CD11Cassette1 Introduction Pronunci,ltion Unit 1.1 Unit 1.2 Unit 1.3 Unit 1.5 Summary 1 Unit 2.1 U . ")")

rut-·-Unit ~.3 Unit 2.5 Sum11tant 2 Unit 3.1

.. Unit 3.2 Unit 3.3 Unit 3.5 5 lilt 1111t7 /'If J

• Review 1 Unit4.l

CD2/Cassette2 Unit 4.2 Unit 4.3 Unit 4.5 Swumm~t4 Unit 5.1 Unit 5.2 Unit 5.3 Unit 5.5 Sw11111m·y 5 Unit 6.1 Unit 6.2 Unit 6.3 Unit 6.5 Summary 6 Unit 7.1 U . ~ ')

mt 1 ·-

Unit 7.3 Unit 7.5

~

Summary 1

CD track 1 ') -

3-4 ~6 7-8

9 10

11-12 1~14 15-1(;

17 18

19-20 21-22 23-24:

25 26 27

28-29

CD track 1-2 J--.t

-J

6 7-8

9-10 ll-12

13 14

15-16 17- 18 19-20

21 22

":11-"4 -· -25-26 ~7-28

29 30

CDJ/CassetteJ Review 2 Unit 8.] Unit 8.2 Unit 8 3 Unit 8.5 S ummn ry 8 Unit 9.1 Unit 9.2 Unit 9.3 Unit 9.5 Summary 9 Unit 10.1 Unit 10.2 Unit 10.3 Unit 10.5 s 1111111111 fl/ J(J

~

Review 3 Unitll.l

CD'l/Cassette4 Unit 11.2 Unit 11.3 Unit 11.5 Summary 11 Unit 12.1 U . ]'J'} mt -·-Unit 12.3 Unit 12.5 s 1111111/(l/lf 12 Unit 13.1 Unit 13.2 Unit 13.3 Unit 13.5 S 111111/1111 Y I ~ Unit 14.1 Unit 14.2 Unit 14.3 Unit 14.5 Sullmlllry 14 Re\ iew 4

Co tuck 1

2 1 4 5 6-7

Q

10 11 12 n 14 11\

16 17

18-}4 20-21 22-23

24 2S 26

27-28

CD track 1 2 3-4

5 b

7-8 q_1o

11-12 13 14

15-16 17-ll:! lQ-20

21 21

2~ 24 25-:!6 27 2H

'>9 -30 :n

Alphabet

Printed forms Letter Approx. Tra11slit- Hnlldwritte1l forms

• eration fo·wer capital

lower capital ll0111C pro11.

-case

-case

a A 'ah' a a fl .J

6 6 'beh' b b o $"

8 B 'veh' v v G J3

r r 'geh' g g ~

Jl 'deh' d d 3 tf)

E 'yeh' £

e ye e e

•• 'yoh'

.. £ •• E e

yo yo e

II\ )I( 'zheh' French 'j' zh JK, J{C-

3 3 'zeh' z z 3 3

l1 'ee' lL

It

•

ee 1 u.

•• ~

l1 sl!ort i

J

It yin dipht1wng i

~ u t.l

~ K 'kah' k k X

.1 J1 'el' 1 1 .II Jl

M rvt 'em' m m Jl1

tl H 'en' n n 1-1 Jl

0 0 'oh' 0 0 D 0

II n 'peh' p j(

p

p p 'err' rolled 'r' .f r f c c 'es' s s c c I T 'teh' t

j/ t

-n1

" )' , I

J •

Ol) u u y 4> <J) 'cf' f f

j) f

X X 'hah' h J: kh X

ll u 'tseh' ts 11 ts ~

'I 4 'cheh' ch ch ~ 7:

Ill w 'shah' Irani 'sir' sh /J). (.!!

Ill Ill 'ssshah' soft 'sss/1' shch us lLI

1. 'h Jun cl sig11 II - 0

... hl 'uy' uy y bt.

I b •• h soft sig, -

~ lmck-cvnrds t' e e a a 10 10 I yuo' yoo yu ID iO

Sl 'yah' ya yn .., f;l{_

ix

Vowels There are ten vowels in the Russian alphabet. Five are the so-called 'hard vowels' and five are the so-called 'soft vowels'. When pronounced on their own, or at the beginning of a word, the first four 'soft' vowels have a y- sound at the beginning.

'Hard' vowels a 3 o y bl ••

'Soft' vowels H e e 10 H

Co11smzan ts Most consonants in Russian can be either 'soft' or 'hard'. A consonant is hard when it is followed by a so-called 'hard' vO\'\'el, or if it comes at the end of a word and does not have a soft sign (-b) after it. Here are the hard variants of consonants followed by some so-called 'hard' vowels.

Hard variants of 6y oo Jla ry Ja KO Jlbl

consonants Ma HJ no pa co Tbl ci»bl Xbl

A consonant is soft when it is followed by a so-called 'soft' vowel or has a soft sign (-b) after it. When pronouncing a soft consonant, the main part of the tongue is pushed up against the roof of the mouth, giving the sound a 'y'-like quality. Here are the soft variants of consonants followed by some so-called 'soft' vowels.

Soft variants of consonants

610 Be )lH rH 3H KJI JJH

MH He ne pH Ce TH c1»10 XH

And here are some examples of soft consonants followed by a soft sign (-b). The vowel a has been added before the consonant: aJib. aub, aTb. Without the soft sign these would be hard: aJI, an. aT.

Not all consonants have hard and soft variants. There are three inherently hard consonants, which are hard no matter what sort of vowel follows them, and there are two inherently soft consonants.

Inherently hard consonants Inherently soft consonants m

w

Stress has an important effect on the pronuncation of some vowels. In this book the stressed syllable in words of more than one syllable is marked with an acute accent- ouo. eMy,

-1 080PHTb. ln normal written Russian however - books, newspapers, signs, letters, etc.- stress is not marked, since Russians' k 1 d h . ~ now e ge .of their own language tells them w ere at falls.

