p l x a chapter : 1 matter in our surroundings...chapter : 1 matter in our surroundings matter n our...
TRANSCRIPT
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 1CH
APTE
R : 1 M
atte
r in O
ur S
urro
unding
s
Ma
tter
n O
ur
iS
urr
ound
ings
Def
init
esh
ape
and
vo
lum
e
Hr
sar
d t
o c
om
pe
s
Mo
lecu
les
are
clo
sely
pac
ked
so
lid
havehig
h
densi
ty
can
be
B-
Ein
stei
no
seC
on
den
sate
s
Mo
lecu
les
can
mo
ve
wit
hin
th
e co
nta
iner
Gas
es
Pla
sma
ir, h
yd
rog
enA
gas
car
ryin
gel
ectr
ical
ch
arg
eco
nd
uct
ele
ctri
city
par
ticl
es i
nex
cite
d s
tate
giv
e o
fli
gh
tf
lig
ht
g, p
lasm
a T
Vs
nin
flu
ore
scen
t li
gh
tsin
sta
rscom
pre
ssed
easi
ly
Occ
up
y t
he
shap
e o
f co
nta
iner
mo
lecu
les
spre
ad o
ut
Les
sco
mp
ress
ible
Mil
k, w
ater
Liq
uid
s
exam
ple
s
ice,
wo
od
As
ith
asn
od
efin
ite
shap
e
form
ju
st a
bo
ve
abso
lute
zer
o(–
273°
C)
Take
shap
eo
fth
eco
nta
iner Ex
amp
les
So
lid
s
or
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 2 I
s m
atte
r ar
oun
d us
pur
e ?
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 3CH
APTE
R : 3
ato
ms a
nd m
ole
cule
s
In c
hem
ical
su
bst
ance
elem
ents
alw
ays
pre
sen
t in
def
init
ep
rop
ort
ion
by
mas
s
ma
of
hy
dro
gen
ssan
d o
xyg
enis
alw
ays
1:8
in H
O 2
Su
mo
fat
om
icm
asse
sof
all a
tom
s
H 1
Cl 1
Na+ C
l–
Bu
ild
ing
blo
cks
of
mat
ter;
nei
ther
be
crea
ted
no
r b
e d
estr
oy
ed
+ve
[cat
ion
b(as
e)ra
dic
al]
ato
mic
mas
s
Co
mb
ine
in r
atio
so
f w
ho
le n
um
ber
sre
lati
ve
nu
mb
er i
s co
nst
ant
Ele
men
t h
as i
den
tica
lin
mas
s &
ch
emic
alp
rop
ort
ion
Ato
ms a
nd
Mole
cu
les
Pro
per
ties
ato
mic
rad
ius
mea
sure
din
Å, p
m o
r n
m{
{
Con
stan
tP
rop
ort
ion
s
Co
nse
rvat
ion
of
mas
sm
aIt
sta
tes
that
th
ess
can
be
nei
ther
crea
ted
be
no
rd
estr
oy
ed
Two
or
mo
re a
ms
chem
ical
ly b
on
ded
to
As
tom
s o
f sa
me
/ d
iffe
ren
t el
emen
ts f
orm
mo
lecu
le
HN
O3
=1+
14+
(16x
3)=
63
Ch
emic
alfo
rmula
HC
lsy
mb
oli
cre
pre
sen
tati
on
subst
ance
amu
= 6
× 1
0g
–24
carb
on
iso
top
e
of
C 612
{
{
1 12
or
HC
l
e.g
.Q
uan
tity
ch
arac
teri
sed
by
nu
mb
er o
f m
ole
cule
s
Prous
tL
aw
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 4 s
truc
ture
of
atom
Str
uct
ure
ofto
mA
Thomson's
Ruther
ford
's
Proposed
Dis
cret
e o
rbit
s ar
eal
low
ed i
nsi
de
the
ato
m
An
ato
m c
on
sist
s o
f p
osi
tiv
ely
ch
arg
ed s
ph
ere
and
th
e el
ecar
e em
bed
ded
in
it
tro
ns
An
ato
mis
lyel
ectr
ical
neu
tral
bec
ause
neg
ativ
ean
dp
osi
tiv
ech
arg
es a
re e
qu
al i
n m
agn
itu
de
Rev
olv
ing
in
dis
cret
eo
rbit
s th
e el
ectr
on
s d
on
ot
rad
iate
en
erg
y
�D
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f e
lectr
on
s–
Max
imu
ms
inn
o. o
f el
ectr
on
a g
iven
sh
ell
are
giv
en b
y 2
n2
�O
ute
rmo
st o
rbit
can
acc
om
mo
dat
em
an
of
eig
ht
exi
mu
mu
mb
erle
ctro
ns
�T
he
shel
ls a
re f
ille
d i
n a
ste
pw
ise
man
ner
Nu
cleu
s is
pre
sen
t in
th
e ce
ntr
e
Ele
ctro
ns
rev
olv
e ar
ou
nd
th
e n
ucl
eus
in w
ell
def
ined
cir
cula
r o
rbit
s.
