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Solutions for Power Amplifier Test in PXIPA Reference Solutions

Update on Release 3

May 2015

Page

Agenda

– Test Requirements for UE Power Amplifiers

– Keysight’s Power Amplifier Test Solutions

– PA Reference Solution Architecture in PXI

– Product Details

– Demo

– Solution Deployment Considerations

– Roadmap Headlines

– Summary, Q & A

RF PA/FEM Reference Solution 2

Page

Power Amplifier Test Requirements

3RF PA/FEM Reference Solution

Page

Current Market Drivers impacting UE PAs

– Increasing data rates

• New modulation formats like LTE have high PAPR

• Wider signal bandwidths- WLAN BW requirements 80+80 MHz- CA 20+20 Uplink

– Maximizing battery life

• UEs are becoming more sophisticated … and more power hungry

– Global roaming

• Greater frequency band coverage (> 14 bands in some cases)


Page

Constraints and Challenges for Test Engineers

1. Shorter PA product development cycle time demands reduced test times

• Measurement speed and test plan optimization

2. Greater device complexity – need to make more measurements

• Test system automation

3. Test budget limitations

• Leverage existing code base

• Maximize utilization of existing and new test assets

4. Test system footprint considerations

• Mounting location, heat generation, fan noise


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The Evolution of a Handset PA


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Generalization of PAD architecture

7

Filters & Duplexer

Antenna Switch

RF Transceiver

PA

DC Supply

DC Modulator

MIPIRFFE

Device Control

Filters & Duplexer

Filters & Duplexer

PA

Rx

Rx

Rx

IQ Envelope

ModeSwitch

RF PA/FEM Reference Solution

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What do we need to test in a PA?– Basic Performance

• Pout MAX, Gain, P3dB, ACPR, PAE - using power servo technique

– Good Neighbor

• Harmonic generation, intermod, spectral regrowth, in-band Rx noise

– Compatibility

• Return loss, AM/AM, AM/PM, EVM, mismatch tolerance- Passive components of PAD – filters, duplexers

– Measurements as a function of frequency and output power level

– Performance under ET and DPD?


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Test Speed Potential Improvements

1. Real Time Signal Processing

• Hardware based measurement acceleration (e.g. FPGA or ASIC)

2. Faster Dataset load Times

• High speed instrument backplanes

3. Faster State Switching and Tuning Times

• Digital tuning within the IF bandwidth

4. Faster host PC

• Embedded or desktop

5. Improved measurement Algorithms and Procedures

• Test vendor or user IP

6. Parallel Measurements

• Take advantage of distributed measurement architecture

9

Primary Factors impacting test throughput


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Production Test Speed Improvement in real terms

10

Example Case Study - ACPR, EVM and Harmonics

EVM Capture & Calc HarmonicsACPRPwr Servo

EVM Capture EVM CalcPwrServo

DC Measurements

ACPR

DC Measurements Harmonics

Total test time now less than 15% of previous

Conventional approach (2-3 years ago)

Current Optimized approachTotal Test Time


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Keysight’s Power Amplifier Test Solutions


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Bench Top and Modular Instruments….– Keysight offers the best of both for unbounded test capability

in R&D or just enough in manufacturing

…and Software

Integrated

Easysetup

Extensivespecs Front-panel

operation

UpgradableMulti-

channel

Flexible & reconfigurable

Rapid access tonew technology

Portable

Compacttest-sets

A shared world-class software portfolio

System Design & Verification

Signal Generation & Waveform Creation

Signal Analysis


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Benchtop Solution for R&D/DVT

X-Series Signal Generator

33600/33500 series AWG

Envelope

RF

ETPS

DUT

N7614B Signal Studio’s Envelope Tracking/DPD

Control Window

Trigger

X-Series Signal Analyzer

Timing Alignment

89600 Vector Signal Analyzer

N6705B DC Power Analyzer

ETPA

13


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Hybrid AXIe Wide Bandwidth Solution (DPD only)R&D application

M8190A + PSG

RF

DUT


Control Window

PXA or UXA Signal Analyzer

89600 Vector Signal Analyzer

PA

14


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Modular DVT or Production Test Configuration

RF OutRF In

Vcc Vbat

V..RFFE V..

