overview on transport infrastructure sectors in the ... · the road network in cambodia is composed...

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

Overview on Transport Infrastructure Sectors

in the Kingdom of Cambodia

January 2009

Infrastructure and Regional Integration

Technical Working Group

(IRITWG)

Contact address: IRITWG Secretariat 4th Floor, Eastern Building, Ministry of Public Works and Transport Tel. 855 23 724 565 E-mail: [email protected]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Roads..........................................................................................................................................................1

2. Railway ......................................................................................................................................................8

3. Maritime and Ports ...................................................................................................................................10

4. Inland Waterway.......................................................................................................................................12

5. Air Transportation ....................................................................................................................................14

6. Cross Border Transport ............................................................................................................................16

Overview on Transport Infrastructure Sectors in the Kingdom of Cambodia (January 2009, IRITWG)

- 1 -

1. Roads

(A) Present State of Roads in Cambodia

The road network in Cambodia is composed of arterial roads that are managed by the Ministry of Public

Works and Transport (MPWT) and rural roads managed by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD).

Pavement and Bridge status are as below:

Table 1-1 Road network length (as of 2009)

Road Classification Length (Percentage) No. of Bridges (Length) Management Authority

1-digit national roads 2,117.0 km (5.3%) 589 (17,643 m)

2-digit national roads 3,145.6 km (7.9%) 698 (15,710 m)

Provincial roads 6,441.0 km (16.2%) 904 (16,309 m)

MPWT

Rural roads 28,000.0 km (70.5%) N/A MRD

Total length 39,703.6 km (100%) 2,121 (51,917 m) Note: No. of bridges is as of 2006

Source: MPWT and MRD

Source: MPWT

Fig. 1-1 National Road Network in Cambodia


- 2 -

0

20

40

60

80

100

Road

pav

em

ent

rati

o /

Rat

io o

f pe

rman

ent

brid

ges

(%)

Pavement ratio (%) 99.1 30.2 1.7 0.3

Ratio of permanent

bridges （%）

90.3 22.5 1.3 0.0

1-digid

national

2-digid

national

Provincial

Roads

Rural

Roads

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Pav

em

ent

stat

us

by

type

of

pave

ment

(%)

Earth (km) 20.0 273.4 2,436.8

Laterite (km) 0.0 1,922.8 3,894.6

DBST (km) 1,381.0 949.4 100.9

Concrete or AC (km) 716.0 0.0 8.7

1-digit national

roads

2-digit national

roads

Provincial

roads

Note: The section under construction is assumed to be finished.

Source: MPWT & MRD

Source: MPWT

Fig. 1-2 Road pavement ratio (as of 2009) and ratio of permanent bridges (as of 2004)

Fig. 1-3 Pavement status by road classification (as of 2009)

Note: The section under construction is assumed to be finished Source: MPWT

Fig. 1-4 Pavement Status


- 3 -

Road widths: 99% of 1-digit national roads have at least two lanes, while only 52% of 2-digit national

roads and 15% of provincial roads have two or more lanes.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1-digit nationalroads

2-digit nationalroads

Provincialroads

Rat

io o

f ro

ad w

idth

cat

ego

ry

w<4.5m 4.5ｍ≦w<6.5ｍ 6.5m≦w≦9.0m w≧9.0m

Note: For 1-digit national roads, data for w≥9.0m is actually that for w≥10.0m, and 6.5m≤w≤9.0m, that for 6.5m≤w≤10.0m

Source: MPWT

Fig. 1-5 Road lengths according to road widths (as of 2009)

International roads: A portion of national roads No. 1 and No. 5 make up a part of Asian Highway 1;

national roads No. 4, 6 and 7 make up a part of Asian Highway 11; national roads No. 48, 3 and 33 make

up a part of Asian Highway 123; and national roads No. 66 and 78 make up a part of the arterial highway of

the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS).

Table 1-2 International roads in Cambodia

GMS Road No. Asian Highway No.

ASEAN Highway No.

Cambodian Road No. Route

R1 (Central

Subcorridor) AH1 AH1 NR1, NR5

Poipet - Sisophon - Phnom Penh - Svay Rieng - Bavet

R6 (Inter-Corridor

Link) AH11 AH11 NR4, NR6, NR7

Sihanoukville - Phnom Penh - Kampong Cham - Stung Treng - Trapengkreal

R10 (Southern Coastal

Subcorridor) - AH123 NR48, NR3, NR33

Cham Yeam - Koh Kong - Viel Rinh - Sre Ambel - Kampot - Lork

R9 (Northern

Subcorridor) - - PR2624, PR2661,

NR78

Siem Reap - Preah Vihear - Stung Treng - Rattanakiri - O Yadav Border

Source: MPWT


- 4 -

Table 1-3 illustrates the total population compared to the total road length and people living in rural area to

the rural road length.