Siz
e o
f n
ucl
eus
is v
ery
sm
all
as c
om
par
edto
th
e si
ze o
f an
ato
m
Wh
enth
eat
oms
ofsa
me
elem
ent
hav
ing
sam
eat
om
icn
um
ber
sb
ut
dif
fere
nt
mas
sn
um
ber
e g
- T
hre
e is
otop
es o
f hyd
roge
np
roti
um
..,
are
(H
)1
1
deu
teri
um
and
trit
ium
(H
)(
H)
12
13
Wh
enth
e at
om
s o
f d
iffe
ren
t el
emen
tsw
ith
dif
fere
nt
ato
mic
nu
mb
ers
bu
tsa
me
mas
s n
um
ber
.e.g
.C
a,
Ar
2040
1840
J.J.
Th
om
son
E. G
old
stei
n
Jam
esh
adw
ick
C
Its
mas
se
isq
ual
to
that
of
pro
ton
Val
ency
=N
o. o
f e–
in o
ute
rmo
st s
hel
l=
val
ency
-8
No
. of
ine
ou
term
ost
sh
ell
call
ed i
ts v
alen
cy
Ele
ctro
nFun
dam
enta
l
Par
ticl
esof
anat
om
Itis
the
tota
ln
um
ber
of
elec
tro
n
inth
eo
ute
rmo
stsh
ell
of
anat
om
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 5CH
APTE
R : 5
cel
l- A
bas
ic u
nit
of
life
Cel
-B
asic
AU
nit
of L
ife
Eu
kar
yo
tic
cell
Pro
kar
yo
tic
cell
Ch
rom
atin
net
wo
rk
Nu
cleo
lus
NM
ucl
ear
emb
ran
e
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 6 t
issue
s
Sp
ind
le s
hap
edU
nin
ucl
eate
dU
nb
ran
ched
Cy
lin
dri
cal
Mu
ltin
ucl
eate
dU
nb
ran
ched
Un
inu
clea
ted
Bra
nch
e
Ten
do
nL
igam
ent
Ad
ipo
seA
reo
lar
Blo
od
Bo
ne
Car
tila
ge
No
n-c
ilia
ted
(In
test
ine)
Str
atif
ied
sq
uam
ou
s
Str
atif
ied
Tis
sues
Mu
scu
lar
Tis
sue
Ner
vo
us
Tis
sue
Str
iate
dC
ard
iac
Un
stri
ated
Co
nn
ecti
ve
Tis
sue
Pla
nt
Tis
sues
Mer
iste
mat
icT
issu
e
Per
man
ent
Tis
sue
Co
mp
lex
Sim
ple
Xy
lem
Ph
loem
Par
ench
ym
aC
oll
ench
ym
aS
cler
ench
ym
a
Ap
ical
Lat
eral
Inte
rcal
ary
Ep
ith
elia
l T
issu
e
Un
ilay
er
Sq
uam
ou
sC
ub
oid
al
Co
lum
nar
Sal
ivar
yG
lan
ds
Mu
lti
lay
er
Cil
iate
d(R
esp
irat
ory
tra
ct)
nu
cle
us
str
ipe
s
Str
iate
d m
usc
les
Dendri
tes
Axon
Nerv
e e
ndin
g
Nucle
us
Cell
body (
Cyto
n)
Th
ick s
eco
nd
ary
ce
ll w
all
Pri
ma
ryce
ll w
all
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 7CH
APTE
R : 7
biolo
gical
diver
sity
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 8 h
ealt
h an
d disea
ses
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 9CH
APTE
R : 9
motion
Mot
ion
Un
ifo
rm M
oti
on
Eq
ual
dis
tan
ceeq
ual
in
ter
als
of
tim
e→
inv
Un
ifo
rm C
ircu
lar
Mo
tio
n
No
n-U
nif
orm
Mo
tio
n
No
n-U
nif
orm
DISTANCE
TIM
E
Typ
es o
f M
oti
on
ν
Sp
eed
=D
ista
nce
Tim
e
Vlo
city
e=
Dis
pla
cem
ent
Tim
e
Ch
ang
e in
Vel
oci
ty
Tim
e Ta
ken
Acc
eler
atio
n =
Tran
slat
ion
Mo
tio
n
Ran
do
m M
oti
on
Ro
tati
on
alM
oti
on
Osc
illa
tory
Mo
tio
n
Cu
rvil
inea
r
Rec
tili
nea
r
Cir
cula
r
Rat
e o
f M
oti
