraAccraAccra

AshiamanAshiamanAccraAccra

OdorkorOdorkorAccraAccraTemaTemaTemaTema

Oil & cakeOil & cakeSoyflourSoyflour & HPF& HPFOil and cakeOil and cakeSoyflourSoyflour & HPF& HPFSoymilk & CurdSoymilk & CurdOil and cakeOil and cakeSoyflourSoyflour HPFHPFExtruded mealExtruded mealOil & cakeOil & cakeSoymilk & flourSoymilk & flourSoyflourSoyflour & HPF& HPFVarious productsVarious productsVarious productsVarious products

750750115.2115.2360.0360.02.52.5

smallsmall--scalescale1,000.01,000.0

5.05.0mediummedium--scalescalemediummedium--scalescale

smallsmall--scalescalesmallsmall--scalescale

----

Greater Accra RegionGreater Accra Region

COMMERCIAL SOYBEAN PROCESSINGCOMMERCIAL SOYBEAN PROCESSING

21

COMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEANCOMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEAN

Name of Name of Company Company

YearYearestablished established

Location Location Main Main products products

Scale orScale orProd./Yr (MT) Prod./Yr (MT)

14.14. R.A.K. R.A.K. NketiaNketia15.15. EdoilEdoil CompanyCompany16.16. MienamMienam IndustriesIndustries17.17. RatkiaRatkia HoldingsHoldings18.18. Golden Web LtdGolden Web Ltd

1996199620002000199919992000200019941994

KumasiKumasiKumasiKumasiOffinsoOffinsoKumasiKumasiKumasiKumasi

Oil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cakeOil and cake

500 500 –– 1,0001,000----8,400.08,400.0--

Ashanti Region

22

COMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEANCOMMERCIAL PROCESSING OF SOYBEAN

Name of Name of Company Company

YearYearestablished established

Location Location Main Main products products

Scale orScale orProd./Yr Prod./Yr

(MT) (MT) 19.19. Holy Family HospitalHoly Family Hospital20.20. ADRA Enterprise ADRA Enterprise 21.21. KunsuKunsu EnterpriseEnterprise22.22. YedentYedent AgroAgro--processing processing

VenturesVentures

198819881996199619961996

--

TechimanTechimanTechimanTechimanKintampoKintampo

SunyaniSunyani

High High protprot. foods. foodsHigh High protprot. foods. foodsHigh High protprot. foods. foods

High High protprot. foods. foods

24.024.01.201.200.500.50

--

Brong-Ahafo Region

Northern RegionName of Name of Company Company

YearYearestablished established

Location Location Main Main products products

Scale orScale orProd./Yr (MT) Prod./Yr (MT)

23.23. BosbelBosbel Oil MillOil Mill 19951995 TamaleTamale Oil an cakeOil an cake 14,40014,400

23

Novelty and inertia to changeNovelty and inertia to changeCannot be cooked and eaten like any other beanCannot be cooked and eaten like any other bean

Long cooking timeLong cooking timeUnpalatabilityUnpalatability or or beanybeany/rancid off/rancid off--flavourflavour

The egg and Chicken ScenarioThe egg and Chicken ScenarioNo utilization, cultivation diesNo utilization, cultivation diesNo beans on the open market, utilization diesNo beans on the open market, utilization dies

Inadequate Knowledge of appropriate processing Inadequate Knowledge of appropriate processing techniquestechniques

CONTRAINTS AND CHALLENGESCONTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES

24

Constraints and Challenges (Contd.)Constraints and Challenges (Contd.)Presence of antiPresence of anti--nutritional factorsnutritional factors

Heat labile factorsHeat labile factors such as such as trypsintrypsin inhibitors, inhibitors, LipoxidaseLipoxidase enzymes, enzymes, GoitrogensGoitrogens, , PhytatesPhytatesHeat stable factorsHeat stable factors such as Flatulence factors, such as Flatulence factors, SaponinsSaponins, , IsoflavonesIsoflavones, ,

Then the BIG BLOWThen the BIG BLOWSoybean Soybean PhytoPhyto--estrogens and the issue of impotenceestrogens and the issue of impotence

25

WHY THE PERSISTENCE ?WHY THE PERSISTENCE ?

26

Nutritive ValueNutritive ValueHigh content of good quality proteinHigh content of good quality proteinHigh content of essential minerals and vitaminsHigh content of essential minerals and vitaminsGood source of essential fatty acidsGood source of essential fatty acids

Economic benefitsEconomic benefitsCash crop of high economic value to farmersCash crop of high economic value to farmers

Industrial raw materialIndustrial raw materialOil IndustryOil IndustryLivestock and poultry industryLivestock and poultry industry

ATTRIBUTESATTRIBUTES

27

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONNUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION

Proximate composition of soybean varietiesProximate composition of soybean varieties