PA

Envelope Waveform

I/Q Waveform

M9381A VSG

M939xA6-27 GHz VSA

H3353 AWG

Triggering

M9195A Digital Stimulus/Response

USB Power Sensor(s)

N7614A PA Test s/w or User provided

M9037A Embedded Controller

M9018A18 slot PXI chassis

Note: RF switching modules omitted for clarity

M937xAVNA(s)

M9210A or2 ch Scope

ETPS

DPD Algorithms

User application or M-App Measurement s/w

N6700SMU

15

Opt. VSA s/w

I/Q Waveform


Automated Testing Systems

PXI Digital IOM9187A

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Modular PXI SolutionAutomated DVT and Production Test

Envelope

RF

ETPS

DUT


Timing Alignment

X-Series Measurement Applications

N6700B with N6782A (1 to 4)4 channel SMU

HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum

Measurements• Waveform &

Envelope Download

• IQ Data Upload

ETPA

PXIe VSG / PXIe VSA / AWG / VNA

Data

N7614B API

Ref Solution SW

16


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Power Amplifier Reference Solution Architecture


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Power Amplifier Reference Solution

– Keysight Provided “Recipe” for Power Amplifier Tests using Keysight PXI Modules with LXI and Third Party Products, as needed

– Provides Demonstration of Capabilities, Measurement Ranges and Test Times

– Configurable to Test Customer Devices without Code Changes for First Level Evaluation

– Source Code to Minimize Porting Instruments into Customer’s Test Environment for Detailed Evaluation and Deployment

– Focus on PA design/validation/test and production test including support for ET and DPD

– The bottom line…

• Evaluate quicker, leverage Keysight’s measurement knowledge, deploy with lower risk

18

Minimize Customer Investment to Evaluate & Deploy


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Evaluation Software Environment

19

Sof

twar

e

M9391A/93A VSAIVI-COM Driver

M938xA VSGIVI-COM Driver

M937xAVNAIVI-COM Driver

Signadyne AWGIVI-COM Driver

Test Program:Test_WCDMA Test_LTE5MHz Test_LTE_10MHzTest_GSM Test_EVDO Test_WLAN

Power Amp Test Library:Init_Instruments setupVsgVsa measPoutClose_Instruments setupVsgVsaFixedPin measStdAcprLoad Waveforms servoInputPower measLteAcpr

measSpecHarms

RF PA Test Evaluation GUI

X-SeriesMeasurementApplications

Customer Test Executive

PXI Modules


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RF PA/FEM Characterization & Test Reference Solution

20

ET/ DPD Evaluation Software Environment

CFR & ET Test Conditions

DPD Test Conditions


Page


21

Optimized for insight – Code Example

Extract LUT Values and Memory Model Polynomial Coefficients


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Current Reference Solution Block Diagram (Release 2)

Reference Solution Software

PA

RFFE

ETPS

VccPXI VSGM9381A

PXI VSAM9391/3A

PXI VNAM937xA

PXI AWGSD AWG-H3353

USB DIO(PA Control)

S- Parameter

RF measurements With ET/DPD

N7624/25BSignal Studio for LTE

N7614BSignal StudioFor PA Test

X-Series Measurement Applications• Modulation Analysis

SMUN6700B/N6782A

HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum Measurements• Waveform & Envelope Download• IQ Data Upload

N7614B API

Duplexer

S-parameter Measurements

Data

SCPI

22

M9187A DIO **(Switch/Handler Control)


** M9187A module not directly supported in reference solution but often used in customer deployments

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23

Reference Solution Block Diagram – Current Capabilities (Release 2)

Drivers

Device Under TestHardwareSoftware Application

PXI VSG

ETPS

Reference Solution Libraries

Reference SolutionGUI

X-Apps

EVM

PXI VSA

User CharacterizationApplication

RF PA

RFFE

PXI VNA

LXI SMU

USB DIO

Signal Studio

ET/DPDMeasurements Duplexer

PXI AWGSignadyne

S-ParameterMeasurements

Host PC based


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Using N7614B to Evaluate a Physical Device