I> I> I> I> I> I> I> I> I> I> I>

Starting out noexanM!

OBJECTIVES

In this unit you'll learn how to:

0 pronounce Russian words

0 greet people

0 ask simple questions

0 make simple statements

[> [>

And cover the following grammar and language:

0 3To 'this is', 'that is'

0 gender of nouns

0 pronouns

LEARNING RUSSIAN 1

The first challenge in learning Russian is familiarizing yourself with the script. Although it may look daunting to begin with, you will soon find that you can recognize the words you hear on the recordings quickly and that there are few surprises in Russian spelling. To start with, however, you will need to practise reading as much as possible. Reading exercises are included in this unit.

Although this course concentrates on listening and speaking, one of the best ways of learning new words is by writing them down, and then writing them out several times if possible. For this you will need to know Russian handwritten forms, which are a little different from printed letters (see page ix). Learning them now may seem like an extra bur~en to begin with, but your efforts will be repaid when you find you are reading and writing with ease!

@ Now start the recording for Unit 1.

1

The alphabet

AncJlaBHT h 't alreadv listen now to the Pronunciation Guide A If vou aven J' • Wh

~ ar{d look at the alphabet chart on pagbe txk. thenbyoukfeel you

f -1· vith the alphabet, come ac to e oo and try are am1 tar' the activity below.

ACTIVITY 1 · many words borrowed from English and many Russ1an uses .

· t. I' terms Try to work out the meantngs of the 'mtema wna · following words.

1 6opm 9 ,

UHKJIOH

10 ,

2 Q>6pyM SIHKII

3 , '3pa 11 x666n

4 ,

12 noHJJ,OH rapa)K 5

, 13 l.J.uKaro an3a

6 ., ,

ManoHe3 14 ..... ,

Hhlo-HopK 7 woQ>ep 15 AMepnKa 8

, 16 CaHKT-neTep6ypr mlTepbep

LANGUAGE BUILDING l 0 Stress and vowels

You now know all you need to know to read Russian words of one syllable correctly, and read out longer words in a slow and deliberate style.

In this book the stressed syllable in words of more than one syllable is marked with an acute accent (MocKea, xopow6). (In books for Russian native speakers stress is not marked, since Russians' knowledge of their own language tells them where it falls.)

Stress has an important effect on the pronunciation of some vowels. The following points are vital to your understanding and speaking of Russian:

• an unstressed o sounds something like 'ah' or 'uh'

• an unstressed e sounds something like 'i' or 'yi'

• an unstressed fl before the stressed syllable sounds like 'i' or 'yi'

Thus the word oH6, meaning 'it', will sound som~thi~g l~k~ 'uh-~o', and the word eM.' mean in 'to him', sounds something like Yl·moo.

ACTIVITY 2

Read the following words out loud. Remember, words of one syllable have no stress mark, and their vowels are pronounced as normal. Try to learn the meanings of the words as you go.

Words of one syllable: .na yes ue1· no

KTO? who? r.ne? where?

B I Tbl you [familiar, singular] OH he/it Mbl we Bbl you [plural; also polite si11gttlar]

Words of t·wo syllables: oua she/it

, OHO

, OHH

, BOK33.11

MocKoa TeTH

, CJIOBO

, BlbiK

, OKHO

it they

main railway station Moscow aunt [no stress marked as e is always stressed] word language window

Words of three syllables: pa66Ta work , YJUIU3

, xopowo

street OK; \Veil

Now do activities 3, 4, and 5 on the recording.

3

Hello!

3ApaBCTBYMTe! @ ACTIVITY 6 is on the recording.

ACTIVITY 7

A Listen to the recording. Which of the followin words ani phrases do you hear? g

1 lloKa! 2 llpHJITnoro anneniTa! 3 flO)I(MYHCTa!

B Which of the phrases above would you use:

a when offering somebody something? b on starting a meal? c when saying goodbye to a close friend?

DIALOGUE 1

0 no)l(anyifcra, sam 6opm. • Cnacu6o. A cMeTana? 0 BoT, no)l(anyifcTa. cMeTaHa. • Cnacu6o. 0 flO)I(MyHCTa, BclillH ~H .

.&. MMMM! Cnacli6o! 0 H xne6, no)J(anyiicTa. IlpM5ITHOro anneTI1Ta! • Cnacu6o!

I VOCABULARY

3AP8BCTBYMTe! AO CBMACJHMA! npMBeTI non I no•anyi4CTa cnacil&o B8W, UWM a CM8T6H8 BOT

.. II .... ...-THoro annerin'al

hello goodbye hi! [informal] bye! [informal] please; you're welcome thank you your ]· but and [with slight contrast, sour cream . · g or here is [said whilst pomtm indicating in some way] cabbage soup and bread 1 enjoy your meal .

LANGUAGE BUILDING r Rather than giving you any new grammar in this section, here is some more reading practice. For both activities, read the words out loud, repeating them several times. You will probably need to check back to the alphabet summary chart on page ix. Also, bear in mind how stress affects the vowels o , e, and R (see page 2) .

ACTIVITY 8

Read the following words out loud carefully. Try to learn the mearungs as you go.

Words of one syllable: uaw HO

TaM

l.lleCb

our but [strong contrast] there here

Words of two syllables: Kor.ua ? when?

very ~ also

town, city mum

TO IKe ~ ropo.u

Phrases: I can ,

H MOry ~

H XO'IY I want H JIJ06JIW I like, I love

Words of four syllables: HlBHHHTe! sorry! csn.uaune meeting, rendezvous

ACTIVITY 9

Try to work out the meanings of the following words.