Component Anidaso Bengbie Salintuya Nakpanduri

Moisture % 12.7 9.7 10.8 9.7

Fat (%) 17.6 21.5 21.1 16.6

Protein (%) 45.8 43.9 41.2 47.9

Ash (%) 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.1

Carbohydrate (%) 31.2 31.8 32.8 32.4

Energy Kcal/100g) 466.2 496.7 489.0 468.7

1Values are means of triplicate determinations expressed on dry weight basis

Ref.: Annan and Plahar, (1994)

28

Selected mineral content of soybean varietiesSelected mineral content of soybean varieties

Mineral (mg/100g) Anidaso Bengbie Salintuya Nakpanduri

Calcium 269 307 305 336

Phosphorus 667 799 798 830

Iron 9.9 9.1 9.8 11.8

Potassium 1872 1758 1269 1396

Magnesium 205 220 182 225

Manganese 1.9 2.4 1.6 2.8

Zinc 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.7 1Values are means of triplicate determinations expressed on dry weight basis Ref.: Annan and Plahar, (1994)

29

Quality and fatty acids Quality and fatty acids composition of soybean oilcomposition of soybean oil

Highly digestibleHighly digestibleHigh in polyunsaturated fatty acids High in polyunsaturated fatty acids –– LinoleicLinoleic and and LinolenicLinolenicNo cholesterol problemNo cholesterol problem60% of oil composed of essential fatty acids60% of oil composed of essential fatty acidsSaturated Saturated …………………………………………………… 13%13%

PalmiticPalmitic (16:0)..(16:0)..………………………………………………………… 9%9%StericSteric (18:0) (18:0) ………………………………………………………………. 4%. 4%

Unsaturated Unsaturated ………………………………………………. 86%. 86%Oleic (18:1) Oleic (18:1) ……………………………………………………………….. 24%.. 24%LinoleicLinoleic (18:2) (18:2) …………………………………………………………. 54%. 54%LinolenicLinolenic (18:3) (18:3) ………………………………………………………… 8%8%Omega - 3 fatty acid

30

Quality and amino acids Quality and amino acids composition of soybean proteincomposition of soybean protein

Amino acid FAO Ref. Soybean Cowpea Maize

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Met. + Cys

Phe. + Tyr.

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

40

70

55

34

61

40

10

50

45

78

64

26

81

39

13

48

38

70

68

23

78

36

11

45

37

125

27

35

87

36

7

48

31

Limiting amino acids content of soybean, cowpea Limiting amino acids content of soybean, cowpea and maizeand maize

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70C

ompo

sitio

n (m

g/g

prot

ein

Lysine Met. + Cys Tryptophan

Limiting amino acid

FAO RefSoybeanCowpeaMaize

32

Nutritional Quality of SoyNutritional Quality of Soy--Cereal BlendsCereal Blends

RationaleRationaleMutual complementation of the limiting amino acidsMutual complementation of the limiting amino acids

50

7783 88

0

20

40

60

80

100

% S

core

0% 15% 20% 25%

Level of soy supplementation

PROTEIN QUALITY OF MAIZE-SOY BLENDS

33

Nutritional Quality of SoyNutritional Quality of Soy--Cereal BlendsCereal Blends

Protein content and net protein valueProtein content and net protein value

10

5

14.611.3

1613.3

17.515.3

02468

101214161820

% P

rote

in

0% 15% 20% 25%

Level of supplementation

EFFECT OF SOY SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTENT AND NET VALUE OF PROTEIN

Protein contentNet protein value

34

ANTIANTI--NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN SOYBEANSNUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN SOYBEANS

Heat labile factorsHeat labile factorsTrypsinTrypsin inhibitors,inhibitors,LipoxidaseLipoxidase enzymes, enzymes, GoitrogensGoitrogens,,PhytatesPhytates

Heat stable factorsHeat stable factorsFlatulence factors,Flatulence factors,SaponinsSaponins,,IsoflavonesIsoflavones,,

DESTROYED DESTROYED

THROUGH THROUGH

ADEQUATE ADEQUATE

HEAT HEAT

TREATMENT TREATMENT

and and

OTHER OTHER

PROCESSING PROCESSING

TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

35

Relative Thermal Relative Thermal LabilityLability of of TrypsinTrypsin Inhibitors in Inhibitors in Soybean VarietiesSoybean Varieties

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 20Time of boiling (min)

TIA

(mg/

g sa

mpl

e)

Salintuya

Bengbie

Anidaso

Nakpanduri

36

37

38

40

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The soybean is a The soybean is a nutritional powerhousenutritional powerhouse capable of capable of solving the proteinsolving the protein--energy malnutrition problems in energy malnutrition problems in GhanaGhanaIt has a great potential in the development of three It has a great potential in the development of three key sectors of the economy key sectors of the economy –– Health, Agriculture Health, Agriculture and Industryand IndustryIt is highly versatile with a fairly wide utilization It is highly versatile with a fairly wide utilization basebaseThere is however the need for more R&D and There is however the need for more R&D and extension work if the full potential of the MIGHTY extension work if the full potential of the MIGHTY BEAN is to be realized in GhanaBEAN is to be realized in Ghana

41

THANK YOUTHANK YOU