Table 1-3 Population by Road Density Road 1-digit NR 2,117.0 km 2-digit NR 3,145.6 km Pro. Road 6,441.0 km Rural Road (L1) 28,000.00 km NR and PR (L2) 11,703.6 km Total length (L3) 39,703.6 km Land areas (A) 181,035 sq.km Population, P (x1000) (in 2008) PxA (PxA)^0.5 Total population 13,388.910 Thousand 2423861322 49232.73 Rural 10,778.063 Thousand Urban 2,610.837 Thousand

Road density and Road density index Road density, RD = L/A (km/sq.km) 0.219 (all roads) 0.065 (National & Provincial roads) 0.155 (Rural roads)

0.806 (all road) 0.238 (National & Provincial roads)

Road density Index, RDI RDI=L/(PxA)^0.5

0.569 (Rural roads)

337.22 Person/km Total population/Total road length Rural population/Rural road length 384.93 Person/km Source: World Bank (Updated by MPWT)


- 5 -

Cost length(Mill$) (km) Start End

Japan 80.0 56.0 Phnom Penh - Neak Loeung 2005 - Grant ACADB 50.0 107.0 Neak Loeung - Bavet 1999 2004 Loan DBSTADB 63.0 Kbal Thnal - Takeo 2001 Loan DBSTJapan 12.5 51.7 Takeo - Phnum Den 2003 2007 Grant ACKorea 36.9 137.5 Chom Chao - Kampot 2008 2010 Loan DBSTKorea 17.1 32.7 Kampot - Trapang Ropaou 2004 2008 Loan DBSTWB 47.6 32.5 Trapang Ropaou - Veal Renh 1999 2006 Loan

4 USA 50.5 217.0 Chaom Chao - Sihanouk Ville 1996 ACCambodia 91.0 Phnom Penh - Kampong Chhnang 2003 TreasuryDBSTADB 68.0 261.0 Kampong Chhnang - Sisophon 2000 2004 Loan ACADB 77.5 48.0 Sisophon - Poipet 2006 2008 Loan ACJapan 28.0 44.0 Phnom Penh - Chealea 1993 1995 Grant ACJapan Chealea - Cheung Prey 1996 1999 Grant ACADB 112.0 Cheung Prey - 2000 2004 LoanWB 1999 2006 LoanJapan 12.0 - Siem Reup 2000 2001 Grant ACADB 100.0 Sisophon - Siem Reap 2006 2008 Loan AC

Japan Cheung Rey - Kompong Cham 1996 1999 Grant ACJapan 19.0 Kompong Cham - Chob 2001 2003 Grant ACADB 205.0 Chob - Kratie 2000 2004 Loan DBSTChina 62.8 192.8 Kratie - Trapeang Kriel 2004 2007 Loan DBST

8 China 71.5 109.0 Preak Ta Mak - Anlong Chrey 2007 2010 Loan AC11 ADB - 90.4 2001 2004 Loan21 ADB - 77.5 2002 2004 Loan31 WB 12.9 51.7 2003 2005 Loan

WB 39.8 2002 2005 LoanADB 13.0 17.0 Kompong Trach - Kompot 2007 2010 Loan DBST

41 WB DBST48 Thai 21.7 151.3 Koh Kong - Sre Ambel 2004 2007 Loan DBST51 WB 5.8 38.0 2003 2006 Loan57 China 41.8 103.0 Batambang - Thai Border 2008 2011 Loan DBST61 WB 2002 2005 Loan

WB - - K.P. Thum - Provincial border - - - -Seeking - - Provincial border - Meanchey - - - -

China 57.8 157.0 Meanchey - Preah Vihear 2008 2011 Loan DBSTThai 3.1 18.0 Choam Sa Ngam - Anlong Veng 2006 2007 Grant DBSTThai 32.5 131.0 Anlong Veng - Siem Reup 2006 2009 Loan DBST

68 Thai 35.0 113.0 O Smach - Kralagn 2007 2009 Loan DBSTCambodia - - - - - - -WB

72 ADB 14.0 2007 2009 Loan76 China 51.9 127.0 Snoul - Sen Monorom 2007 2010 Loan DBST

VN 25.0 74.0 Bang Lung - O Yadav 2007 2008 Loan DBSTChina - 198.0 O Pong Moan - Bang Lung - - Loan -