24

Easy exploration of multiple PA performance improvement techniques

1: RF waveform selection

3: Shaping table selection, time alignment

4: DPD algorithms & coefficient export

5: ETPS configuration

7: Standard RF analysis

6: Output power servo control

2: CFR technique & parameter selection


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DPD Test Flow

25

Create and LoadInitial Waveforms

Capture IQ DataMeasure Initial AM/AM,

AM/PM, DEVM

Extract and ApplyDPD Model

Create and LoadNew Waveforms

Capture IQ DataMeasure AM/AM, AM/PM, DEVM

Other RF and DC Measurements

Complete

More Iterations

Significant performance benefits are gained from an FPGA-based deployment


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PAD Passive Components

26

Filters & Duplexer

Antenna SwitchRF

Transceiver

PA

DC Supply

DC Modulator

MIPIRFFE

Device Control

Filters & Duplexer

Filters & Duplexer

PA

Rx

Rx

Rx

IQ Envelope

ModeSwitch


Page

Impact of Duplex Filtering– An FDD radio has to isolate the transmit & receive paths

– This is typically implemented using a pair of SAW or FBAR band pass filters

– A VNA measurement shows how reflections from a filter with adequate rejection may have significant group delay ripple in S11

27

-100.00

-50.00

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

8.70E+08 8.90E+08 9.10E+08 9.30E+08 9.50E+08 9.70E+08

S11 group delay

S21 pass-band

S11 return loss


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S-parameter measurements for PADs

– Consider impact of the passive components (filters, switches, duplexer) on PA performance

• Isolation, insertion loss, filter pass-band, mismatch tolerance

– Test times are impacted and test plans need optimization

• Swept or Stepped coverage

– What test probe points are available on the PAD?

– Switched VNA measurements versus multiple (or multiport) VNA considerations

• Test time budget

• Number ports needed

• Cost comparison


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Test Set & DUT ModeVSG/VSA measurement for Mode 1

VSA

VSG

VNA

Power Meter DUT

ANT1

ANT2

Rx1

Rx2

Rx3

Out

Tx2

Tx1 Mode 1VIOSCLKSDATA

MIPI RFFE

External Test Set


29

Page

Test Set & DUT ModeVSG/VSA measurement for Mode 2

VSA

VSG

VNA

Power Meter DUT

ANT1

ANT2

Rx1

Rx2

Rx3

Out

Tx2

Tx1

VIOSCLKSDATA

MIPI RFFE

External Test Set External test set is controlled to select DUT ports.

DUT mode is changed via MIPI EFFE.

Mode 2


30

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Test Set & DUT ModeVNA measurement for Mode 2

VSA

VSG

VNA

Power Meter DUT

ANT1

ANT2

Rx1

Rx2

Rx3

Out

Tx2

Tx1

VIOSCLKSDATA

MIPI RFFE

External Test Set External test set is controlled to select measurement types.

Mode 2


31

Page

Test Set & DUT ModeVNA measurement for Mode 3

VSA

VSG

VNA

Power Meter DUT

ANT1

ANT2

Rx1

Rx2

Rx3

Out

Tx2

Tx1

VIOSCLKSDATA

MIPI RFFE

External Test Set DUT has several modes. Test set should be controlled for each

mode/measurement.

Mode 3


32

Page

Full Multiport Capability

33

Increase productivity and throughput

– Full N-port correction capability

– Add up to 32-ports in a single chassis


Page

Reference Solution Release 3 Highlights

– Focus on automated DVT test applications measurement acceleration

– Significant improvement in DPD loop measurement time

• Better than 10x test time reduction- Release 2 loop time approx 500 – 1000 ms- Release 3:

• <100 ms for full DPD loop measurement• Typically 50 - 70 ms today

• LUT method today- Memory Polynomial & Volterra Series in future release gateware of

M9451A

• N7614B GUI is not supported in this release- Make use of API only

– Digital stimulus/response capabilities

34

Measurement Acceleration in DVT & PT


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PA Test Reference Solution – Release 3 (May 2015)

Drivers

Device Under TestHardwareSoftware Application

Target Market- RF PA production test- RF PA DVT with ET/DPD test

Description- Measurement accelerated DPD

calculations

New features- M9451A Measurement Accelerator- M9195A DSR capabilities

PXI VSG

ETPS

Reference Solution Libraries

X-Apps

SignalStudiofor RF PA+ LTE

ReferenceSolutionGUI

PXI VSA

Customer TestApplication

RF PA

RFFE

PXI VNAM937xA

LXI SMU

PXI DSR M9195ADuplexer

PXI AWGSignadyne H3353

PXI M9451A

Now FPGA based


Page

DPD FPGA Speed Enhancement Architecture

DAC

ETPS

PA

DAC

RF

RF

ADC

Pre-distorter

IQ

Envelope Shaper V

1. Coarse Sync and Power Estimate. I

Q

2. Fine Sync

IQ

ReferenceLUT

LUT (coefficients)

