overview study sheet for bio 34

7/24/2019 Overview Study Sheet for Bio 34

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OVERVIEW STUDY SHEET FOR BIO 34.1

Levels of biology

o Biosphere- most regions of land that contain living organisms and organic

compounds.

o Ecosystem - all living things in a certain area and non-living things that interact with

life.

o Communities- a set of populations is an area.

o Populations- a set of individuals living w/in the bounds of a area- specific

o Organisms a uni or multi-cellular being that can functions basic of life.

o Organs and Organs system-

o Organs- a group of tissue that have similar function.

o Organ system- a group of organs that also have similar function.

o issues- a group of cells with the same function.

o Cells- the fundamental unit of life.

o Organelles- parts of the cell

o !olecules- a chemical structure that have " or more atoms.

!a#or Biological $reas

o Orgasmic $rea

%. &oology

". Botany

'. !icrobiology

Comparative physiology- $( comparative discourse of the nature of organism

B( the comparative study of how living things function.

Organism- any multi or uni-cellular being capable of performing life)s basic function. $*E !$+E ,P O CE 000000000000


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12PO1E3CO- +E+,C34E !E1O+ - $lso 5nown as the cientific !ethod

o !a5e an observation

o $s5 a 6uestion and formulate a hyo!hesis- an educated possible answer.

o "oo# Hyo!hesis

Consistant w/what is already 5nown Capable of being EE+ $7+ $33E+ w/ CE*$37

E43+E7CE 3s written as 3-1E7 predictions

o B$e%&'Do()

ma5e observation 8 create a hypothesis 8 test the hypothesis by

e9periments 8 refine hypothesis.

E*e$i+e)!%l Desig)

o need a sufficient sample si:e to prevent chance event.

o Control group and treatment group ;no on 5nows in what they r in(

o Control group- does not get treatment nut a placebo sugar pill

o *epeat

o tatistical testing- be sure the diff. bet.


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/e!%bolis+ $ll the chemical reactions in the body. ; will be later studied(

o

$>B8C anabolism sum of all building reactions.

o C8$>B catabolism sum of all decomposition/ brea5-down reactions.

Chemical *eactions

o Occurs when atoms combine w/other atoms to form molecules brea5-down.

ynthesis +ecomposition reaction

$ > B 8 C $B8 $>B

HE/IL RETIOS ELLS RE 0RT OF /ETBOLI 0THWYS

' 2PE O !E$BO3C P$1?$2a( imple linear pathway

b( Branch pathways

c( Cycle

Fee#b%&' regulate metabolism.

o here are en:ymes to help regulate the chemical reactions ;metabolism(

o One specific en:ymes for E$C1 *E$C3O7


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o 3n a feedbac5 the en:yme @reportA the amount of product of the reaction from the

beginning of the reaction to the end.

o 1O?E4E* 37 $ EE+O?$*+ the en:yme from the end of the reaction

@reportA bac5 to the beginning of the reaction.

o 7egative- stops

o Positive- speeds up the reaction.

TIVTIO EER"Y

o he en:yme speeds up a reaction by lowering it activation energy.

o he activation energy is received from the surrounding environment.

WHT IS /OLEULE5

!olecule " or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.

Energy is absorbed to start reaction.

Energy is releases as new bonds form.


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$tom- the smallest particle of an element.

Chemical bonds- forces holding "gether the atoms of a molecules "gether.

TY0ES OF HE/IL BODS

%. Covalent- bonds are formed bet " ,7C1$*


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o could 5now if there is an O1- = ionic compound= 71 group= ulfur

=polar

1ydrophobic- molecules that does not li5e water

o could 5now if it is 1ydrocarbon= Carbon= 1ydrogen= non-polar.

O*


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72 LI0IDS' FT /OLEULES

o !ade out of f%!!y %i#and glye$ol.

o $ll hydrophobic

o at is use for storage

o ype of ipid --- Phospholipids.

as shown the head are hydrophilicMli5e water and the tail are hydrophobic.

$lso the head are lipophobicMdon li5e lipid and the tail is lipophilid.

when the lipids are put in water the head will be in the water and tail will be out

of the water. upside down

if there are many lipids the tails will attach to each other to bloc5 out the water.

2PE O $$( aturated fatMthe hydrocarbons and Carbon are bonded B2 37


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Cholesterol- a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cells

membranes the precursor molecule.

'( $!37O $C3+= PEP3+E= P*OE37

$mino acids- building bloc5s for proteins.

Organic molecules possessing carbo9yl and amino acids.