Major Road Improvement Projects in Cambodia

No. Org. Section Year Fund Status

1

2

3

5

6

7

33

62

67

71

78

Fig. 1-6 Road Network Development

Cost length Fund(Mill$) (km) Start End

Kizuna Japan 60.0 1.3 Kompong Cham, NR7 1996 2001 GrantChuroy Changvar Japan 27.0 - Phnom Penh, NR6A 1992 1993 GrantNeak Loeung Japan N/A N/A Kandal, Svay Rieng, NR1 2009 2015 GrantPreaek Ta Meak China 43.5 1.1 Prey Veng, NR8 & NR6A 2007 2011 LoanPreaek Kdam China 28.9 1.0 Phnom Penh, NR5 & NR61 2007 2011 LoanKompong Bai Korea 0.3 Kampot, as a part of NR3 2005 2007 LoanSe Kong China - Stoeng Treng, as a part of NR7 2005 2008 Loan

Major Bridge Constructions in Cambodia

Name of Bridge Donor Location Year


- 6 -

(B) Present State of Road Traffic

The number of registered automobiles has been increasing at a rate of about 15% each year, and has exceeded

868,000 automobiles in 2007. Approximately 77% of all registered automobiles are motorcycles.

Motor Cycles

Light VehicleHeavy Vehicle

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Num

ber

of

auto

mbi

les

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

-on-Y

ear

incre

ase (

%)

Motor Cycles Light Vehicle Heavy Vehicle

Source: Statistical Yearbook 2006 and MPWT

Fig. 1-7 Number of registered automobiles Fig. 1-8 Year-on-year increase in number of registered automobiles

(C) Road Maintenance

The routine maintenance budget for 2008 was 36% increase from the previous year, indicating an increasing

awareness in the significance of road maintenance.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2006 2007 2008

Year

Routi

ne M

ainte

nan

ced

Road

Lengt

h （

km）

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mai

nte

nan

ce C

ost

(M

il. U

SD

$)

Total Length (km)

Total Cost in Mil. USD$

Table 1-4: Road Maintenance Budget in 2008

Type of Maintenance

Budget Allocated (Mil.USD$)

Routine maintenance $7.48

Periodic maintenance $26.00

Emergency $1.90 Source: MPWT

Source: MPWT Fig. 1-9 Trends in routine maintenance programs

(D) Road Safety

While the number of all type of automobiles is increasing, the number of road accidents is also increasing. In

average, 4.2 persons were killed per day in 2007. In year 2007, there were 17.8 fatalities per 10,000

registered automobiles in Cambodia. This figure is extremely large compared with 10.6 in Lao P.D.R and 6.17

in China.


- 7 -

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Accid

ents

(C

ase)

Accidents (case)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Inju

res

(pers

on)

0200400

6008001,0001,200

1,4001,600

Fat

alit

ies

(pers

on)

Injures Fatalities

Source: Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System Annual Report 2007 Fig. 1-10 Trends in traffic accidents (case) in Cambodia Fig. 1-11 Trends in traffic injuries & fatalities in Cambodia

5.11

9.510.8

6.17

10.6

17.8

02468

101214161820

China Lao Cambodia

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitantsNumber of fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicle

Source: Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System Annual Report 2007

Fig. 1-12 Comparison of traffic accident fatalities (2007)

Motorbike riders, 74.3%

Car riders, 5.0%

Pedestrians, 7.7%

Bicycle riders, 4.3%

Others, 8.7%

Source: Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System Annual Report 2007

Fig. 1-13 Number of accidents by type of road user (2007)


- 8 -

2. Railway

(A) Present State of Railways in Cambodia

Table 2-1 Situation of Railway Facilities

Item Northern Line (NL) Southern Line (SL) Length (km) 385 (including 48km missing link) 264km

Section Phnom Penh - Pursat - Battambang – Mongkol Borey - Poipet

Phnom Penh - Takeo – Kampot - Sihanoukville

Station (number) 49 (Current Operation 7) 27 (Current operation 5) Construction Year 1929 - 1942 1960 - 1969

Source: RRC

(B) Present State of Railway Use

Train service has begun to decrease in 2002. In 2008, averages of 1.4 trains per day were operated on both

the Northern Line (NL) and the Southern Line (SL).

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Num

ber

of

Tra

ins(

Fre

ight)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Num

ber

of

Tra

ins

(Pas

senge

r)

NL-Freight 306 567 1,202 216 294 654 804 699 521

SL-Freight 485 482 504 919 779 351 428 409 522

NL-Passenger 474 344 242 345 356 244 48 46 26

SL-Passenger 294 301 299 255 0 0 0 0 0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: RRC

Fig. 2-1 Number of trains operated in a year

The volume of rail cargo transport began to decrease after reaching 557,000 tons in 2002. The NL mainly

carries cement, while the SL carries both cement and petroleum products.

