p53 and cancer

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p53 and Cancer By ASHISH KUMAR SHUKLA M.S (Pharm) BIOTECHNOLOGY BT/295

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Page 1: p53 and cancer

p53 and Cancer

ByASHISH KUMAR SHUKLAM.S (Pharm) BIOTECHNOLOGYBT/295

Page 2: p53 and cancer

Cancer results from a series of molecular events that fundamentally alter the normal properties of cells. In cancer cells the normal control systems that prevent cell overgrowth and the invasion of other tissues are disabled.

These altered cells divide and grow in the presence of signals that normally inhibit cell growth; therefore, they no longer require special signals to induce cell growth and division. As these cells grow they develop new characteristics, including changes in cell structure, decreased cell adhesion, and production of new enzymes.

What Is Cancer?

Page 3: p53 and cancer

INTRODUCTION

•Tumor Suppressor

•53 kDa protein

•Encoded by TP53 gene

•Regulates cell cycle

Page 4: p53 and cancer

HISTORYThe gene p53 was first discovered in 1979. A protein was identified in simian virus 40-transformed mouse cells (SV40) by immunoprecipitation with anti-T serum. This protein was called protein p53.

It was thought that the reason why scientists called the protein p53 is that the molecular mass of this protein is 53kDa that is based on its migration in SDS gel.

Later the molecular mass was proved to be wrong, and the correct molecular mass should be 43.7kDa because p53 contains a proline-rich region, and this region can reduce the migration of p53 in SDS gel. But the name ‘p53’ remained.

During the 1980s, the protein p53 was believed to be involved in the cell cycle, as well as playing a role in DNA replication.

Page 5: p53 and cancer

STRUCTURE

Page 6: p53 and cancer

AMINO TERMINAL DOMAIN• Transactivation • Transcription factors – MDM2

PROLINE-RICH REGION• Stability

CENTRAL CORE• DNA binding domain

C-TERMINAL DOMAIN• Negative regulation

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•It can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage. Thus, it may be an important factor in aging.

•It can arrest growth by holding the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition (if it holds the cell here for long enough, the DNA repair proteins will have time to fix the damage and the cell will be allowed to continue the cell cycle).

•It can initiate apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) if DNA damage proves to be irreparable.

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Chemical Carcinogens

• Direct acting vs. indirect• Indirect results from non-reactive chemicals being

metabolized in liver to carcinogen• Oxidative reactions by p450 enzyme complexes rid

body of fat soluble toxins

• Active carcinogen binds to DNA and causes mutations (e.g., benzopyrene in cigarette smoke causes G to T transversions in DNA – causes mutations of p53 at codons 175, 248 and 273)

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Initiators vs. Promoters

• Initiators• Carcinogens that interact with and cause mutations in DNA

• Promoters• Interact with cells to promote growth, block differentiation• Leads to additional permanent changes after initiator damage• Does not cause cancer by itself• No reliable test yet found to identify promoters

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Radiation Mutations• Ultraviolet radiation

• Ionizing radiation• Gamma- and X-rays• Particle radiation (alpha, beta)

• Electromagnetic radiation• Power lines, cell phones, etc.• May act as promoter

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Cancer Treatments• Surgery• Chemotherapy• Radiation therapy• Photodynamic therapy• “Magic bullets”• Angiogenesis inhibitors• Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells

• Whole body radiation to treat metastases• Gene therapy

• Reintroduce p53 or other tumor suppressor genes• Must get into each and every cancer cell

Page 12: p53 and cancer