ShapingTable

VSG

VSA

AWG

PA In

PA Out

Envelope

Sample Offset, Gain

AM-AM, AM-PM

Filter Coef

3. Extractor

M9451A Measurement AcceleratorRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 36

Page

Reference Solution Block Diagram (new Release 3)

Reference Solution Software

ETPS

VccVSGM9381A

VSAM9391/3A

VNAM937xA

AWGSD H3353

Digital Stimulus ResponseM9195A

RF PA Control S- Parameter

RF measurements With ET/DPD

X-Series Measurement Applications• Modulation Analysis

SMUN6700B/N6782A

HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum Measurements• Waveform & Envelope Download• IQ Data Upload

S-parameter Measurements

Data

SCPI

37

Measurement Accelerator M9451A

Package Handler Wafer Prober Switch Matrix RF PA/FEM

Reference SolutionExt. Device Control

Duplexer

PXI Digital IOM9187A

PA

N7614B Software for PA Test

RFFE

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Product Details


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M9381A VSG

– Performance characteristics– Frequency coverage from 1 MHz to 3 GHz or 6 GHz– 10 µs switching speed with fast-tune, an exclusive baseband

tuning technology innovation– RF modulation bandwidth up to 160 MHz (± 0.3 to 0.5 dB flatness)– ± 0.15 to 1.0 dB absolute amplitude accuracy

– Software Enhancements in 1.2 release:– Shared Frequency Reference– PXI backplane triggers– New PLL Mode (Best Wide Offset) for WLAN EVM and GSM/EDGE ORFS

optimization– Improved sync out trigger for Envelope Tracking

– Software Enhancements in 1.3 release:– Add Time Synchronous MIMO capability, channel-to-channel deviation <20 ns


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Meet the M9393A PXIe Performance VSA

Deploys cutting-edge technology• Novel solid-state switches for speed & reliability• Unique Keysight Labs production process to lower

size & cost

40

The world’s fastest, most accurate μW PXI VSA

Frequency range 9 kHz to 8.4/ 14/ 18/ 27 GHz

Analysis BW 40/100/160 MHz

Amplitude accy +/-.15 dB

Tuning speed 150 us

Size 5 slots (4 + ref)

Leverages proven designs• Downconverter derived from PXA• FieldFox calibrator for excellent accuracy • M9391A PXI VSA digitizer & reference modules


PageRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 41RF PA/FEM

Reference Solution

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M9451A Measurement Accelerator

42

- Dedicated FPGA module- Uses same carrier card as M9195A and future

AWG- Initial release supports ET/DPD measurement

acceleration only- Uses same Keysight DPD algorithms utilized in

SystemVue and N7614B PA test software- Future release will support the inclusion of

user IP in the FPGA


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PXIe Vector Network Analyzer, M937XA

43

Driving down the size of test

– Full two-port network analyzer in just one slot

– Widest available frequency range: 300 kHz to 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 20, 26.5 GHz

– Best PXI VNA performance in four key areas:• Speed: 18 ms across 401 points• Dynamic range: 114 dB (9 GHz),

110 dB (20 GHz)• Trace noise: < 0.003 dB specified,

< 0.001 dB typical• Stability: ±0.005 dB/°C at 4 GHz,

±0.020 dB/°C at 26.5 GHz


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M9195A PXIe Digital Stimulus/Response Module

44

DSR Module Key Features

Front Panel IO: • 16 bidirectional channels with each channel capable of:

• High speed digital stimulus/response• Parametric Measurements (PPMU) with remote sense• Static digital • RFFE DUT control

• 4 high voltage IO for flash/polyfuse tests• 4 open drain ports for fixture relay control • 2 GPIO for future useAdvanced Features