1 6ap 8 aHopaK 15 3M6apro 2 <t>aKC 9 xynMraH 16 cfleMI-~HibM 3

~ 10 napnaMeHT 17 aBOKa,z:J.O caMMHT , 11 ~ 18 rHMH3CTiiKa

4 npHHTep nHuua , 5 BHCKH 12 i16ra 19 JIHTep~rypa 6 <t>yr66n 13 onTM~HcT 20 pesomo~ujl 7 HeiUI6H 14 KYJihTypa 21 opraHn3auujl

@ Now do activities 10 and 11 on the recording. 5

Are ou a student?

@ ACTIVITY 12 is on the recording.

ACTIVITY 13

What three things do Gleb and Svetlana have in common?

DIALOGUE 2

0 CseTnaHa, Bbi - cT)')J:eHTI<a? • LJ:a, .s~ - cry.IJ.eHTKa. A s~>r - cry.IJ.eHT? c~ ,na, Sl TO)f(e cry.neHT. A CseTa, Bbl - MOCKBMqKa? • LJ:a, MOCKBI-It.tKa. A Bbi? 0 51 To)f(e MOCKBIIt.t. Ho H nro6nK> CaHKT-IleTep6ypr. , • 51 TO)f(e n106n!O CaHKT-IleTep6ypr. Ot.teHh mo6nK>.

! voCABULARY

CTy.QeHTKa

CTy.QeHT

Calrra ,

MOCKBM"'Ka ,

MOCKBM"'

student [female] student [male] familiar form of the name CaeTnaHa

Muscovite [female] Muscovite [male]

LANGUAGE BUILDING I 0 3To 'this is'. 'that is'

The word 3To means 'this is' or 'that is'. (Notice that the word '4TO is

spelled with "'· not was you might expect.)

KTO 3To? Who is that? • 3To lt1aaH. That is Ivan. '-ITo 3To? What is that? • 3To 6op~. It's bortsch.

0 Simple statements

6

There is no verb 'to be' in the present tense. In writing it is sometimes indicated by a dash.

~- HVIHa. I am Nina. Tbl- MOCKBVlYKa. You're a Muscovite. 0Ha- spaY. She's a doctor. lt1aaH - onT1!1MVIcT. Ivan's an optimist.

0 Questions

Simple questions are made by keeping the same w d d . or or er as the statement, but usmg a question intonation.

HI-1Ha - spa'4. Nina is a doctor. H~Ha Bpa'4? Is Nina a doctor?

0 Gender of nouns

It is easy to tell the gender of a Russian noun from the ending on the form in which it appears in the dictionary. This form is called the nominative singular. Nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular are masculine. Here are some examples you know already:

6op~, xne6, RlbiK, BOKJan, r6po,q, CaHKT-neTep6ypr, apa'4, CTYAeHT, MOCKBM'4, cpyT66n, xynHraH

Most nouns ending in the letter -a, its 'soft' equivalent ·R, or -MR are feminine:

MaMa,cMeTaHa,MocKaa,pa66Ta,ynH~,nM~~ cTyAeHTKa, MOCKBM'4Ka, TeTft. BMJg_,_ peeomouMR

Nouns ending in the letters -o or -Me are neuter.

0 Pronouns singular

I " you [familiar) Tbl

plural we you [plural; also polite singular) they/nouns of any gender

Mbl

Bbl

he/masculine nouns OH • OHM she/feminine nouns neuter nouns

, OHa OHO

©

ACTIVITY 14 · t

In A and B below, match the questions with the appropna e answer.

A 1 f.ne XJie6? 2 r.ne cMeTaHa? 3 f.ne aBOKcl,UO?

a 0H6 3JleCh.

b OH TaM. ,

c Bor oHa.

a Omi 3~ech . B 1 f.ne 6opm? b BoT OH. no>K[Ulyi1cra!

2 r.ue MaMa? fA / ? c Ow\ 3)leCb. 3 f.ne fne6 H nBaH. .

. . . 15 16 and 17 on the recordmg. Now do achvtties , '

7

Who is that? KTo 3To? Below are some short biographies to introduce the main characters in our story I The Larin Family'. The first episode

follows in 1.5.

, , 3To EsreHIUI

flaBJIOBHa JlapHHa. OHa - 6a6ywKa.

A 3To HsaH fpuropbeBHq Jla pMH.

OH - ne.uylliKa. OH nro6MT 6opm.

, 3To TeTSJ TflHSI.

OHa - spali. 0Ha T6)Ke mo6Hr

6opm.

, 3To MapnSI HsaHoBHa A soT JleHa.

0Ha - ):(Ol.Jb.

3To Oner Iifs§.HoBirtt

JHipHH. )l{aposa.

0Ha- MaTh. OH _ npenonasareJib.

0Ha - :>KypHanHCTKa.

VOCABULARY

grandmother [used colloquially of any old woman]

nta6HT

grandfather [used colloquially of any old man]

apa"t M3Tb >t<ypHanHCTKa >t<ypHanaitcT ,QO"tb(f) npeno,QaeaTenb Xy,QO>KHHK WOTnilH,QKa TaTapHH

ACTIVITY 18

loves doctor mother journalist [female] journalist [male) daughter teacher artist Scottish woman Tartar

Read the biographies aloud several times, checking back in your book if you have forgotten any letters. Translate the text as you go, using the pictures to help you, and learn the new words.

ACTIVITY 19

You're at a business reception and you think you see Aleksei Semyonovich Gagarin, a Russian businessman who has done some work for your company. Check with your Russian host that it is indeed Aleksei Semyonovich, and then go over and say hello.

Don't be discouraged if at this stage you're still finding the alphabet hard going. It will take quHe a while before you feel really confident in reading and writing. If you keep practising, however, one day you'll suddenly realize you're reading or writing something in Cyrillic without even thinking about it, and all the hard work will have been worthwhile.

In the meantime, keep checking back over the alphabet chart on page ix and revising the early parts of the book. The more reading and writing practice you do, the easier it will be to learn new words and absorb granunar points.