Northern Line

Southern Line

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

Carg

o t

ranspo

rt v

olu

me (

tons)

Southern Line 86,151 79,122 202,672 208,251 203,653 300,692 211,865 94,795 114,340 121,705 181,667

Northern Line 208,010 189,268 137,484 201,452 353,654 122,508 85,352 174,005 203,130 193,662 52,187

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: RRC

Fig. 2-2 Trends in rail cargo transport volume


- 9 -

NL. P.P.

NL. Cement

SL. P.P.

SL. Cement

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Hand

ling

vol

um

e by

pro

duc

t (t

ons)

NL. P.P. 18,785 12,950 11,593 27,227 23,475 18,945 15,160 9,240 10,600 21,192 7,952

NL. Cement 184,065 157,080 26,625 78,525 230,566 43,674 48,140 159,430 18,405 171,630 33,875

SL. P.P. 20,080 14,000 12,874 35,095 80,815 114,894 117,971 69,880 62,640 61,400 42,872

SL. Cement 40,746 52,360 161,490 156,553 96,975 175,662 87,836 24,915 51,550 26,665 98,395

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: RRC

Fig. 2-3 Trends in transport volume by product

The number of railway passengers has drastically decreased after 2000. The Southern Line has even terminated

the operation of passenger trains in 2004. On the Northern Line, the number of round-trip services has been

reduced from once a day to once a week, due to the decrease in the number of passengers. Today, a train

composed of both cargo and passenger cars operate between Phnom Penh and Battambang.

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Num

ber

of

pass

enge

rs (

pers

ons)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Ave

rage

tri

p le

ngt

h (

km/pe

rson)

NL-Passengers 320,038 302,040 253,226 182,892 110,999 81,909 78,567 47,768 14,003 10,628 4,929

SL-Passengers 117,563 127,171 82,919 41,023 22,061 11,825 3,286 11 0 0 0

NL-Trip Distance 103.8 126.5 147.4 159.0 158.4 150.7 128.6 108.2 101 90 84

SL-Trip Distance 90.5 94.3 97.7 95.3 94.3 93.9 82.2 0.0 0 0 0

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: RRC

Fig. 2-4 Trends in the number of railway passengers and the average length of their trips

(C) Rehabilitation of Railway

The two railway lines have badly been damaged

during the war times. The stretch of the line from

Sisophon to Poipet has been totally destroyed. The

Royal Government celebrated a railway

rehabilitation ceremony on February 18, 2008. The

work is planned to be completed in 2010. The

MPWT has been seeking loans for the construction

of railways from Baddoeng to Lokninh in Vietnam

with a distance of 255 km. Fig. 2-5 Cambodia Railways Network


- 10 -

3. Maritime and Ports

(A) Present State of Ports

Among the ports in Cambodia, only Sihanoukville Port and Phnom Penh Port handle international containers.

These two ports are controlled by the central government, but are financially independent,

autonomously-managed ports. Sihanoukville Port was constructed in 1961 with French assistance. Today,

Japan is aiding the development of a 400m-long and 10m-deep container terminal along the quay, slated for

completion in 2009. Phnom Penh Port has a 300m-long pier where container cargo is handled. It also handles

cargo using a passenger pontoon and a private petroleum jetty. Other ports besides the two autonomous ports

are extremely small ports, such as Sre Ambel Port and Kampot Port, with the exclusion of the petroleum jetty

in Sihanoukville city and Oknha Mong Port (private). The Ministry of Public Works and Transport is right now

under the process to consider the establishment of a kind of Port Administration, in order to regulate all ports

of Cambodia.

Table 3-1 Status of facilities at Sihanoukville Port and Phnom Penh Port

Berth Port Name Channel Name Structure Length Depth Year

Other Facilities & Remarks

No. 1-2 Jetty 290m 9.0m 1960 No. 3-4 Jetty 290m 9.0m 1960 No. 5-7 - 350m 9.0m 2007 No. 8-9 - 400m 10.0m 2007

[Warehouses] 5 buildings, 36,600m2

[Container yard] 3 yards, 110,000m2

(Private Facilities) Sokimex Jetty 200m 9.2m -

- Pontoon 110m 6.5m -

Sihanoukville Port

[South Channel ] Length 5.5km Depth: 8.4m Width: 80-100m [North Channel] Length 1km Depth: 10m Width: 150-200m

- Stone Wharf 53m 4.2m -

-

Port No.1 No.1 - - No.2 - - No.3

Jetty, apron width 20m

Total 300m

- -

[Container Yards] 2 yards for laden containers, 1 yards for empty containers

Port No.2 (for passengers) No.5b Pontoon - - - No.5c Pontoon - - -

1km downstream from Port No.1

(Private Facilities)