• Single and multi-site configurations (max 4 per module)• Pattern cyclizer for flexible per bit timing control for waveform

generation with edge placement resolution of 1ns• On-the-fly pattern editing without recompiling and downloading the

test• Channel delay adjustment to compensate for cable a fixture

propagation delays


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Demo


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Summary of Key Points

1. Proven solution in DVT and manufacturing by top tier PA vendors.

2. Enables software reuse for your solution that reduces deployment effort, time and cost.

3. Provides support for emerging UE technologies including ET, DPD and uplink CA.

• Market leading measurement precision and performance

4. As our test partner, you have access to Keysight’s worldwide team of RF measurement experts.

46

Keysight’s PXI Reference Solution for Power Amplifier Testing


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Backup Slides


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Full Configuration - Hardware


(HW） LP $ Qty List Price TTL Discount % Quote

M9018A PXIe Chassis: 18-slot, 3U, 8GB/s $8,816 1 $8,816 0.0 $8,816

PXI Main Frame Y1212A chassis airflow slot blockers $892

$178 0.0 $178

Y1213A EMC Filler panels $1522

$304 0.0 $304 Infrastructure

PC

M9037A PXIe embedded PC controller, Intel I7 $6,963 1 $6,963 0.0 $6,963

M9037A-WE6 Windows Embedded Standard 7 operating system (64 bit) $01

$0 0.0 $0

M9037A-M16 Memory upgrade from 4GB RAM to 16GB $800 1 $800 0.0 $800Y1206A Keyboard and optical mouse $0 1 $0 0.0 $0

VSG/VSA

M9381A PXIe Vector Signal Generator $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9381A-F06 Frequency range, 1 MHz to 6GHz $25,490 1 $25,490 0.0 $25,490M9381A-B16 RF modulation bandwidth, 160 MHz $10,038 1 $10,038 0.0 $10,038M9381A-M05 Memory, 512 MSa $5,019 1 $5,019 0.0 $5,019M9381A-1EA High output power $3,513 1 $3,513 0.0 $3,513M9381A-UNZ Fast switching $5,019 1 $5,019 0.0 $5,019

M9381A-300 PXIe Frequency Reference: 10 MHz and 100 MHz $4,1181

$4,118 0.0 $4,118 RF SA/SS

M9393A PXIe Microwave Vector Signal Analyzer $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9393A-F14 Frequency range, 9 kHz to 14 GHz $48,093 1 $48,093 0.0 $48,093M9393A-B16 RF modulation bandwidth, 160 MHz $20,039 1 $20,039 0.0 $20,039M9393A-M01 Memory,128MSa(512MB) $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9393A-UNZ Fast Switching $7,515 1 $7,515 0.0 $7,515

M9393A-300 PXIe Frequency Reference: 10 MHz and 100 MHz $00

$0 0.0 $0

DSR M9195A Digital Stimulus/Response Module w 16 ch PPMU $10,5001

$10,500 0.0 $10,500DUT control

M9195A-M12 Memory 125 Mb/s $1,500 1 $1,500 0.0 $1,500M9195A-SR2 Max Clock Rate 250 MHz $2,000 1 $2,000 0.0 $2,000M9195A-S04 Multi-site Configuration $1,000 1 $1,000 0.0 $1,000Y1253A SMA Break Out Cable 2m $350 1 $350 0.0 $350

Digital IO M9187A PXI Digital IO: 32‐ch, 0.3 to 50V $1,679

1

$1,679 0.0 $1,679 switch matrix control

AWG AWG-H3353 Signadyne AWG (3rd Party) $7,000 1 $7,000 0.0 $7,000

DSP M9451AMeasurement Accelerator

$12,0001

$12,000 0.0 $12,000 ET and DPD

M9451A‐DPD DPD and ET measurement $8,000 1 $8,000 0.0 $8,000

PowerN6710B N6700B Custom‐configured Modular Power System 400 W, GPIB, LAN, USB, LXI

$2,6851

$2,685 0.0 $2,685 Pwr Sup

SupplyN6781A‐ATO Source/Measure Unit ,2‐Quadrant, 20V/1A or 6V/3A, 20W

$5,8522

$11,704 0.0 $11,704

VNA

M9371A PXI VNA to 6.5GHz $15,495 1 $15,495 0.0 $15,495

M9371A-102 Adv Features $5,175

1

$5,175 0.0 $5,175 S parameters

M9371A-551 N-port calibration $10,350 1 $10,350 0.0 $10,350

$235,343 $235,343

Caution: Pricing based on April 2015 US List Prices

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Full Configuration - Software(SW） List Price Qty List Price TTL Quote