9

1.5 fl8pMHbl - The Larin Family nporjnKa no TaepcK6My 6ynbaapy A stroll along the Tverskoi Boulevard

@ The scene takes place on Moscow's Tverskoi B 1 . 1 . ou evard where Evgentya Pav ovna Lanna, her daughter M . ' lvanovna Zharova, and her granddaughter Lena anya

h are takin afternoon stroll. By c ance, they meet someone M . g au I vanovna knows. anya

I VOCABULARY

my [with feminine nouns] -diminutive form of Lena- 'little Lena'

ACTIVITY 20

Listen to the story and write in the m1ssing words below.

1 Mapit51 HsaHOBHa. ___ ? 2 6opHC MuxaHIIOBHtJ, )TO MO~ ---· Esremt~ naBnOBHa.

3 , EsreHH51 llasnosHa. 4 A 3To? s Mo~ ;uoqh, JleHa. 6 , JleHOqKa.

ACTIVITY 21

Listen to the story again and answer the questions.

1 What is the name of the man they meet? 2 Who does Mariya introduce him to first? 3 What does the man ask Mariya next? 4 How does Mariya answer?

f . ? 5 What is the man's pro esston.

Test

Now it's time to test your progress in Unit 1.

1 Match 1-8 with the English equivalents from a-h.

1 no)KanyifcTa! a hi! 2 3.n;pciBcray'HTe! b OK! 3 )1.0 CBI1,llaHH51! C hello 4 I<TO 3To? d you're welcome 5 npruiTHoro anneTI1Ta! e thank you 6 npwaeT! f who is that? 7 xoporn6! g goodbye 8 cnacl16o! h enjoy your meal

2 Pair up the sentences 1-6 with the correct response from a-£ to make six mini-dialogues.

1[ 3.n;paBCTBy~iTe! ) ( lloKa! Ja 2[_ Ilo)Kany'Hcra! ) ( ,[{o CBI1)lclHIUI! Jb 3[_ ) (

, Jc KTo 3To? 3TO IUI·I.

Jd 4[ ,[(0 CB~aHH51! ) ( 3npaBCTBYHTe!

Je 5[ qTO )To? ) ( Crrac!f6o!

Jf 6! ) ( , ,

Iloi<a! 3To HBaH.

un· OH b dd. the correct prono · 3 Complete the replies Y a mg nli (plural).

(masculine), ona (feminine), ORO (neuter), or 0

1 r.n.e x.ne6? BoT 2 f.lle oKH6? BoT 3 f.n.e cry.n.eHT? 3.n.ecb. 4 f.lle ynHQa? 3,LJ,ecb. 5 r.ne MaaH H Eopnc? TaM.

6 r.ne MaMa? TaM.

4 Complete each sentence w ith the appropria te word from the box be low.

0 11 ,

OHa ,

OHI1

I.ITO KTO

, TO)l(e

mo6n.O ,

anneTHTa ,

CBM,llaJIJ1ji

1 rne6 CTy,lleHT, 11 CseTnaHa --- CTy)l.eHTKa. 2 ,[(0 , fieTp JiiBclHOBJ11.1! , 3 :5To? 3To Eoplic. 4 r)l.e 60pi.Q? 3,lleCb. 5 fip i•HTTHOfO ! 6 R CaHKT-0eTep6ypr. , 7 3To HI1Ha. - apaq. , 8 )To? 3TO I.QH.

9 Cue .ne.nyUJKa H 6a6yll1Ka? BoT _ _

5 How would you say the following things in Russian? (2 points for each correct answer, 1 point if you make only one error)

1 Thank the hotel receptionist for giving you your key. 2 Say you're a student. 3 Ask your tour-guide if she's a Muscovite. 4 Say you love beetroot soup! 5 Say 'hello' to some business colleagues. 6 Ask where Ivan Alekseyevich is. 7 Say 'goodbye' to a close Russian friend. 8 Apologize for stepping on someone's toe in a

crowded bus.

If you scored less than 35, go through the dialo~es and the Language Building sections again before completing the Summary on p age 14.

14

Summary 1

@ Now try this final test summarizing the main points . h" . v ch k covered tnt IS umt. 10U can ec your answers on the reco ct· r mg.

How would you: 1 greet a business colleague? a close friend? 2 say go~dbye to a business colleague? to a close friend? 3 say 'enJOY your meal'? · 4 ask 'who is that?' 5 say 'it's Ivan'? 6 ask where Nina is? 7 say 'she's here'? 8 ask a man you've just met if he's a doctor? 9 say you love St Petersburg?

REVISION

Before moving on to Unit 2, play Unit 1 through again and compare what you can say and understand now with what you knew when you started. Go over any vocabulary you still

feel unsure of.

Don't be discouraged if you find you're still having difficulties with the Russian alphabet. We've included plenty of reading practice in the next few units to help drive it home. In the meantime, keep testing yourself on the alphabet, remembering to write things down as often as you can; practising handwritten forms will also help you remember the alphabet. For further practice look at other Language es Building sections later in this book - you could try~~ ~~~he of the countries on page 91 (Unit 7) and page llS h( rut ~ue

U . 5) the mont s on p o

days of the week on page 65 ( n1t 'or . need to refer 113 (Unit 8). At this stage you ·will probably snlld tion to this back tO the alphabet summary chart in the fn.trO ~Ck I

· ti e it vnll snc · book a good deal. Don't worry - tn rn . ·t revteW

h xt few unt s, Once you have worked through t e ~e. everything you Unit 1 again. This will help to consohdate

have learned so far.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

First steps nepBble warM

OBJECTIVES

In this unit you'll learn how to:

0 express likes and dislikes

0 correct mistakes

0 request things

And cover the following grammar and language:

0 the present tense of Ia, lb, and II verbs

0 the accusative singular of nouns

0 nouns ending in a soft sign

0 the accusative of pronouns

0 imperatives ]

0 the plural of nouns

LEARNING RUSSIAN 2

Russian is a highly inflected language, which means that many words in the sentence alter their endings to express elements of grammatical meaning- for example, to show which word is the subject, which is the object, and so on.

