oxygenation
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 39
Oxygenation
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Cardiovascular Physiology
• Structure and function– Myocardial pump– Myocardial blood flow– Coronary artery circulation– Systemic circulation– Blood flow regulation: cardiac output,
preload, afterload, contractility– Conduction system
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Respiratory Physiology
• Structure and function (cont'd)– Breathing: inspiration, expiration– Lung volumes and capacities– Pulmonary circulation– Respiratory gas exchange: oxygen,
carbon dioxide– Regulation of respiration
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Factors Affecting Oxygenation
• Physiological factors: cardiac– Conduction disturbances– Impaired valvular function– Myocardial hypoxia– Cardiomyopathic conditions– Peripheral tissue hypoxia
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Factors Affecting Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Physiological factors: respiratory– Hyperventilation– Hypoventilation– Hypoxia
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Factors Affecting Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Additional physiological factors– Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity– Decreased inspired oxygen
concentration– Hypovolemia– Increased metabolic rate– Conditions affecting chest wall
movement
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Factors Affecting Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Additional physiological factors– Musculoskeletal abnormalities– Trauma– Neuromuscular diseases– Central nervous system alterations– Chronic disease
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Alterations in Cardiac Functioning
• Conduction disturbances– Atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias
• Altered cardiac output– Heart failure
• Impaired valvular function
• Myocardial ischemia– Angina, MI, acute coronary
syndrome
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Alterations in Respiratory Functioning
• Hyperventilation
• Hypoventilation
• Hypoxia
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Developmental Factors
• Infants and toddlers
• School-age children and adolescents
• Young and middle adults
• Older adults
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Lifestyle Factors
• Nutrition
• Exercise
• Smoking
• Substance abuse
• Stress
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Environmental Factors
• Residence location
• Occupation
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Nursing History
• Fatigue
• Dyspnea
• Cough
• Wheezing
• Pain
• Environmental or geographical exposures
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Nursing History (cont'd)
• Respiratory infections
• Health risks
• Medications
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Assessment of Oxygenation
• Physical examination– Inspection– Palpation– Percussion– Auscultation
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Assessment of Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Diagnostic tests: blood studies– Complete blood count– Cardiac enzymes– Cardiac troponin I– Serum electrolytes– Cholesterol
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Assessment of Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Diagnostic tests: cardiac function– Electrocardiogram (ECG)– Holter monitor– Exercise stress test– Thallium stress test– Electrophysiological study (EPS)– Echocardiography– Scintigraphy– Cardiac catheterization
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Assessment of Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Diagnostic tests: ventilation studies– Pulmonary function– Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)– Arterial blood gases– Oximetry– Chest x-ray– Bronchoscopy– Lung scan
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Assessment of Oxygenation (cont'd)
• Diagnostic tests: ventilation studies (cont'd)– Thoracentesis– Throat cultures– Sputum specimens
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Nursing Diagnoses
• Ineffective airway clearance
• Ineffective breathing pattern
• Decreased cardiac output
• Impaired gas exchange
• Risk for infection
• Ineffective tissue perfusion
• Impaired spontaneous ventilation
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Planning
• Goals and outcomes– Client’s lungs are clear on auscultation– Client coughs productively
• Setting priorities
• Continuity of care
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Implementation: Health Promotion
• Body weight• Diet• Exercise• Stress reduction• Occupational safety• Smoke-free• Regular physical examinations
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Implementation: Health Promotion (cont'd)
• Vaccinations/immunizations– Influenza– Pneumonia
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Implementation: Acute Care
• Dyspnea management
• Airway maintenance– Mobilization of secretions– Suctioning– Artificial airways
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Implementation: Acute Care (cont'd)
• Maintenance and promotion of lung expansion– Positioning– Incentive spirometry– Chest tubes
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Implementation: Acute Care (cont'd)
• Maintenance and promotion of oxygenation: oxygen therapy– Safety precautions– Oxygen supply– Methods of oxygen delivery– Home oxygen therapy
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Implementation: Acute Care (cont'd)
• Restoration of cardiopulmonary functioning—CPR
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Implementation: Restorative Care
• Hydration
• Coughing techniques
• Respiratory muscle training
• Breathing exercises
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Evaluation
• Client care
• Client expectations