$mino acids are proteins B, not all proteins are en:ymes.

En:ymes act li5e %!%lysis chemical agents that selectively speeds up chemical

reaction ?/O being consumed on the reaction.-- p1 impacts en:ymes

*,C,*E O P*OE37

%( Primary structureMa long chain of amino acids.

"( econdary tructurea. Beta pleated sheet

b. $lpha heli9

'( ertiary structure- BOTH D O/0ITIObeta pleated sheets and alpha

sheet.


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K( Nuaternary structure- multiple proteins in one structure.

2PE O P*OE37

%. En:ymatic proteins- selective acceleration of chemical reaction.

". tructural proteins- support

'. storage proteins- storage of amino acids

K. transport protein- transport of other substances

L. hormonal protein coordination of an organism)s activities

G. receptor protein response of cell to chemical stimuli

H. motor protein- movement

J. defensive protein protection against disease

K( 7,CE3C $C3+ +7$ *7$

o nucileotides- basic building bloc5 for nucleic acid.

o " 2PE O 7,C3E3C $C3+o *ibose- ribonucleic acid *7$

o +eo9yribonucleic +7$

K 2PE O 73*O


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K. guanine ;


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c( ribosome

d( plasma membrane

e( cytoplasm

$73!$ CE

$. plasma membraneMmembrane enclosing the cell

B. cytosol- the area bet. he organelles and where cellular metabolism occurs.

C. cytos5eleton- a networ5 of fibers e9tending throughout the cytoplasm

o ' components of the cytos5eleton

o !icrotubules ;thic5est( = microfilament ;thinnest( = intermediate filaments

;fibers(

o !3C*O,B,E grow out a centrosome a region near the nucleusM@

microtubule organi:ing centerA

o

1ollow rods measuring "Lnmo he wall is made out of tubulin- globular protein " types gamma and

beta the tubulin helps the microtubules grow in length by adding more

tubulin.+. flagellum- locomotion organelle present in some animal cells.

o E9tension of the plasma membrane

o 3n an animal cell $P is use


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E. !itochondrion- +O,BE !E!B*$7E PO?E*O,E O 1E CE .

--in the 377E* !E!B*$7E there is the!itochondria !atri9

o he matri9 has a p1 of neural or

basic

o

Contains the mitochondrial +7$and free ribosome

o he en:ymes in the matri9 cataly:e some steps of cellular respiration.

o he metabolic reaction in the !atri9 is the rebs cycle or the Citric $cid.

o rebs Cycle cellular energy and e- transfer chain ; will be e9plain later(

. 1E 7,C,EM+O,BE !E!B*$7E- 37O CE7*

?here cellular respiration and metabolicprocesses occur ; will be discuss later(.

$P is generated- where energy come from.

$P ; adenosine triphosphate( the energy isreleased when the bonds between the POK

'-is

bro5en.

he mitochondrion has " !E!B*$7Ehe outer is smooth

he inner is folded and called cristae

Cristae- the interfolding of the inner membrane ofthe mitochondrion.

he space bet. he " membranes ;membrane

space( has an acidic level.

he nucleus contains most of the gene in the

Eu5aryotic cell.

7uclear envelope- encloses the nucleus that

separates it from the cytoplasm.--+O,BE !E!B*$7E is the membrane

-- member the membrane is made out of lipids.

w/in the nucleus the +7$ is organi:ed into

chromosomes--- carry the genetic info.

Chromosomes are made up of chromatin

protein

1umans have KG chromosomesM"' in se9cells.


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. 2O!E


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1. PE*OQ3O!E

0LT ELL

$. cytos5eleton

B. ribosome

C. Endoplasmic *eticulum

o 3n a plant cell the E* e9tends the plasodesmata and enters into a neighboring cell.

+. Plasmodesmata- channels through cell ways to connect to another cell.

E. 7ucleus " !embrane

.


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0RO-RYOTI ELL

o 7eucleoid- region where the cell)s +7$ is located ;7O E7COE+

!E!B*$7E(

o *ibosome- synthesi:e proteins are free roaming

o Capsule- #ellyli5e outer coating of many proteins.

o lagellum/ flagella- attachment structure on the surface of some pro5aryotes

could be use for locamotion.

o Plasma membrane- layer under the capsule

o Cell wall- layer under the capsule 7OE 7O $ P*O$*2O3C CE

1$4E CE ?$


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o imbriae- helps the pro5aryotic cell attachS themselves to other cells.

o Plasmid- an e9tra chromosomal +7$ molecule

Cell Cycles

in the process of mitosis the cell divide into " or more that becomes

tissues. !itosis- the dividing of cells

!eiosis- the diving of cells the daughter cell have half the

chromosomes.

o issue- a group of cells w/a common function= structure. hat are able to

recogni:e and communicate with each other.

o K types of tissues

o EP31E3$- cover the outside of the organism or lining of the organs=

Epithelium- cells of an epithelial tissue shaped li5e dice

o CO77EC34E 3,E- bind and support other tissues.