N7614B Sig Studio for PA Test software $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 ET/DPDSignalStudio N7614B-EFP Env Tracking Fixed Perp Lic $2,500 1 $2,500 0.0 $2,500

N7614B-FFP DPD Fixed Perp lic $2,500 1 $2,500 0.0 $2,500

N7624B Signal Studio for LTE/LTE‐Advanced FDD $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 LTE FDD

N7624B‐9FP Connect to M9381A and M9252A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0

N7624B‐HFP Basic LTE FDD R9, fixed perpetual license $6,086 1 $6,086 0.0 $6,086

N7625B Signal Studio for LTE/LTE‐Advanced TDD $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 LTE TDD


N7625B‐EFP Basic LTE TDD R9, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682

N7600B Signal Studio for W‐CDMA/HSPA+ $0 1 $0 0.0 $0W‐CDMA


N7600B‐EFP Basic W‐CDMA / HSPA R7, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682

N7602B Signal Studio for GSM/EDGE/Evo $0 1 $0 0.0 $0GSM/EDGE

N7602B‐9FP Connect to M9381A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0

N7602B‐EFP Basic GSM/EDGE, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682

N7612B Signal Studio for TD‐SCDMA $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 TD‐SCDMA


N7612B‐EFP TD‐SCDMA, fixed perpetual license $5,819 1 $5,819 0.0 $5,819

N7601B Signal Studio for cdma2000/1xEV‐DO $0 1 $0 0.0 $0C2K/1xEVDO


N7601B‐EFP Basic cdma2000, fixed perpetual license $3,646 1 $3,646 0.0 $3,646

N7601B‐FFP Basic 1xEV‐DO, fixed perpetual license $3,646 1 $3,646 0.0 $3,646

X-Apps

M9071A‐2TP GSM/EDGE measurement application $5,354 1 $5,354 0.0 $5,354M9071A‐XTP GSM/EDGE combined measurement app $2,053 1 $2,053 0.0 $2,053M9072A‐2TP CDMA2000 Measurement Application $6,508 1 $6,508 0.0 $6,508M9073A‐1TP W-CDMA measurement application $8,248 1 $8,248 0.0 $8,248

M9073‐2TP HSDPA/HSUPA measurement app $6,353 1 $6,353 0.0 $6,353M9073‐3TP HSPA+ measurement app $2,151 1 $2,151 0.0 $2,151M9076A‐1TP 1xEV-DO measurement application $8,901 1 $8,901 0.0 $8,901M9079A‐2TP HSPA measurement application $3,344 1 $3,344 0.0 $3,344M9079A‐1TP TD-SCDMA measurement application $7,801 1 $7,801 0.0 $7,801M9080B‐1TP LTE FDD measurement application $13,426 1 $13,426 0.0 $13,426M9080B‐2TP LTE-A FDD $4,500 1 $4,500 0.0 $4,500M9082B‐2TP LTE-A TDD $4,500 1 $4,500 0.0 $4,500M9082B‐1TP LTE TDD measurement application $13,426 1 $13,426 0.0 $13,426

Ref Soln s/w Y1299A-004 PA Reference solution startup kit $25 1 $25 0.0 $25$124,833 $124,833

$360,176

Total List Price


Caution: Pricing based on April 2015 US List Prices

PageRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 51

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AWG/VSG Synchronization

– M9300A Reference Module in PXI Chassis Slot 10

– Configure PXI Chassis to route PXI_Trigger2 from trigger segment including the M9311A module to the entire chassis

• Typically 1 ->2 -> 3

– Configure M9381A VSG:

• Send internal 10 MHz to chassis backplane

- Lock PXI chassis 10 MHz reference to M9300A reference which is used for VSG and VSA

• Route Synchronization Output Trigger to M9311A front panel Trig2 and PXI_Trigger2

- Backplane trigger will trigger VSA and AWG

- Front panel available to trigger other instruments, scope

• Configure Synchronization Output Trigger Signal:

- 100 us Pulse Width

- Synchronization output type to “Per ARB”

• Configure Start ARB Playback on 10 MHz Edge to true

- All VSG waveform playback starts on rising edge of 10 MHz signal

52

System Initialization


Page

AWG/VSG Synchronization


Start Waveform Procedure Timing


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Envelope Tracking Signals

54

Real Time Timing Adjustment• +/- 250 ns Range• 1 ps resolution• Adjust Timing without

restarting or reloading waveform


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Example Shmoo Plot

55

Example from http://www.3mts.com/3mtsTools_Shmoo.html

Example application:

Vary multiple pin V or I on the FEM by generation waveform patterns and evaluate the impact on other device parameters.

