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P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Pacific Disaster Center
590 Lipoa Parkway, Suite 259
Kihei, Maui, Hawaii 96753http://www.pdc.org
Tsunamis Mother
Nature’s Weapon of
Mass Destruction
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Agenda
• Tsunami Overview
• Tsunami Risk in the Pacific
• Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
• Tsunami Alert and Notification System
• Mitigation to reduce the Tsunami Threat
• Open Discussion
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
590 Lipoa Parkway, Suite 259
Kihei, Maui, Hawaii 96753http://www.pdc.org - [email protected]
1-808-891-7939 - 1-808-891-0526 (Fax)
Pacific Disaster Center
What is a Tsunami ?
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What is a Tsunami?
Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a series of waves of extremely long wave length and long period, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces the water.
Tsunami is a Japanese word represented by two characters: "tsu" and "nami". The character "tsu" means harbor, while the character "nami" means wave.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What Causes a Tsunami?
Earthquakes Landslides MeteoritesEarthquakes generate tsunamis when the sea floor abruptly deforms and displaces the overlying water from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed when the displaced water mass, acting under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. Note: In the open ocean typically tsunamis travel at the speed of a jet plane.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Historical Tsunami Events
Tsunami Risk in the Pacific
Historical Tsunami Events
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Risk in the Asia and Pacific Regions
Since the 1900s, there has been over 800 recorded tsunamis of which 136 were destructive, resulting in over 300,000 deaths
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Risk in the Asia and Pacific Regions
Losses resulting from as Asia and Pacific-Wide Tsunamis:Years Location Deaths
1923 TOKAIDO, JAPAN 2,1441933 SANRIKU, JAPAN* 3,0001946 NANKAIDO, JAPAN 1,9971960 S. CENTRAL CHILE 1,2601976 MORO GULF, PHILIPPINES 8,0001992 FLORES REGION, INDONESIA 1,0001998 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2,1822004 INDIAN OCEAN* 265,000
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
In Hawaii, Tsunamis have killed more people than all the disaster combined. Hawaii has experienced destructive Tsunamis in:
Years Deaths Damage ($)1946 159 26,000,0001952 0 1,000,0001957 0 5,000,0001960 61 23,000,0001975 2 4,100,000
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunamis that have Affected Hawaii
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
• Develop a Tsunami Automated Notifications to improve early warning.
• Use numerical modeling to create inundation and evacuation maps.
• Develop products for decision and policy makes showing the socioeconomic impacts of tsunami inundation.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
• Important components of effective warning system
• Response plan – defines roles and responsibilities
• Communication system methods• Public education about te tsunamis hazard
(tsunami awareness week)• Tsunami Evacuation Maps
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
• PTWC - provides tsunami warnings to public officials in tsunami-prone areas, Hawaii, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Island Territories
• Civil Defense Agencies - provides tsunami warnings to the public, activating tsunami alert systems, manages the evacuation, and operations the shelters
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
• Automated Digital Network (AUTODIN) is to disseminate tsunami bulletins to U.S. Department of Defense.
• Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN) is a worldwide system of circuits for exchanging messages or digital data.
• National Meteorological Center (NMC) is used to send Tsunami Bulletins into the (WMO) Global Telecommunications System.
• NOAA Weather Wire (NWW) is a satellite broadcast service maintained by the NWS to disseminate weather products domestically.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
• Hawaii State Civil Defense (HCD) is a telecommunications network that connects Weather Service Offices, State and County Civil Defense offices.
• TELEX – is for remote stations or dissemination agencies that do not have access.
• Internet – A group email list (emergency managers and media) is maintained.
• National Warning System (NAWAS) is a nationwide dedicated voice telephone system.
• Hawaii Warning System (HAWAS) is a statewide dedicated voice telephone system.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
What the PDC is doing to make of Difference
TWS presently has 26 member states:• Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, • the Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Democratic People’s
• Republic of Korea, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, • France, Guatemala, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico,• New Zealand, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines,
• Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, • Thailand, the Russian Federation and the U.S.
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R Pacific
Disaster Center
Automated Tsunami Alert System
Automated Notification – Pager, Cell Phones & Email
MobileTelecommunications
Switching Office
Pacific Disaster Center Proprietary and Confidential
Input
Output
Output
PDC Private Website
Emergency Management
Operations System (EMOPS)
System Output:Automatic Notification
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Message
Processor
PDC Automated Process Emergency Officials
Posted to PDC WebsitePosted to PDC Website
Automated EmailAutomated Email
20 Latest Messages20 Latest Messages
Tsunami Travel Time Model
Tsunami Travel Time Model
Extracts Data From Tsunami
Bulletin
Text Messaging to Pagers and Cell Phones
Text Messaging to Pagers and Cell Phones
PDC Subscribers Receive Tsunami
Bulletin
PDC Subscribers Receive Tsunami
Bulletin
Automated PagingAutomated Paging
Posted to PDC Website Posted to PDC Website
Automated ProcessesReaching Emergency Officials
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Overview, 1
System Output: 20 Latest Messages
Pacific Disaster Center Proprietary and Confidential
Messages Automatically Posted to PDC
Private Website: Emergency
Management Operations
System (EMOPS)
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Alert Model Tsunami Bulletin
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
Bulletin
Time of Arrival – Displayed by
Time
Time of Arrival – Displayed by
Name
PDC Tsunami Alert Model
Pacific Disaster Center Proprietary and Confidential
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Hawaiian Islands
Earthquake Epicenter
Tsunami Travel Time Map
Pacific Disaster Center Proprietary and Confidential
Tsunami Travel Time
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Risk & Vulnerability Assessment
The PDC has been working closely with regional organizations in applying models, analysis tools, and GIS to develop products for assessing and visualizing the impacts of tsunami inundation.
Courtesy of Vasily Titov
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Pacific Disaster Center Meets with Fiji Cabinet
Showing a simulation depicting the tsunami inundation in modern daySuva, Fiji based on the 1953 Tsunamigenic earthquake
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Simulation Suva Harbor Area Onshore View
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Simulation Suva Harbor Area Onshore View
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami SimulationSuva Harbor Area
Offshore View
Tsunami Simulation Suva Harbor Area Offshore View
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Tsunami Simulation Suva Harbor Area Side View
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Risk & Vulnerability Assessment
• Moving from a reactive to a proactive approach to emergency management
• Improved capability to predict levels of damage, and the economical and social impacts of different disaster types
Exposure of Critical FacilitiesExposure of Critical FacilitiesTsunami Inundation
P A C I F I C D I S A S T E R C E N T E R
Risk & Vulnerability Assessment
PDC has used the Method of Splitting Tsunami Mofjeld (MOST) model was used to simulate tsunami evolution and to estimate the maximum inundation based upon a hypothetical earthquake event.
The model has been applied to inundation studies in Vanuatu and Fiji.
The Model also accounts for inner wave interaction and directionality.