Phnom Penh Port

Maintenance dredging (at Chaktomok) Depth: 7m Width: 60m Length: 1,290m Volume: 159,648m3

- 8 facilities for oil berges

Ship size from 600-1,000DWT -

Between 4 and 13km upstream from Phnom Penh

Source: Prepared based on the Study on the Master Plan for Maritime and Port Sectors in Cambodia, March 2007 JICA (Updated by PAS)

(B) Status of Port Usage

Sihanoukville Port has a cargo handling volume of approximately 1.6 million tons, and Phnom Penh Port,

approximately 740,000 tons. Both ports have been steadily expanding their handling volume, and have shown

particularly remarkable increase in the handling volume of containers. Sihanoukville Port accommodated

approximately 700 vessels in 2005, and Phnom Penh Port 1,070 vessels (mostly small barges). Container

vessels account for 60% of vessels entering Sihanoukville Port. On the other hand, tanker barges account for

65% of vessels in Phnom Penh Port. At Sihanoukville Port, the development of a special economic

development zone of 70ha that is integral with the port is underway with Japanese aid, in conjunction with the

development of a container terminal. Six offshore oil fields are being developed off the coast of Sihanoukville

Port. As a supply base for their development, materials and equipment for trial exploration and drilling are

stored and supplied at Sihanoukville Port.


- 11 -

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Car

go h

andlin

g vo

lum

e（1,0

00 tons）

Export 377 86

Import 1,680 1,154

Sihanoukville Phnom Penh

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Rat

io o

f ve

ssels

by

type

(no. of

vess

els

)

GC Ship 242 149

Tanker 232 951

Container 480 443

Sihanoukville Phnom Penh

Source: PAS & PAP

Fig. 3-1 Annual cargo handling volume (2008) Fig. 3-2 Number of vessels (2008)

Sihanoukville Port

Phnom Penh Port

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Conta

iner

han

dlin

g vo

lum

e (T

EU

)

Phnom Penh Port 0 0 746 7,630 15,526 30,281 38,233 47,504 47,507

Sihanoukville Port 130,435 145,292 166,638 181,286 213,916 211,141 231,036 253,271 258,775

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

TEU

Empty 19,658 62,598 1,387 16,754

Laden 109,960 66,559 23,623 5,743

Import Export Import Export

Sihanoukville Port Phnom Penh Port

Source: PAS & PAP

Fig. 3-3 Trends in container cargo volume Fig. 3-4 Ratio of empty and laden containers (2008)

Others, 0%

Containerized

Import cargo,

46%

Fuel Import,

22%

Steam Coal,

6%

Cement

Import, 4%

Machinary

Import, 1%

Steel Import,

2%

Others, 1%

Containerized

Export Cargo,

18%

Empty

Container

(export), 0.1%

General cargo

(import), 7.1%

General

Cargo

(export), 6.8%

Gas (import),

0.5%

Fuel (import),

62.4%

Containerized

Cargo

(import),

23.1%

Source: PAS & PAP

Fig. 3-5 Composition of items handled at Sihanoukville Port (2008)

Fig. 3-6 Composition of items handled at Phnom Penh Port (2008)


- 12 -

4. Inland Waterway

(A) Present State of River Navigation

Cambodia’s navigable inland waterways measure a total length of 1,750km. The Mekong mainstream accounts

for 30% of the total, the Tonle Sap River 15%, the Bassac River 5%, and other tributaries 50%. Year-round

navigation is possible through 580km.

Table 4-1 Maximum navigable vessel size in the Mekong River basin by section

Vessel Size Restriction (DWT)

River Section Length (km) Year-round navigation possible?

Low Water Mean-high water

Golden Triangle - Luang Prabang 362 Yes - but is limited by rocky passages and strong currents 60

Luang Prabang - Vientiane 425 Yes - but requires small boats and skilled pilots during dry season 15 60

Vientiane - Savannakhet 459 Yes 200 500 Savannakhet - Pakse 261 No "high water" only navigation possible Less than 10 50 Pakse - Khinak 151 Yes 50

Khinak - Veune Kham 14 No - navigation not possible at any time due Khone Falls

Veune Kham - Stung Treng 30 Yes - with size limitations at low water 15 50 Stung Treng - Kratie 128 Yes - with size limitations at low water 20 50 Kratie - Kampong Cham 121 Yes 80 400 Kampong Cham - Phnom Penh 100 Yes - navigable by sea-going ships 2,000 Phnom Penh - Junction of Vam Nao Pass 154 Yes - navigable by sea-going ships 3,000-4,000 5,000

Mekong Mainstream

Vam Nao pass - South China Sea 194 Yes - navigable by sea-going ships 3,000-4,000 3,000- 4,000