on
Eq
uat
ion
s o
fM
oti
on
v–
u=
2as
22
s=
ut+
a
t21 – 2
v=
u+
at
ν νν
Sp
eed
=2π
r—
–T
TT
Tθ
•• •
••
•
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 10 f
orc
e an
d la
ws o
f mo
tion
For
ce a
nd
Lw
s of
a Mot
ion
IL
awII
IL
aw
Un
its
and
Dim
ensi
on
s
Mas
sk
g[
]�
()
M
Wei
gh
tW
==
kg
m/s
[]
�×
mg
2M
LT
–2
Les
ser
mas
s h
ase
less
r in
erti
a
Mo
men
tum
bef
ore
coll
isio
n i
s eq
ual
to
mo
men
tum
aft
er c
oll
isio
n
m+
m=
mv
+ m
vA
AB
BA
AB
Bu
u
IIL
aw
New
ton
’s L
awo
f M
oti
on
Law
of
con
erat
ion
sv
of
mo
men
tum
Th
een
den
cy o
f u
nd
istu
rbed
ob
ject
st
to s
tay
at
rest
or
kee
p m
ov
ing
wit
h t
he
sam
e v
elo
city
-u
nti
l u
nle
ss, n
on
zero
exte
rnal
fo
rce
acti
ng
on
it
Mo
men
tum
p =
= k
g m
/s [
]�
mv
×M
LT
–1
Ev
ery
act
ion
has
an
equ
al a
nd
op
po
site
rea
ctio
n
F=
FA
BB
A
or,
F+
F=
AB
BA
0
Mu
scu
lar
Fo
rce
Mag
net
ic F
orc
eG
rav
itat
ion
al F
orc
eE
lect
rost
atic
Fo
rce
Fri
cio
nal
Fo
rce
Alw
ays
op
po
ses
the
mo
tio
n o
f o
bje
cts
t(
)�
Tota
l m
om
entu
m b
efo
re t
he
coll
isio
n =
To
tal
mo
men
tum
aft
er t
he
coll
isio
n
AB
AB
ua
ub
ua
ub
Kin
emet
ic E
qu
atio
n o
f M
oti
on
1. u
= u
at�
2. s
= u
t ±
at1
2
3.=
u±
2as
v2
22–
In c
ase
of
gra
vit
y r
epla
ce "
a" b
y"g
"an
d 's
' by
'h' i
n a
bo
ve
equ
atio
n
It i
s th
era
te o
f ch
ang
e o
f m
om
entu
m w
ith
res
pec
t to
tim
eis
eq
ual
to
a n
on
-zer
o e
xter
nal
fo
rce
acti
ng
on
ob
ject
.p
=f=
ma
t
Fo
rce
is a
pu
sho
r p
ull
act
ing
on
a b
od
y
FA
B
FA
B
AB
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 11CH
APTE
R : 11 gra
vita
tion
Gra
vita
tion
Dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
nM
ass
Wei
gh
tan
d
Un
iver
sal
law
of
attr
acti
on
F =
GM
m/d
2
Mas
s o
f th
e b
od
yis
co
nst
ant
ever
yw
her
e as
it
is a
fun
dam
enta
l q
ual
ity
v =
u+
gt
1 — 2h =
ut+
gt2
v=
u+
2gh
22
Fo
rce
that
bin
ds
us
toar
thE
Exp
lain
sm
oti
on
of
pla
net
s
Tid
es d
ue
too
on
Man
du
nS
Mo
tio
no
f m
oo
nar
ou
nd
arth
E
Mas
s is
th
em
easu
re o
f in
erti
a
Kin
emat
ico
f M
oti
on
–
–
–
Wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y c
han
ges
fro
mp
lan
etto
pla
net
(pla
ce)
(pla
ce)
as t
he
val
ue
of
g i
s ch
ang
ed
It i
s th
e fo
rce
of
gra
vit
y b
y w
hic
hea
rth
att
ract
s o
bje
cts
= 9
.8m
/sec
,g2
Wei
gh
tw
= m
g×
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 12
float
ation
Ap
pli
cati
on
Flo
ata
tion
It i
s th
e ra
tio
of
the
den
sity
of
a su
bst
ance
to
th
ato
f w
ater
at
4°C
No
Un
it(b
eacu
se o
f co
mp
lete
rat
io)
Rel
ativ
eD
ensi
ty=
Den
sity
of
sub
stan
ce