G types

%. oose". cartilage

'. fibrious

K. adipose

L. bloodG. bone

o !,CE 3,E

o body movement

o most abundant

o 'types

%. s5eletal

". cardiac'. smooth muscle

o 7E*4O, 3,E

o ense stimuli and transmit signal neuron- nerve cello


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O*


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he plasma membrane of neighboring cells are pressed together

bound by specific proteins.

o $7CO*137< R,C3O7 ;+E!OO!E(

o asten cells together into strong sheets.

o ,se in muscle cells

o


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1O!O$3 - steady state or internal balance in the organism

o !echanism of 1omeostasis

o etpoint- a variable that the body tries to 5eep temperature

o timulus- a variable above or below the setpoint that cause a change.

ensor- detect the stimulus and triggers a response

1E!O*E


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VSULR :IRULTORY TISSUE SYSTE/ OF THE 0LTSo I+o$!%)! fo$ !he !$%)so$! of ),!$ie)!s

o Q2E! P1OE!

o ,se to transport of nutrients in the cells

o Qlem- water and ion 8 up

o Pholem- sugars other organics 8 down

aproot- the main vertical root.--


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o the cells in the phloem 9ylem are dead cells ;5inda(

o 5inda b/c it still contain a plasma membrane B,* 7O 7,CE,

o ?12 $*E 1E CE +E$+U

$s states before diffusion can be use to transport nutrients through

cells B, 13 $ O7< P*OCE B/C O 1EO*


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O1E* 3,E 2E! O,7+ 37 P$7


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E9change happens as substances dissolved in an a6ueous medium w/the plasma

membrane of the cell.

o E9change of nutrients= waste= gas.

Cells need to be surround by fluid

o 3nterstitial fluid- internal body fluids the surrounds cells

Enable the cells to obtain nutrients get rid of waste.

/ETBOLIS/

um of all catabolism anabolism in biological entity. O* $ C1E!3C$

*EC$C3O7

Catabolic pathway- decomposition

$nabolic pathway- building reaction

EY/ES

3s a protein ; all en:yme are protein( that wor5 as a catalyst in a chemical reaction

o peed up metablic reactions. OT consume by the reaction.

TIVTIO EER"Y BRRIER

$ctivation energy- the amount of energy that reactants most absorb before a

chemical reaction happens.

o the energy comes from the brea5ing of the bonds.

SUBSTRTE S0EIFY OF E;Y/ES

substrate- the reactant an en:yme wor5s on

en:yme-substrate comple9- a E!PO*$*2 comple9 action when an en:ymes binds its

substrate molecules. ?hile the en:yme and substrate are #oined the catalytic action begins and a

product is produce.

En:ymes is 4E*2 PEC33CMa en:yme can recogni:e its PEC33C substrate

ORsomething 3E 3. $ctive site the region where the substrate #oins to the en:ymes and the catalysis

occurs.

o temp. and p1 are factors in the activity of an en:yme

!$72 E7&2!E *EN,3*E 7O7P*O3E7 1EP O* C$$23C $C3432.

a( cofactor- any 7O7-P*OE37 molecule or ion that is re6uired for the functioning of

an en:yme.1ow does co-factors wor5s

o they bind tightly or loosely to the en:yme or bind to the substrate

o crucial function in the catalysis.

b( coen:yme- an O*


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E7&2!E 3713B3O* $7+ *E


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wo ways to ma5e $P

o S,bs!$%!e h%i) hoslo$l%!io)' giving a POK'-to a $+P

o done by the catalyst called 5inase

o Ele$!$%he+i%l g$%)#i%!' 6 o*i#%!ive hosho$yl%!io)2 9a molecule is

o9idi:es and the energy is use to $P. 1appen in the e- transport e9change

o ,se the delta p1 in the membrane

ELLULR RES0IRTIO 9 H0TER upwards. 1O?E4E* the e- is then

brought to the y!oh$o+es.

o y!oh$o+es' an iron containing protein and a component of the e- transport

Chain in the mitochondria and chloroplast.

o Cytochrome pass the e- to the CO!PEQ O,* where the e- is pass to

o9ygen.

o Each o9ygen atom also pic5s up a pair of 1ydrogen from the a6ueous

solution forming water.