For many people, remembering the correct inflectional endings to put on words is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Russian. There are different ways of approaching this task. In this course the different inflectional endings are introduced progressively, with examples and explanations in the Language Building sections. However, many people find it useful to look at all the inflectional endings together, presented in the fonn of a table: the inforn1ation is presented in this way in the Grammar Summary at the end of this book.

@ Now start the recording for Unit 2.

15

football 11rpa10 a ct»yT66n

ITY 1 is on the recording.

ACTIVITY 2

1 Does Svetlana like football? 2 Does Gleb play football well? 3 Does Gleb's brother play football well?

DIALOGUE 1

0 CseTniHa, Bbl n.06uTe 4>yr66n? ,lla, Jl n106n.O 4>yr66n. A BLI urpae-re a <l>yr66n?

0 ,lla, Jl HI pa10 s 4>yr66n xcbic.uLiii neHh. Ho sr nn6xo Hrpa10.

Moii 6paT T6>Ke urpae-r a 4>yr66n. Oi, KaK HHTepecHo! A oH xopom6 HrpaeT?

0 HeT, DJI6xo. MLI DJ16xo HrpaeM, Ho 6YeHh ni06HM HrpaTb.

I VOCABULARY I MrpBTb B ~yr66n KUf.QbiM .qeHb (m) nn6xo &paT KaK MHTepeCHO!

I LANGUAGE BUILDING I 0 The present tense

to play football every, each day badly brother how interesting!

d 11 differing in There are two main types of verbs in Russian: type I an type , 1 their endings in the present tense. Infinitives end in ·Tb {apart fr~m a eeowtten

· f ' ·r end1ng ar forms in •TM and ·'lit). Verbs with an -a- before the 1n '"' 've eptions

there are exc type I, and verbs with an ·M· are often type II. However, h verb ;tself· and it is better to learn which type a verb is when you learn t e f

d ding on the type o e'll

"JYpe I is further divided into type Ia and lb, epen you meet an . wei When

stem. Wrth type Ia verbs, the stem ends '" .a vo . ~he vocabulary note the first person singular form (hsted '"

as this will give you the present tense stem.

-

Type Ia verbs (stem ending in a vowel)

pa66TaTb - to work (stem: pa6c>Ta-)

fl pa66~atO I work (or I am working, etc.) Tbl pa6oTaewb you work [familiar singular] OH, oHa, oH6 pa66Ta~J: he, she, it works Mbl pa66TaeM we work

Bbl pa66TaeTe you work [polite singular, plural] oHl-1 pa66TatOT they work

Other type Ia verbs: 1upaTb 'to play' (f! ~rpa10), "U1TaTb 'to read' (fl Y~TatO), OTAbiXaTb 'to relax' (fl OT.QbrxatO), ,qenaTb 'to do', 'to make' (s:~ .Qena10), noHMMaTb 'to understand' (fl noH~MatO), H3y"faTb 'to learn' (fl ~3yya10) cnywaTb 'to listen' (R cnywa10), 3HaTb 'to know'. '

With type lb verbs, the stem ends in a consonant.

Type lb verbs (stem ending in a consonant)

>K.QaTb- to wait eX3Tb- to go (by transport) (stem: >K.Q-) (stem: e,q-) fl~ I wait ,

fl eAY- I go ••

you wait , Tbl >KAe•Ub Tbl eAeWb you go

•• he waits ,

he goes OH >KAgi OH e,qeT ••

we wait ,

Mbl~ Mbr e,qeM we go ••

you wait Bbr >K.QeTe , Bbl eAeTe you go ,

OH~ >KAY! they wait , ,

OH~ eAYI they go

If the verb is stressed on the ending, it has -e- instead of -e-.

Other type lb verbs: H.QTH 'to go (on foot)' (R ~.Qy), >KMTb 'to live' (fl >K~By).

Type II verbs

roaopl-1Tb - to speak, talk nta6HTb - to love (stem: roaop-) (stem: nta6n-, n.06-)

fl roaop!9 I speak f! nta6n!9 I love Tbl roaopl-iwb you speak Tbl n.06HWb you love OH roaop!fl: he speaks OH n.06~ he loves Mbl roaopl-iM we speak Mbl n.06HM we love Bbl roaopl-1Te you speak Bbrn.06MTe you love OHl-1 roaopffi: they speak oHl-1 n.06ffi: they love

Some verbs, such as nta6HTb above, have a slightly different stem from the second person singular onwards; for such verbs, the first and the second

person singular forms are listed in the vocabulary glossary.

Other type 11 verbs: cMOTpeTb 'to look, watch' (s:~ cMorptb, Tbr cM6Tp~wb}, BHAeTb 'to see' (fl ali!>t<y, Tbl alii.Q1.1Wb).

@ Now do activities 3 and 4 on the recording.

17

2.2

18

I don't like coffee ~ He n106nl0 K6ctle

@ ACTIVITY 5 is on the recording.

ACTIVITY 6

Correct the statements which are false.

1 Kolya's mother doesn't like coffee. 2 She sometimes drinks tea. 3 She orders milk and a bun. 4 She sends the bun back.

DIALOGUE 2

0 MaMa. Tbi x6tielllh K6<t>e?

T/F T/F T/F T/F

-

HeT, He xoqy. K6llil, Tbi 3Haelllb. qTo SI He mo6mo K6<t>e. 0 A, MO)KeT 6biTb, qaii? • HeT. Sl soo6me He IlbiO qai1. 0 MaMa, a liTO Tbi x6qemh?

R xoqy MonoK6 n 6ynol.n<y. 0 npHHeCHTe, flO)Kanyiicra. MOTIOKO H 6ynoqK)' .

• • •

... BoT, flO)KanyacTa, MOTIOKO H 6ynoqKa. npHSITHOfO arrnenira! Cnacl16o, K6neHbKa, HO 6ynotiJ<Y SI He xoqy.

