overview of wave energy technology...(typically 100 kw to 2 mw) short-term (days to months) tests in...
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Overview of Wave Energy Technology
Mirko PrevisicTechnology Lead – EPRI Ocean Energy Programs
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Agenda
• The Resource in perspective
• Siting Considerations
• Technology Examples
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The source of the issue is you and me …increasing energy demand
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2005 andAnnual Energy Outlook 2007 Early Release
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
billi
on k
ilow
atth
ours
Historical Projected
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Renewable Energy Benefits
• Electricity is the leading source of US carbon emissions• Fossil fuel-based generation produces other emissions as well• Avoided emissions at an installed capacity of 4000 MW (California has a
technical potential of > 15,000MW) of wave plants at 40% capacity factorusing a proxy coal plant with emissions at NSPS limit (actual plants may beless)
Pollutant Emissions Rate (tons/year) SOx 1.4 lbs/MWhr 10,000 NOx 1.0 lbs/MWhr 7,000 CO2 0.8 tons/MWhr 11,000,000 Mercury 2.1 X 10-6 lbs/MWhr 0.014 Particulates 0.2 lbs/MWhr 1,400
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Wave Power Densities - Globally
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U.S. Offshore Wave Energy Resources
New Englandand Mid-Atlantic
110 TWh/yr
WA, OR, CA440 TWh/yr
Southern AK1,250 TWh/yr
Northern HI300 TWh/yr
Total flux into all regions with mean wavepower density >10 kW/m is 2,100 TWh/yr
Extracting 15% of total fluxand converting to electricity at80% efficiency would yield252 TWh/yr
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U.S. Wave and Current Energy Potential
U.S. conventional hydro-electricgeneration in 2004 was ~260 TWh/yr
Wave and current generation potential
– Offshore wave 250-260 TWh/yr(15% of primary energy)
– Tidal, river, and ocean currentsTBD but maybe half of wave
Potential to meet nearly 10%of national demand
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California Wave Energy Resource
Coast Length: 1200 km
Average Power: 37,000 MW
Technical Potential: 7,460 MW
⇒65 TWh/yr =>
⇒23% of California Electricity Needs
California has a significant Wave Energy Potential, justifying moving forward with ademonstration plant in a controlled and closely monitored environment
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Agenda
• The Resource in perspective
• Siting Considerations
• Technology Examples
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What makes a good Wave Power Site?
• High Wave Power Density• Nearby Port Infrastructure for Operational Considerations• Nearby Grid Interconnection• Water depth of about 50m
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State Overview – Port Facilitites
Humboldt Bay
Noyo Harbor
Bodega Bay
SF Bay Area
Half Moon Bay
Monterrey Bay
Morro Bay
Santa Barbara
Los Angeles
San Diego
Deepwater Ports in California
- Humboldt Bay
- SF Bay Area
- Los Angeles
- San Diego
Other ports would likely need some
Modifications to carry out O&M such
as dredging and building docks etc.
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Deployment Locations – SF Area
21kW/m
35kW/m
31kW/m
11kW/m
Principal Wave Direction
Substation
Substation
Substation
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Technology Development Status
Long-term (>1 yr duration)prototypes in natural waters
(typically 100 kW to 2 MW)
Short-term (days to months)tests in natural waters
(typically 10 kW to 100 kW)
Rigorous laboratorytow- or wave-tank
physical model tests(1/50- to 1/5-scale)
a fewdozen
hundreds
a few
Thousand of concepts and patents on oceanenergy conversion technology
It typically takes 5 to 10 years for a technologyto progress from concept-only to deployment
of a long-term prototype
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Components of a Wave Farm
Unit 1
G G
Unit 2
SubstationSub-sea Junction
Box
Riser Cable
Jumper Cable
Landfall
1km
...Unit 82
G
7690m
18
00m
Cluster 1: 154 Devices
Cluster 2-4
26kV
/ 4
0M
VA
Existing Grid
Wave
Direction
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Agenda
• The Resource in perspective
• Siting Considerations
• Technology Examples
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Wave Power Conversion Principles
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UK Based Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis
Power module at front of eachtube section contains twohydraulic cylinders that arestroked by relative pitch andyaw between adjacent sections
relativePITCH
relativeYAW
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
3.5 m dia x150 m long
Pelamis 750 kW prototype installed in Augustof 2004 in 50 m water depth, 2 km offshore theEuropean Marine Energy Centre, Orkney, UK
Pelamis 1st commercial sale occurred2005 – OPD Pelamis in Portugal –contains an early 3 unit qualification
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UK Based Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis
Total Device Length: 150mDevice Diameter: 4.63mStructural Steel Weight: 380tonsAverage Power (24kW/m): 152kWWater Depth: >50m
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Mooring (Pelamis Example)
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Mooring Components (Pelamis Example)
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Operation
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North America Wave Energy ProjectsKaneohe HI – OPT PowerBuoy
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OPT PowerBuoy - Specs
Reference: PAD filed with FERC in July
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OPT PowerBuoy – Mooring Configuration
Anchor Blocks:
-Concrete block measuring 6x6x3m
-165 metric tons
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Finavera - AquaBuOY
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Path Forward In California
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End
Any questions?
Email: [email protected]
Need more data? EPRI has published 20 reports onwave energy conversion. Available at:
www.epri.com/oceanenergy
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Wave Power – PG&E Wave Plug
PG&ESubstatio
nWav
e P
lug
Wave FarmDevice A
Wave FarmDevice B
Demo Device A
Demo Device BDemo Device C
PG&E Permit Area
Shared O&M Facilities
Dis
tribu
ted
Per
mitt
ing
Cos
tsWave Direction