owen 2 ashs 07
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Amendments that improve water retention
Jim Owen, Jr., Stuart Warren, Ted Bilderback, Dean Hesterberg, Alison Prehn, and Joseph Albano
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
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The Team
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Problem
Low input efficienciesWater 30% to 80%N and P 30% to 60%
Water availability and use
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2003; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
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Approach
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONM
ENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATE
ContainerContainer
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Approach
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONM
ENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATE
ContainerContainer
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Objective
To engineer a pine bark-based soilless substrate that increased water and nutrient efficiency in containerized nursery crop production
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Amendment
Mineral aggregateChemical absorbentFertilizer carrierBarrier clays
IndustrialUniformReproducible
Murray, 2000.
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Amendment
Raw Clay Selection & Mining
Primary CrusherSecondary Crusher
Dryer(RVM)Mill
Screen
Rotary Kiln(LVM)
Oil-Dri Corporation of America
Bag or Bulk
≤ 800°C ≈ 120°C
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4 Years of Research
ExperimentsClay processingClay rateReduced Water
Application Rate
Water Buffering Capacity
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4 Years of ResearchMethods
RCBDSkogholm Cotoneaster14 L container (5 gal)Maintained desired LFDependent variables
• Shoot and root dry weight• Net photosynthesis • Stomatal conductance• Water use • Leachate
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Water and nutrient (N & P) budgets
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Clay Processing
Pine bark-based substratesIndustrial Mineral Aggregate
• 8% Clay (by vol.)
• Particle Size• 0.25 to 0.85 mm• 0.85 to 4.75 mm
Industry Representative Substrate• 11% Sand (by vol.)
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Clay Processing
WaterParticle size
• 0.85 to 4.75 mm• 12% (20 L) decrease
• 0.25 to 0.85 mm• 18% (31L) decrease
• Increased WUE (132 mL g-1)
107,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre while maximizing growth
24 - 48
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Clay Rate
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Clay Rate Physical Properties
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
um
e (
%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Air space
Available water
Normal Range
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Clay Rate Physical Properties
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
um
e (
%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Air space
Available water
Normal Range
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Clay Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 8 12 16 20
Top
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
Max. = 11%
Y = 0.6x2 + 13.3x + 247.0 R2 = 0.76
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Clay Rate
Clay rate (% vol.) 10% to 12%
• Plant growth• Net photosynthesis• Stomatal conductance• Use efficiency
• Water• Phosphorus
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Reduced Water Application
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Reduced Water Application
How Low Can You Go!
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Reduced Water Application
Amendment (11% by vol.)0.25 to 0.85 mm LVMWashed, builders sand
Leaching fraction0.2 or 0.1
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Reduced Water Application
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent
(L)
Treatment
Day after initiation
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Reduced Water Application
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent
(L)
Treatment
Day after initiation
26 L
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Reduced Water Application
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent
(L)
Treatment
Day after initiation
90,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre
while maintaining growth
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Reduced Water Application
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
eff
luen
t (L
)
Day after initiation
Treatment
16 L
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Reduced Water Application
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
eff
luen
t (L
)
Day after initiation
Treatment
55,000 gallons less leachate or runoff per
growing acre
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Water Buffering Capacity
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Water Buffering Capacity
Real-time monitoringWeight
• Water loss• Container capacity
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Water Buffering Capacity
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
Time and date
Con
tain
er
capa
city
(%
)
ClaySand
Aug 23 Aug 24 Aug 25 Aug 26 Aug 27 Aug 28
Amendment
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Water Buffering Capacity
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (
ml)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
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Water Buffering Capacity
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (
ml)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
3.4 mL m
in-1
2.7 mL m
in -1
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Water Buffering Capacity
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:3
0
7:3
0
9:3
0
11:
30
13:
30
15:
30
17:
30
19:
30
21:
30
Wat
er lo
ss (
ml)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
334 mL
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Water Buffering Capacity
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:3
0
7:3
0
9:3
0
11:
30
13:3
0
15:
30
17:
30
19:3
0
21:
30
Wat
er lo
ss (
ml)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
Physical Properties: 4% increase in
available water which equates into 500 ml
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Water Buffering Capacity
Amendment (11% by vol.)0.25 to 0.85 mm LVMWashed, builders sand
Irrigate to minimize plant stressWater replacement to 98% CC
• 1200, 1500, 1800 HR EST
Load cell control • 94% to 98% CC
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Water Buffering Capacity
BP ≤ 0.05
0
100
200
300
400
500
Load Cell PM Replacement
claysand
To
tal
dry
we
igh
t (g
)
A B A B
123 g82 g
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Water Buffering Capacity
BP ≤ 0.05
0
100
200
300
400
500
Load Cell PM Replacement
claysand
Wa
ter
use
eff
eci
en
cy (
mL
g-1
)
B A B A
190 mL90 mL
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Financial Support
FNRI
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Columbia River Gorge, OR