0 MaMa, Sl He noHHMaro. Tbi x6qelllh 6ynoqKy Jinu He xoqelJlh?

R ee He xoqy, K6neHoKa, nopor6ii. 0Ha .LJ.JJSI Te6j}. Kyruai1,

K9mai1 Ha 3,Uop6sbe!

I VOCABULARY I K6q>e (m}

, Tbl XO'teWb

'fTO He Mi»KeT 6b1Tb

'faM (m) aoo6~e He R nbtO, Tbl nbeWb

MonoK6 6yno'fKa MnM

•• ee , -AOporOM

AJIR Te6fl KjwaM Ha 3AOp6Bbel

coffee you want that [conjunction] not maybe tea not at all 1 drink, you drink milk bun or . of otfa] it, her [accusatiVe dear, my dear for you . 1 eat! enjoy lt.

-

LANGUAGE BUILDING

0 The accusative singular of nouns

The grammar of a Russian sentence requires that nouns (and adjectives, etc.) should be in a particular form or case. There are six cases in Russian. You have already met the nominative, which is the case used when a noun is the subject of a verb and also in dictionary entries.

The accusative is the case used for the direct object of verbs. For masculine nouns (except for those referring to people and animals- see Unit 3) and for all neuter nouns, the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular.

7f '-13Y4iuo pyccK .. M R3btK. I am studying Russian . np'-1Hecl-1re, no>t<any~cra, MonoK6. Could I have some milk, please?

Feminine nouns change their endings from -a to-y or -MR to ·Hto.

7f xo4y 6yno~~. I want a bun. Bbt Bl-1.Q'-1Te yn .. ~? Can you see the street?

0 Nouns ending in a soft sign (-h)

Nouns ending in a soft sign may be either masculine or feminine. The nominative and the accusative forms are identical (except for masculine nouns referring to people or animals- see Unit 3). Here are some examples:

m: py6nb ('rouble'), rocTb ('guest'), AeHb ('day'), KpeMnb ('Kremlin'} f: nn6~aAb ('square'), ABepb ('door'), ~epKOBb ('church'}

0 The accusative of pronouns Pronouns have a different form when used in the accusative.

nom. accusative nom. accusative ,

I R MeHR we Mbl you (sing.) Tbl Te6R you (pl., formal) Bbl he • they OH ero she

, .. OHa ee

it • , OHO ero

OH ni06'-1T MeHfi. He loves me. OHL-1 JHatOr Te6R? Do they know you?

ACTIVITY 7

Put the words into the accusative.

1 CMeniHa 4 ynHua

2 flOH,llOH ,

5 MOJJOKO

• OHM

3 l.(epKOBb

6 .neHh

@ Now do activities 8 and 9 on the recording.

Hac sac MX

19

2.3

20

Could I have ... ?

AaMTe, no>KanyV.cTa, • • •

@ ACTIVITY 10 is on the recording.

ACTIVITY 11 1 What newspaper is Valerii Borisovich given first of all? 2 What is wrong with the copy of Pravdn? 3 What does the postcard turn out to be? 4 What three items does Valerii Borisovich buy in the end?

DIALOGUE 3 0 )l'UiTe. no>KarryiicTa, «llpaa.uy» H cnM.t.tKM.

BoT no)J(anyiicTa. 0 3To He «llpaB)la», a «He3aaH.cHMaSI fa3eTa». • 0, n3BHHHTe, no)KarryiicTa. BoT «fipaaJJ.a». 0 Ho 3To cTapa51, co BTOpHuKa. • A '-ITo? Cer6.nH.s~ He BT6pHHK? 0 HeT. cer6.UH.sl He BT6pHnK, a cpe.na.

Ax, .na! IlpasiinbHO! Yl3Bl1Hl1Te, no)J(aJiyikTa. BoT H6saH

«Dpas.na». Eme qTo-Hn6y.nh? 0 ~aH:Te, fiO)Kfui)'liCTa. eme JTY OTKpbiTKY.

, 3TO He OTKpbiTKa, a KaneH.riapuK.

0 Hy xoporn6, .SI B03bMY KaneH.napnK, «0p{iB.UY» u cm!ttKlJ.

0 O)l(MyHCTa.

I VOCABULARY I AilMTe «npaaAa» «He3aBMCMM3Jt ra3eTa»

, CnM'4KM

, cTapaJt c,co

, BTOpHMK cer6AHJt cpeAil , npaaMnbHO HOB 3ft

•• ell.\e '4Tc>HM6YAb &LL\e '4Tc>HMYAb?

, OTKpb1TK3 Kan&HAapMK

, B03bMY

could I have ... ? [literally: give]

Pravda Nezavisimaya Gazeta matches old from Tuesday today Wednesday that's right new still, else, further . anything, something anything else? postea rd !bl little calendar h verb s3flf~ will take [from t e

-

LANGUAGE BUILDING

0 Imperatives 1

You've already met the following examples of the formal or plural imperative (for situations where you would use Bbl): cnywaHTe 'listen', HJBHHMTe 'excuse me, sorry', J.QpascTBYHTe 'hello', npHHecr.fre 'bring'.

Here are some more examples:

.QaHTe, no>t<any~cra, Xlle6. Please give me some bread. CMOTpHTel Look! BXOAHTel Come in!

CKa>KHTe, no>t<any~cra, rAe Merp6? Can you tell me, please, where the metro is?

For the informal singular imperative (for situations where you would use Tbl), the final -Te is dropped: HJBHHH! AaH! CMOTpH! CKa>KHI

0 The plural of nouns in the nominative and accusative

With the exception of nouns referring to animals and people (see Unit 4), the accusative plural is the same as the nominative plural.