Den
sity
of
wat
erat
4°C
It i
s th
e m
ass
per
un
it v
olu
me
of
the
ob
ject U
nit
m�
kg
-3
Den
sity
Rel
ativ
eD
ensi
ty
Arc
him
edes
Pri
nci
ple
Hy
dro
met
ers
Den
sity
of
liq
uid
s�
Lac
tom
eter
sD
eter
min
e P
uri
ty o
f a
�
sam
ple
of
mil
k
Fo
rce
=m
a×
Pre
ssu
re =
Th
rust
Are
a
Wh
ena
bo
dy
isim
mer
sed
par
tial
lyo
rco
mp
lete
lin
afl
uid
(or
liq
uid
),it
yex
per
ien
ce a
n u
pth
rust
th
at i
s eq
ual
to
th
ew
eig
ht
of
flu
idd
isp
lace
db
yth
eb
od
y
w-
of
1w
eig
ht
ob
ject
w-
of
2u
pth
rust
liq
uid
w>
w1
2
w<
w1
2
w1
w≈
w1
2
w1
Den
sity
=M
ass
Vo
lum
e
w1w
2
ifif if
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 13CH
APTE
R : 13
work
, en
ergy
and
power
Wor
kE
ner
gy
,
and
Pow
er
En
erg
y c
an n
eith
er b
ecr
eate
d n
or
be
des
tro
yed
.It
can
on
ly t
ran
sfo
rm f
rom
on
e fo
rm t
o a
no
ther
fo
rmS
ou
nd
En
erg
y
Ch
emic
alE
ner
gy
Ele
ctri
cal
En
erg
y
Lig
ht
En
erg
y
Hea
tE
ner
gy
Kin
etic
en
erg
y1 – 2
mv
2�
Oth
er f
orm
so
f en
erg
y
Law
of
con
serv
atio
no
f en
erg
y
Dim
ensi
on
sM
LT
[]
2–3
Un
its
Wat
t =
Jo
ule
/s
W=
0 as
dis
pla
cem
ent
is z
ero
W=
F ×
s
F
=F
orc
e=
dis
pla
cem
ent
s
P=
wo
rkti
me
= F
orc
e×
vel
oci
ty
En
erg
y i
s ca
pac
ity
to
do
wo
rk
Un
its
J =
k�
N.m
=g
m/s2
2
Co
nv
ersi
on
1=
10
�J
erg
7
Dim
ensi
on
sM
LT
�[
]2
2-
Fo
rmu
la
(Ela
stic
po
ten
tial
=m
gh
ener
gy
)
Po
ten
tial
en
erg
y
Fo
rms
of
ener
gy
Po
wer
(at
e)
Ro
f d
oin
g w
ork
En
erg
y
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 14
soun
d
Sou
nd
Ref
lect
ion
of
sou
nd
Un
its-
sym
bo
lan
d f
orm
ula
Au
dib
le R
ang
e(2
0Hz
–20
kH
z)
Rev
erb
erat
ion
Sp
eed
= w
avel
eng
th x
fre
qu
ency
Dep
end
s o
n n
atu
re a
nd
tem
per
atu
re o
f m
ediu
msp
eed
of
sou
nd
= 3
31m
/s i
n a
ir a
t 0°
Csp
eed
of
sou
nd
= 3
44m
/s i
n a
ir a
t 22
°C
Lawofreflectionofsound
Sonar
Def
init
ion
-It
isa
wav
ep
rod
uce
dby
vibra
tion
Applicat
ion
sS
earc
ho
per
atio
ns Inte
rval
bet
wee
n o
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Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9 [ 15CH
APTE
R : 15
natu
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16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, Science, Class – 9
CHAP
TER
: 16
impr
ove
ment
in f
ood
resour
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Im
provem
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inood
F
Resou
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men
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esp
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