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7/13/2015 1 Oxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 Goal: ATP Synthesis

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Page 1: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

7/13/2015

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15

Goal:  ATP Synthesis 

Page 2: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Overview

• Redox reactions

• Electron transport chain

• Proton gradient

• ATP synthesis

• Shuttles

Analogy:  How does burning coal put flour in the grocery store?

Standard Reduction Potential

Page 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Half Reactions

• Reduction potential written in terms of a reduction half reaction

• Aox Ared

• Example:NADH + FMN  NAD+ + FMNH2

Redox reactions:  electricity

• 2 e‐ transfer

• Calculate G by reduction potential

• NADH:  Eo’ = ‐.32

• FMN: Eo’=‐.30

• Go’ = ‐nFEo’ = ‐2(96485)(0.02)

= ‐3.9 kJ/mol

Page 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Numerous Redox Substrates• O2: high “reduction potential”

• Substrates

– Organic cofactors

– Metals (iron/sulfur clusters)

– cytochromes

Coenzyme Q:  Mobile Carrier

• FADH2 is a one e‐donator

• Many reactions, including metals

• Ubiquinone is a key intermediate

• Can diffuse through nonpolar regions easily

Page 5: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Oxygen:  the final electron acceptor

• Water is produced—has very low reactivity, very stable

• Superoxide, peroxide as toxic intermediates

• Overall reaction

NADH + H+ + ½ O2 NAD+ + H2O

Page 6: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Flow Through Complexes

Compartmentalization

Page 7: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Protonmotive Force

• NADH + H+ + ½ O2 NAD+ + H2O + 10 H+ pumped

• succinate + ½ O2 fumarate + H2O + 6 H+ pumped

Complex I

• NADH  Q through

– FMN

– Iron‐sulfur clusters

• “Q pool”

• 4 protons pumped

– Proton wire

Page 8: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Complex II

• Non‐NADH sources

– Complex II (citric acid cycle)

– Fatty acid oxidation

– Glycerol‐3‐phosphate shuttle (glycolysis)

• Bypasses Complex I 

– Loss of 4 protons pumped

Complex III

• QH2 cytochromes• 4 protons pumped• Through Q cycle• Problem 10: An iron‐

sulfur protein in Complex III donates an electron to cytochrome c. Use the half reactions below to calculate the standard free energy change. How can you account for the fact that this process is spontaneous in the cell?

FeS (ox) + e‐ FeS (red)            Eo’ = 0.280 VCyt c (Fe3+) + e‐ cyt c (Fe2+) Eo’ = 0.215 V

Page 9: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Complex IV

• Cytochromes  O2

• Stoichiometry of half of an oxygen atom

Page 10: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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NADH into Matrix

• NADH of glycolysis must get “into” matrix

• Not direct• Needs either

– malate‐aspartate shuttle (liver)

– Glycerol‐3‐phosphate shuttle (muscle)

• Costs 1 ATP worth of proton gradients, but allows for transport against NADH gradient

Glycerol‐3‐phosphate Shuttle

• Glycerol phosphate shuttle (1.5 ATP/NADH)

• Produces QH2

• Operational in some tissues/circumstances

Page 11: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Overall

• Chemiosmosis

• 10 protons shuttled from matrix to intermembrane space

• Makes pH gradient and ion gradient 

Problem 39

• How did these key experiments support the chemiosmotic theory of Peter Mitchell?– The pH of the intermembrane space is lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

– Oxidative phosphorylation does not occur in mitochondrial preparations to which detergents have been added.

– Lipid‐soluble compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation while allowing electron transport to continue.

Page 12: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Proton Gradient

• Gradient driven by concentration difference + charge difference– Assume pH 0.5 and 170mV membrane potential

• Free energy of ATP hydrolysis = ‐48 kJ/mole

• How many protons needed to fuel ATP formation?  Minimum of 3

Protonmotive Force

• Flow of electrons is useless if not coupled to a useful process– Battery connected to wire

• Proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane

Page 13: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Using the Gradient

• Coupled to ATP synthesis

• Uncouplers used to show link of oxygen uptake and ATP synthesis

Complex V: ATP Synthase

• Molecular motor

• Rotor: c, , – Proton channel

Page 14: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Proton Channel• Protons enters channel between rotor and stator 

• Rotor rotates to release strain by allowing proton to enter matrix

• 8‐ 10 protons = full rotation– Species dependent

• “Stalk” () moves inside the“knob”—hexameric ATP synthase

• Knob held stationary by “b”

Page 15: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Hexameric Knob

Binding‐Change Mechanism

• Stalk causes ATP synthase to have three different conformations: open, loose, tight

• In “tight” conformation, energy has been used to cause an energy conformation that favors ATP formation

Page 16: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Remember Analogy

• Fuelelectricitywater pumped uphillflows down to grind flour

• But we don’t have bread until flour is transported to where it needs to go!

• Compartmentalization:  ATP is in matrix, but must get to the rest of the cell

Active Transport of ATP

• ATP must go out, ADP and Pi must go in

• Together, use about 1 proton of protonmotiveforce

Page 17: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Energy Accounting• ATP costs 2.7 protons

– 8 protons produces 3 ATP

• NADH pumps 10 protons when 2 e‐ reduce ½ O2

– 4 protons in Complex I, 4 protons in Complex III, and 2 protons in Complex IV

• P/O ratio‐‐# of phosphorylation per oxygen atom– 10H+/NADH (1 ATP/2.7 H+) = 3.7 ATP/NADH

– 6H+/QH2 (1 ATP/2.7 H+) = 2.3 ATP/QH2

• In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking”– i.e. importing phosphate

Uncouplers

• “Uncouple” protonmotive force from ATP synthase

– DNP pKa / solubility perfectly suitable

• Other respiration poisons

– Cyanide—binds Complex IV in place of oxygen

Page 18: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Indiana University …courses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech15.pdfOxidative Phosphorylation Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 15 ... – Oxidative phosphorylation

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Net ATP Harvest from Glucose

• Glycolysis = 2 ATP

– Plus 3 or 5 ATP from NADH

– What leads to difference in this case?

• Pyruvate DH = 5 ATP

• Citric Acid Cycle = 20 ATP

• Total: 30‐32 ATP/glucose

Problem 47

• A culture of yeast grown under anaerobic conditions is exposed to oxygen, resulting in dramatic decrease in glucose consumption. This is called the Pasteur effect. Explain.

• The [NADH]/[NAD+] and [ATP]/A[ADP] ratios also change when an anaerobic culture is exposed to oxygen. Explain  how the ratios change and what effect this has on glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in yeast.