O 1O? !$72 $P C$7 BE !$+E *O! 7$+1U' $P C$7 BE *O! % 7$+1

B$C O CO!B37$3O7 O


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o 3t ta5es e- from $+1

o +oes not shuttle proton through the membrane.

$P 271$E- a comple9 of several membrane proteins that provide a port throughwhich proton diffuse.

o !a5e $P from $+P

o $P synthase use the energy is from the difference of in concentration of

1>; delta p1 or gradientM*E!E!BE* 1E P$CE BE?EE7 1E

?O !E!B*$7E 3 $C3+3C 1E !$*3Q 3 B$3C.(his process is called e' g$%#ie)! o$ he+ioso+e6$oess !(o2

o he+ioso+e' an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in

the form of hydrogen ions gradient across a membrane

--$P synatse use the P.E. store in theproton gradients and converted it to

chemical energy.

where does the $P comes from

o the $+P enters the % unit with a POK'-group.

o he % group use the energy from the movement of the internal rod to

bond the POK'-to the $+P.

$p synatse could wor5 in reverse if the are where 1> is low and the other side is

side

o 3t would pump the 1>upwards instead of downwards while still ma5ing

$P.

1>

enter the stator the stator is in themembrane.

hen the 1>enter the binding site within the

$o!o$;o unit( changing the shape of each

subunit so the rotor spin within the

membrane.

Each 1>ma5e one complete turn before

leaving o unit through a e9it channel. hat

then leaves to the other side of the

membrane.

he spinning of the o also cause the internalrod to spin also.

he catalytic 5nob ;% unit( turns thatactivates catalytic sites in the 5nob that

produce $P from $+P.


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--$s e9plain earlier '$P is made from % 7$+1. 1owU

-- reali:ed that ' 1>was shuffle upwards in the e- transport e9change. ;O9idation

phosphorlation(

$ O '" or 'K $P. ;from the total amount of 7$+1(

*E43E? O P*OCE

3n the process called glyolosis 6 !h%! !%&es l%e i) !he y!osol2 the CGmolecule?

gl,ose? is split in two. and is further processed to 7 DH7? 4 /OLEULE OF

T0? 7 /OLEULES OF 0RRUVTE.

''But if there is)o o*yge) in the processFER/ETTIO? which also happens in the

YTOSOL? Fe$+e)!%!io)regulate the concentration of DH@

H0TER 1A'

0HOTOSYTHESIS' the conversion of light into energy

--he chloroplast of plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it chemical

Energy stored in sugars.

Brea5 down to two reactions


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light reactions- happens in the thyla5oid membranes of the chloroplast. Convert

the light to chemical energy of $P and 7$+P1Mreleases O9ygen

o $P

o 7$+P1"

+ar5 reactions- the fi9ation of CO"on reduction of the fi9ed Carbon into

Carbohydrate.o Co"Calvin Cycle. in the stroma.

Complete reaction

Co"> 1"O > light energy 8 CG1%"OG> CO"he energy for this reaction is from the photons from the un.

!esophyll cells- where chloroplast are found.

Chlorophyll - has green pigment and is green because it doesn)t absorbs green light very

?ell.

o 3s found in the thyla5oidMheld down by proteins so it can stay in a fi9

position.

3


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inear E- flow in photosynthesis -the celluar respiration e9change in the chloroplast.

o ight hit the pigment molecule and the chlorophyll get e9cited and pass it on

to other chlorophyll ; as stated before(

o hen that energy reaches the special pair in P1O2E! "; is call

photosystem " because it was discovered "nd(

o he special pair in Phtosystem " is call PGJF it absorbed light at GJF

wavelength very well.

o PGJF then get e9cited and give off an e-

o $O 1$PPE737< 1E P" an en:ymes is cataly:es the splitting of water

into " e-


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o hose e- from the splitting of water is given to PGJF one by one

;remember two are given off( when it lose it e- in it e9cited state.

o O ?1$ 1$PPE7 O 1E E- 1$ ?$ *EE+,C,3O7. ?here the 7$+P>is turn to

7$+P1.

o !a5ing this molecule have higher energy than water and the e- are

more ready for the Calvin Cycle ;dar5 reactions(

o he 1>that was given off from P % and P " in the thla5oid space goes to the

$P synthase. imilar to the $P synthase to the mitochondria.