Masculine nouns ending in consonant add -bl

, , BOKJanhl cTyAeHTbl

-b replace with -H py6nH, r6CTM

Feminine nouns ending in -a replace with -bl

, , BHJg ynH4hl

-b replace with -H , .

nno~a~ ABepM -HJI replace with -HH pesonK>uHH

Neuter nouns ending in -o replace with -a enos~, OKH~

-He replace With -HJI CBHAclHHJI

Following Spelling Rule 1 (see Grammar Summary page 221 for details) the letter bl must be replaced by H after K. r. x. >K . .,., w. or~. This affects many plurals, such as: cnH.,.K!1 ('matches'). oTKpbiTKH ('postcards'), JtJbiKH ('languages'), spa._.H ('doctors').

ACTIVITY 12

Match the situations 1-4 with the expressions from a-d.

1 Asking directions. a )],anTe, no>Kfulyi1cTa, «npas.uy». 2 Ordering a drink. b CI<a)f(IITe, no)l(anyi1CTa, r)le MeTp6? 3 Buying a paper. c Bxo;uiTe! 4 Knock on door. d flpnnecJITe, no)l([Uiyi1cTa. qai1.

@ Now do activities 13 and 14 on the recording. 21

2.4 Signs BbiBeCKM ACTIVITY 15 Here are some common words you will see around you on signs, shops and other buildings. They are all in capital letters -you may need check back to the alphabet summary chart page ix to remind yourself of the fo~~s. See if you can wor~n out the meanings. Complete the actlvtty and then check the

vocabulary list which follows.

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

BXO)l

-· -· . -- ·-· --··· ... .. -· .... !

ABT01iYC .... -- -- ...__.. ..._...... - -·-

KHV1fV1

Kl10CK

. •

~-- · - · -·- ·-·-·- ·---·- · -·-·-·-·- -·~ • •

PECTOPAH I • I •

METPO

---------------------------------' ' ' ' i KACCA l I o ._ ____________________________________________ !

AITTEKA

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

~----·------------------- .............

\ MOPO)l(EHOE·-·-·1 ~------------- I .................................. ......... I ...............

TPOflflEVlSYC

. " -TYAJIETbl

BOK3AJI

KMHO

KBAC .-. • _......................... ...... .. ....... ,_., ....

OHBO -·

_ _,

16 TAKC~ _.-:

_ .. -~ I

-------- I

18 r··----TE~~ !.------·-·-··--

VOCABULARY

bus chemist's entrance

3BT66yc anTeKa BXOA Kacca KBac

ticket-office, box-office, cash-desk

• KMHO kvass [a Russian drink made from black bread} cinema, movies book • KHMra

Mop6>KeHoe • 1ce-cream

• nMBO beer • no"'Ta post office

ACTIVITY 16

Now here are some names of streets, museums, cafes, and so on. Identify the places with the help of the vocabulary list below.

1

3

5

7

9

11

K.A<I>E «KOnAKAEAHA»

TBEPCKOl/1 6YnbBAP

r ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- - ·- ·- - ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·, • : HOBA51 ! : TIJIOIIJ;A.IJ:h i • • ~ ·- ·- ·- · - · -·- -·-- -·-·--- - · - J

YHl!IBEPCl!ITET

PECTOPAH I

«Y liAiiYlUKH» ~--------~------------------------------------

MY3EH PEBOJIIOQMH

I VOCABuLARY I • ceram1cs

2

4

6

8

10

12

MY3Eiii KEPAMVIKVI

,L(OM-MY3Ei1 K. C. CTAHHCnABCKOfO

,[(Ol\1-MY3EM A. ll.I.JEXOBA

.... ..... ............ .................. . - .. .... .

nllOLUA.Qb PEBOiliOU~~ . ... ..... . . . ...

KPEMJIL ·----------------·---------------------------~ I : ! KPACHA51 !

I n11omNJ.h i L-----------·---------------------------------·

KepaMMKa y (+gen.) AOM KpacHaR

at someone's house, at, by house red

23

2.5

2A

napMHbl n&tta noK)fnileT MOpb>KeH08

@?) Lena buys an ice-cream

Evgeniya Pavlovna, Mariya lvanovna, and little Lena are continuing their afternoon stroll along the Tverskoi Boulevard.

[ VOCABULARY \

KOHe'fHO K8K0e 3CKMMO nnoM6Mp

K)fnMTb II (KYnn.O. Kjn~Wb) • HaaepHoe

HY M Hy! npOcTO 3TO 'fYAO!

ACTIVITY 17

of course what sort of ... ? choc-ice 'plombieres' {ice-cream with candied fruit] to buy {here we should buy] probably well, l never! simply it's wonderful!

-

Who's speaking: Mariya Ivanovna, Lena, or the ice-cream man?

1 Tbi x6qewh Mopo)l(eHoe? 2 5I. Jno6nK> Mop6)1(eHoe! 3 .5J. xoqy 3CKHMO. 4 )l.aiiTe, fiO)I(MyilcTa, '3CKHMO.

5 Eme qT6-HH6y.[(b? 6 Bbt He nJ66HTe, a SI rrro6nK>.

ACTIVITY 18 Listen to the story and decide whether the following hich statements are true or false . Correct the statements w

are false.

1 Lena doesn't feel like an ice-cream. choc-ice. 2 Mariya Ivanovna asks the ice-cream man for a ~ bl'

h g ice-creajl' • 3 The ice-cream man gives Lena t e wron

mistake. 1 ·""a wo. · PaV Ov~< 4 They buy an ice-cream for Evgen1ya 5 Mariya lvanovna doesn't like ice-cream.