Phnom Penh - Junction of Vam Nao Pass Yes - but not possible by sea-going ships 20 50 Bassac

River Vam Nao Pass - South China Sea 188 Yesu - navigable sea-going ships 5,000 5,000-

6,000 Phnom Penh - 5km South of Kampong Chhnang 94 Yes - navigable by sea-going ships 1,000 2,000

Kampong Chhnang - Chhnoc Trou 46 Yes - with size limitations at low water 20 150 Tonle Sap (Cambodia)

Chhnoc Trou - Chong Kneas109 109 Yes - with size limitations at low water 20 150

Dense network of man-made canals, natural creeks and Mekong tributaries, with a total navigable length of 4785 km

4,785 Yes - Vessel size restrictions within this network vary from 10-300DWT

Mekong Delta Waterways

Se-kong - Mekong tributary (Lao PDR and Cambodia)

Yes - this waterway is navigable between the Lao PDR and Cambodia, providing an alternative international transit corridor to the Mekong which is non-navigable through the Khone Falls

Source: Master Plan for Waterborne Transport on the Mekong River System in Cambodia, Final report (Volume 1 Main Report, Draft), September 2006, Belgian Technical Cooperation


- 13 -

Source: Master Plan for Waterborne Transport on the Mekong River System in Cambodia, Final report (Volume 1 Main Report,

Draft), September 2006, Belgian Technical Cooperation

Fig. 4-1 Maximum navigable vessel size in the Mekong River basin

Table 4-2 Maximum navigable vessel size in the Mekong River basin

Mekong Mainstream up to Phnom Penh Mekong River, Phnom Penh to Kampon Cham

Tonle Sap, Phnom Penh to Siem Reap

Petroleum Tanker barges 1,000 DWT / 4.0m draught - -

Container Barges 1,900 DWT (120TEU) / Draught 3.8m - -

General Cargo Barges 1,500 DWT / Draught 4.0m - -

Tourist Cruise Vessels

50-65 passengers Draught 1.5m - 50-65 passengers

Draught 1.5m

Speedboats 25 passengers shallow draught - 25 passengers

shallow draught Source: Master Plan for Waterborne Transport on the Mekong River System in Cambodia, Final report (Volume 1 Main

Report, Draft), September 2006, Belgian Technical Cooperation

(B) Present State of Inland Water Transportation

The inland waterways transport activities have been decreased for the recent years, as a result of road transport

competitiveness. However, transport by inland waterways vessels through the Mekong River and its

tributaries would provide people, especially those who are living in the rural rears, with access to markets and

other needed services.

The Master Plan on Waterborne Transport in the Mekong River System in Cambodia, was developed in 2006,

under the assistance of the Belgian Technical Cooperation. The Master Plan set out 60 action plans for the

development of inland waterways transport in Cambodia. Some of the action plans are now under

implementation.


- 14 -

5. Air Transportation

(A) Present State of Airports

Source: SSCA

Fig. 5-1 Location of Airports in Cambodia There are 11 airports in Cambodia, but regular flights are only available at 2 airports: Phnom Penh and Siem

Reap International Airports. The Société Concessionaire de 1’Aéroport (SCA) has been undertaking

operational management of Phnom Penh International Airport since 1995, Siem Reap International Airport

since 2001, and Sihanoukville Airport since 2006. These are under BOT Agreements between the Royal

Government of Cambodia and SCA. All other airports are managed by the State Secretariat of Civil Aviation

(SSCA) except for Kampong Chhnang Airport.

Table 5-1 Present status of airports in Cambodia

Airport Runway (m) Surface/Ref. Code ILS Area

(ha) Owner/

Operator Open/ Close Remarks

International Airport Phnom Penh 3000x45/ Asphalt/ 4D * 387.00 RGC/SCA Open ILS for RWY23 only

Siem Reap 2550x45/ Asphalt/ 4C * 197.00 RGC/SCA Open ILS for RWY05, will be operated in early 2009

Domestic Airport Sihanoukville 2500x34/ Asphalt/ 4C 123.84 RGC/SCA Open Reopened January 15, 2007 Kampong Chhnang 2400x45/ Concrete/ 4C 2011.00 RGC/Air Force Close The Area includes military land use Battambang 1600x34/ Bitumen/ 3C 128.68 RGC/SSCA Open Stung Treng 1300x20/ Bitumen/ 3C 112.50 RGC/SSCA Open Rattanakiri 1300x30/ Laterite/ 3C 48.09 RGC/SSCA Open Koh Kong 1300x30/ Laterite/ 3C 125.66 RGC/SSCA Open Mondulkiri 1500x30/ Laterite/ 3C 36.00 RGC/SSCA Close Temporary Closed since July 2007 Preah Vihear 1400x30/ Laterite/ 3C 150.98 RGC Close Kratie 1180x30/ Laterite/ 3C 112.50 RGC Close