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he $P ; that was produce from the synthesis( the 7$+P1>;from the P( goes to the

Calvin cycle ;dar5 reactions(

Calvin cycle formula ; a shorter version of the previous formula(

GCO"> 1"O 8 "C'8 CG

the Calvin cycle uses $P and 7$+P1to convert CO"to sugars.

he Calvin cycle is anabolic builds sugars from smaller molecules and comes

energy

o ,nli5e the cirtic or 5rebs cycle that brea5 down sugar.

he C$*BO7 enter the cycle O7E $ $ 3!E

Phase %- Carbon i9ation carbo9ylationM$ib,lose bihosh%!e 9 $,biso is a CL sugar that is attached to

E$C1 CO" molecule. he product of this is a 3Q C$*BO7 that is unstable ma5ing it split in half

which forms " '- phosphoglercerate. *E!E!BE* PE* CO"

Phase "- *E+,C3O7

each '- biphosphoglercerate gets a POK'-form an $P- PE* then a pair of e- from 7$+P1 that ma5es '- biphosphoglercerate lose a POK

'-

becoming


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Phase '- *egeneration of he CO"$CCEPO*

-- the rest of the L C$*BO7 it combines together with the use of $P.

o % $P per L C$*BO7.

--regeneration of the CO"acceptor ;*uBP(

however there is a problem with *uBisCO o it can do both carbo9ylation o9ygenation.

o 1ow is this a problem

o 3t can ta5e the product of CLand brea5 it down to a point that it is useless.

!eaning that the energy use in the Calvin Cycle was useless.

herefore the cycle has to be repeat again.

-- *E!E!BE* 1*EE ;'( CO"!, P$ 37O*+E* O*


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all biological membrane is sele!ive e$+e%ble'' the membrane allows some

substances through and others don)t. WHT SUBSTES "O THROU"H THE /E/BRE WITH ESEU

o W%!e$

o S+%ll g%ses ; carbon dio9ide= o9ygen(

o U)h%$ge# s+%ll +ole,les.

ell +e+b$%)e %$e +%#e , of lii#s %)# $o!ei)s

o the phospholipids is %+hi%!hi +ole,le meaning it has both a

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

o ypes of ipids

+$


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$7PO* $C*O 1E !E!B*$7E

E)#oy!osis ' cellular upta5e of biological molecules an matter formation of new

vesicles from the plasma membrane

o

Processo $ molecule enters the cell as a vesicle new vesicle is formed

o he plasma membrane surrounds the molecule

!a5ing the membrane that cover the molecule O+ plasma

membrane.

E*oy!osis 9the cell gets rid of a molecule by fusing a vesicle to the plasma membrane.

!embrane selectivity

o a biological membrane in very selective of what goes through.

o actors for movement across the membrane

Charge

i:e

3f there a need of energy

o !aterials that need @helpersA proteins to transport them.

o he amount of material that need to transport affect the time


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" types of transport

%. Passive transport- diffusion of molecule trough the membrane that +OE 7O

re6uire any energy.

o


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--3ons channel- are one type of channel

o Channels ;pores( in the membranes that regulate ions

o 1ow do they wor5

i5e doors open= close= -- or loc5 these are the stages

--odium- potassium pump- a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells

that %!ively !$%)so$!sodium O, of the cell and potassium 37 the cell.

K types of 3on channels

%. ea5age Channel- +OE 7O *E= >.

o ?hen they close they are loc5 for a period of time. ;this period of time

will be e9plain in material for the final(

'.igand-gated channel ; one at a time (

o Opens and closes on response to chemical stimulus such as nerotransmitters=

hormones= and particular ions.

K. !echanically gated channels-

o Opens and closes in response to mechanical stimulation in form of vib$%!io)

pressure


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a. ound in hearing

?1$ 3 !E!B*$7E POE73$ U

!embrane potential- the diff. of electrical charge across the cell plasma membrane

$C3O7 POE7$ not in chapter H

*esting !embrane Potential ;4rest(

the membrane potential of )o)'o)#,!i)ge9citable cell w/the i)si#e of !he ell

+o$e E"TIVE !h%) !he OUTSIDE

ion rush in. ;neuron with sodium potassium pumps(

$ction Potential

a +*$!$3C = $*and >ions ;neuron with sodium potassium pumps

o 4oltage-gated are close ant loc5

1yper polari:ation

$dding !$ 7E


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Phase L- hyper polari:ation

Phase G- return to resting potential

E9tra 7otes

Cytoplasmic streaming- movement of fluid within a animal and plants cell.

overview study sheet for bio 34

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