ACTIVITY 19

Now listen to the story again and note all the imperative forms you hear in the dialogue: there are four in total. Write them out below, giving their

• meanings. • 1 meanmg: • 2 11lCt111111g: • 3 I11Cl?11111g: • 4 mcmzzng:

STORY TRANSCRIPT

Mariya Ivanovna Lena Mariya lvanovna Lena Mariya Ivanovna Ice-cream man Lena Ice-cream man Lena Ice-cream man Lena

Mariya Ivanovna Lena Mariya lvanovna Lena

Jle110~1Ka, CMOTpH! BlUtHlllb MOp6>KeHOC'? Tt.t XO•Ielllh MOpo>KeHoe'! Ypa! Mop6>Ket1oc! Kmre~mo. xo~ry! 5l mo6m6 Mopoii<crroc! JleHO"'Ka, CKa>KM, KaK6e Tbl X04Clllb MOpo>KetiOC'? MMMM, Mo>KeT 6hiTb '3CKHMo? HeT ... .ua. 'JCKIIMO. 5l xo•ry "lCKUMo. .LJ.aiiTe, no>Kanyficra, JCKHMo. BoT. no>KanyikTa. Ho :ho He JCKJiMo. a nnoM6I1p. 0. npaannhHo! 113BHmi. no>Kanyficra. Bo1 'JcKmro. Cnac1i6o. Eme ~ono-Hu6yJJ.b? MaMa, MOiKCT 6biTb, KJ'TUITb JJ.nR 6a6ywKu? Oua. uaaepHoe. TO>Ke XOYCT

• Mopo>KeHoe. HeT. JleHo"'Ka. 6a6ywKa He m66HT Mopo>KeHoe. A Tbl. MaMa, He xoqelllb MOpo>KeHoe? Her, cnacli6o, JleH04Ka. R T6>Ke He Jl106m6 Mop6>KeHoe. Hy H Hy! Bhi He m66HTe, a R mo6m6. Mopo>KeHoe - ·)To upocro 4YJJ.O!

25

26

Test

Now it's time to test your progress in Unit 2.

1 Match the following phrases with their English equivalents.

1 ~ 3Hal0 ee a he is playing 2 oH urpaeT b I am waiting 3 npnHeciiTe, no:>~<anyi\cTa. nllso c where is the church? 4 r.ne uepKOBb? d I know her 5 MOJIOKO 11 6ynot.IKa e I'd like a beer, please 6 TeTH, 3To Tbi? f do you like Moscow? 7 Bbl ;n66wTe MocKsy? g is that you, Auntie? · 8 "- :>K.D.Y h milk and a bun

2 Pair up 1-6 with the correct response a-£ to make up six

mini-dialogues.

1 qTo shi .nenaeTe? ,

2 3To He K6cpe, a qaJ%. 3 Tbi ml.nnlllb Teno? 4 5I He Mory. 5 3.upascTsy.HTe, HBaH fpnr6pbesuq! 6 ,UaiiTe, ITO)I(clJIYHCTa, OTKpbiTKy.

a Ax, H3Bl1HHTe, no)J(arryiicTal

b A S1 TO)J(e He Mory! c BoT, no)l(anyiicTa. d 0, BXO.zu1Te, BXO.UHTe!

e Mbi oT.UbixaeM.

f H eT, S1 ee He BH)l()'.

3 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

1 51 ____ _

2 Mbi ------3 OHa ------4 OHM ------5 Bbi ____ _

6 Tbi ____ _

()I(.LJ.aTh, Ib) (pa66TaTh, Ia) ( rosopliTb. II) (ni06IITh, II) (noHnMaTh. Ia)

(exaTh, Ib)

4 Give the gender of the words, then make them plural.

1 Cl)'J.(CHT ml fIn 2 ymu~a mlf/n J OKHll mlfln 4 1 oc 1 b m I f I n 5 ~tOCKBJilJKa ml fIn

5 Complete each sentence with an appropriate noun or pronoun in the accusative taken fron1 the box below.

, 513bl K

, ITHBO IIX

, , MCJUJ MocKBY

Te6}} pecTopaH «D pas.uy»

, ero

, 1 rne Oner? 5I He BlDKy. 2 5I soo6me He rrhiO .

3 0Ha KclJK.llbiM .neHb l.JHTaeT . 4 Tbl ee mo6lllllb, a OHa He nro6nT. 5 5I 3HcliO «Y 6a6ylllKH». 6 5I rosopro, a Bhi He cnymaeTe ____ ! 7 Mbi uJyt.nieM pyccKnM: .

8 MaMa nro6HT CaHKT-IleTep6ypr, a nan a nro6nT ----9 r.ne rne6 11 CseTnciHa? Bhl BH):(HTe ?

6 How would you do the following in Russian? (2 points if correct, 1 point if only one error) 1 Tell son1eone you love football. 2 Ask where the telephone is. 3 Say sorry, you don't understand. 4 Ask the hotel receptionist if he understands you. 5 Order some ice-cream in a restaurant. 6 Ask for a post-card in a kiosk. 7 Say 'come in!' 8 Say you don't like beer.

TOTAL SCORE .___

If you scored less than 45, go through the dialogues and the Language Building sections again before completing the Summary on page 28.

27

•

Summary 2

@ Now try this final test summarizing the main points covere in this unit. You can check your answers on the recording. d

How would you: 1 say you understand? 2 say you don't understand? 3 say you don't know? 4 say you love Moscow? 5 ask a business colleague if he likes beer? 6 say it's not tea, it's coffee? 7 say it's not Ivan, it's Oleg? 8 ask the waiter to bring some milk? 9 ask for a postcard at a kiosk?

REVISION

Before moving on, play Unit 2 through again and see how much you have already learnt. Go over any points of grammar you still feel unsure of, and check that you know the new vocabularly introduced in the unit.

If you have not already done so, have look at the tables in the Grammar Summary at the end of the book. See how the cases you have learned- the non1inative and the accusative- fit into the information given in the tables. If you find it useful, you may like to write out these tables a few times- it may help the different forms stick in your mind. Don't worry, however, if you're finding all these different forms bewildering at the moment. As you continue through the course you'll see that, although the system is complex, the patterns are generallY regular and there are very few exceptions.

. · · real· Practise the new grammar from this unit by tmag~Jerent life situations. For example, how would you order t.1 , ,rV0uld ki k? .nOV! • things in a restaurant or buy things from a 05

· .. g real you say whether you like or don't like them? Im~ for situations such as these will help the different en I.I1

verbs and nouns stay at the front of your mind .