Source: SSCA


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0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

Num

ber

of

Pas

senge

r

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Gro

wth

rat

e

No. Passenger: Phnom Penh 860,168 1,010,029 1,052,266 1,284,579 1,598,424 1,691,870

No. of Passenger: Siem Reap 544,102 806,912 1,014,132 1,348,954 1,732,428 1,531,820

Growth Rate: Phnom Penh 17.4% 4.2% 22.1% 24.4% 5.8%

Growth Rate: Siem Reap 48.3% 25.7% 33.0% 28.4% -11.6%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

(B) Present State of Airport Usage The usage of international airports has

been increasing yearly owing to the

increase of tourist demand.

The number of international flights per

year varies from year to year, and

during 5 years between 2003 to 2008,

it has increased approximately 1.4-fold

at Phnom Penh International Airport Source: SSCA Fig. 5-2 Number of passengers.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Num

ber

of

flig

hts

Int. Flight Phnom Penh 11,292 13,832 13,574 15,766 16,092 16,253

Dom. Flight Phnom Penh 6,438 4,887 4,158 3,658 4,789 4,130

Int. Flight Siem Reap 7,154 10,432 12,832 14,724 16,924 15,431

Dom. Flight Siem Reap 5,439 5,515 4,285 4,693 5,088 4,551

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: SSCA.

and approximately 2.2-fold at Siem Reap

International Airport. The number of domestic

flights, on the other hand, has been decreasing on

the whole.

The number of international flight passengers has

been increasing yearly at Phnom Penh

International Airport, and has marked 1.53

million in 2008. When combined with the number

of domestic flight passengers, the airport is used

by a total of some 1.7 million passengers a year. Fig. 5-3 Number of flights

Domestic flight passengers have been significantly decreasing since 2005.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

Num

ber

of pa

ssenge

rs (pe

opl

e)

Dom. Arr. Phnom Penh 95,620 97,413 80,796 78,973 88,314 76,609

Dom. Dept. Phnom Penh 95,443 90,283 72,786 75,271 90,632 80,052

Int. Arr. Phnom Penh 332,854 401,647 445,979 569,606 701,898 754,060

Int. Dept. Phnom Penh 333,419 416,702 457,470 560,729 717,580 781,149

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

Num

ber

of pa

ssenge

rs (pe

opl

e)

Dom. Arr Siem Reap 85,852 95,023 77,215 80,817 90677 83,347

Dom. Dept. Siem Reap 85,864 88,158 71,039 77,101 93983 86,929

Int. Arr. Siem Reap 188,651 320,174 438,193 599,007 774,338 681,209

Int. Dept. Siem Reap 184,085 303,665 427,685 592,029 773,430 680,335

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: SSCA Fig. 5-4 Number of passengers (Phnom Penh) Fig. 5-5 Number of passengers (Siem Reap)

At Siem Reap International Airport, the number of international flight passengers has been rapidly increasing

in the last 5 years. In 2007, it accommodated the largest number of passengers of all airports in Cambodia,

exceeding even Phnom Penh International Airport. However, in 2008, Siem Reap International Airport was

surpassed by Phnom Penh International Airport, in terms of number of passengers. Also, like Phnom Penh

International Airport, the number of domestic flight passengers has been decreasing.


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6. Cross Border Transport

(A) Background

Cross Border Transport Agreement or

CBTA was established in late 1990s by

six countries (Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao

P.D.R, Thailand, Myanmar and People

Republic of China) with the aim to

conduct full implementation by 2009.

The agenda of its implementation were:

- Up to 1998: Preparation of

Framework Agreement

- 1998: Signing

- 1998 – 2000: Preparation of

annexes and protocols

- 2000-2007: Negotiation and signing

of annexes and protocols (B) Purpose of CBTA

CBTA focus on the following aspects:

Source: ADB website Fig. 6-1 Cross Border Transport Agreement

- Facilitation of border crossing formalities (single window and

single stop customs inspection, coordinating of hours of operation;

and exchange of advance information and clearance)

- Facilitate cross-border movement of people (multi-entry visa,

recognition of driver license)

- Facilitate cross-border movement of goods (regional transit

regime)

- Exchange of traffic rights

- Requirements for admittance of road

vehicles

- Institutional Arrangements

- Setting up custom transit

(guaranteeing system)

(C) Status of implementation

There are 17 annexes1 and 3 protocols2 had been signed, ratified and deposit3.

Table 6-1 CBTA status Countries Item Description/Title Cam PRC Lao Mya Thai VN

Annex 1 Carriage of Dangerous Goods R R R S S R TQ Annex 2 Registration of Vehicles in International Goods R R R S R R TI Annex 3 Carriage of Perishable Goods R R R S R R TQ Annex 4 Facilitation of Frontier-Crossing Formalities R R R S S R C Annex 5 Cross-Border Movement of People R R R S R* R I Annex 6 Transit and Inland Clearance Customs Regime R R R S S S C Annex 7 Road Traffic Regulation and Signage R R R S S R T Annex 8 Temporary Importation of Motor Vehicles R R R S S S C Annex 9 Criteria for Licensing of Transport Operator for Cross-Border R R R S S R T Annex 10 Conditions of Transport R R R S S R T

1 Annex is a technical specification or Standard document designed to be used by all member countries. It is not easy to modify. 2 Protocol is a document mostly made by two countries which describes quantity or locations. This document is much easier to modify. 3 Deposit is an act of announcement made by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to inform member countries about its protocols or annexes which had been ratified and was ready to be implemented.


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Countries Item Description/Title Cam PRC Lao Mya Thai VN

Annex 11 Road and Bridge Design and Construction Standards & Specifications R R R S R R T Annex 12 Border Crossing and Transit Facilities and Services R R R S R R T Annex 13a Multimodal Carrier Liability Regime R R R S R R T Annex 13b Criteria for Licensing of Multimodal Transport Operators for

Cross-Border Transport Operations R R R S R R T

Annex 14 Container Customs Regime R R R S S S C Annex 15 Commodity Classifications Systems R R R S R R C Annex 16 Criteria for Driving Licenses R R R S R R TI Protocol 1 Designation of Corridors, Routes and Points of Entry & Exit Border

Crossing R R R S R R TI

Protocol 2 Charges Concerning Transit Traffic R R R S R R T Protocol 3 Frequency and Capacity of Services and Issuance of Quotas and Permits R R R S S R TI Note: * - Ratified part 1-4 Legend:

R = Ratification has completed and finished T=Transport C=Customs I=Immigration Q=Quarantine S = Signed but Ratification still pending

Source: ADB website

(D) Cambodia’s Implementation of CBTA

Legal issue: Before the implementation of the annexes or protocols each member country must accomplished 3

legal steps. The first step is to sign then to ratify and lastly to deposit. Up until January 2009, Cambodia

has signed (by the Royal Government of Cambodia) and ratified (by the Parliament, Senate and Royal Palace)

all the protocols and annexes (20) but Cambodia could deposit (By Ministry of Foreign Affairs) only 12 out of

the ratified 20 protocols/annexes.

Bilateral agreement with neighboring countries: Cambodia has CBTA bilateral agreement with 3 countries

namely: Vietnam, Lao P.D.R and Thailand. Each country executed different conditions which are shown as

follows:

Table 6-2 Bilateral agreement status Bilateral agreement

Cambodia Counterpart countries Remark

With Vietnam

- 40 vehicles (bus 20, truck 20) - Plan to increase to 150 (75 bus, 75 trucks)

- 40 vehicles (all bus) - Plan to increase to 150 vehicles (all bus)

ADB push Cambodia to upgrade to 150 vehicles

With Lao - 40 vehicles (truck only) - 40 vehicles (truck only) Bus agreement plus partner contract must be done separately

With Thailand

- 40 vehicles (only at one Cross Border point)

- 1st MOU: Location and all procedures (for Poi Pet Only) - 2nd MOU: Traffic rights - 40 vehicles only at Poi Pet. Another cross border point required saparate MOU

Each Cross Border point required separate MOU.

Source: MPWT Structure and building: Among six member countries, Cambodia is lack behind in establishing the structure on

the ground to help facilitate the cross border transportation:

Table 6-3 Structure, Facilities and Inspection Area status Khmer Border Structure Facilities Inspection Area Remark with Lao No No No 1 transit point With Vietnam Yes No No 1 transit point used for GMS CBTA, GMS IICBTA4, BRTA5. There is no

transit operation activities except import and export activities. With Thailand No No No 2 transit points. There is no transit operation activities except import and

export activities. Source: MPWT Future tasks for Cambodia:

- Set up 3rd party liability insurance to cover the territory of the contracting parties.

- Strengthening the existing mechanism (National Transit Transport Coordinating Committee)

- Strenghtening the guaranteeing organization to implement the custom transit system

- Coordination among authorities and parties concern.

4 Initiative Implementation Cross Border Transport Agreement 5 Bilateral Road Transport Agreement

Supported by:

overview on transport infrastructure sectors in the ... · the road network in cambodia is composed...

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