The M9195A can generate waveform patterns with superior timing precision for better characterization insight.


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Optimizing for Repeatability and Test Time

56

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Immediate Trigger with Full Waveform

Power Meas

Power Meas

• Fastest Measurement Time:• Waveform looping continuously• Measure at Any Time• No Delay to Wait for External Trigger

• Measurement Repeatability May be Bad:• Variations in Power Level during Waveform will Add To

Measurement Uncertainty in Power and ACPR Measurements• Can be Improved by increasing measurement duration

56

Power Servo measurement iterations


Page


57

Power Meas

External Trigger with Full Waveform: VSG Sync Output as External Trigger to VSA

• Slowest Measurement Time:• Measure only at One Point in Waveform• Delay to Wait for External Trigger will be ½ Total Time of Waveform,

on Average• No Measurements During Most of Waveform if Measurement Time

is Fast

• Measurement Repeatability Improved:• Always measuring at Same Time within Waveform• No Variation in Modulation Signal During Measurement


Page


58

Power Meas

External Trigger with Short Waveform

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

Power Meas

• Faster Measurement Time:• Still Measure only at One Point in Waveform• Waveform Time Reduced to be Slightly Longer than Longest

Measurement Time• Delay to Wait for External Trigger will be ½ Total Time of Short

Waveform, on Average – Much Less than with Full Waveform

• Measurement Repeatability Improved:• Always measuring at Same Time within Waveform• No Variation in Modulation Signal During Measurement

Not Valid for Burst Waveforms such as GSM or LTE-TDD


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Optimizing for Short Waveform Length

59

Power Acquisition

Ideal Waveform Length

• Waveform Time slightly longer than complete Servo Cycle

Calc

VSGSet

Power Acquisition

Calc

VSGSet

Power Acquisition

Waveform Length Too Short, adds to Test Time

• Waveform Time too short, VSA does not see second trigger, must wait for next trigger

Calc

VSGSet

Power Acquisition

Calc

VSGSet

59

500 us


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Three Methods to improve PA performance


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The Problems

1. Wideband signals with high peak / average power

2. Lots of frequency bands

3. Complexity of system integration & modelling


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The PAPR of an LTE Uplink

1. If the signal content changes over time, the PAPR is probably changing too

2. The SC-FDMA LTE Uplink is designed to have a lower PAPR than OFDM

3. Without clipping, it varies from 5.8 dB (6RB) to 9 dB (100RB). With waveform shaping it’s typically 6 dB

4. With PUCCH+PUSCH, PAPR depends on the relative power levels. ~ 8 dB measured over 500 us

5. Intra-band Carrier Aggregation can increase PAPR to 12 dB (100+100 RB)

UL PUSCH PAPR 7.2 dB

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The PAPR depends on the measurement interval

UL Ref.SignalPAPR 3.25 dB


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Techniques to Mitigate PAPR Related Issues

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Know your alphabet

Digital pre-distortion• Distort the RF PA input to cancel distortion produced by the PA • Choose the method to suit the baseband capability and the PA characteristics

Envelope tracking• Drive the RF PA with a fully modulated RF signal and synchronously

modulate the PA supply voltage • Adjust the RF PA operating point by controlling the RF / Envelope magnitude

ratio, called the shaping table, or de-troughing function

Crest Factor Reduction• Distort RF PA input signal to reduce distortion produced by PA compression• Choose the method and compression level to match the PA characteristics

Amplifier sizing

Back-off


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Making LTE Uplink Signal Measurements

89601B VSA application

A single IQ data capture gives multiple measurements

25 RB

PAPR = 7.2 dB

Measurement made at signal generator output

Demodulation EVM using RS only

3GPP EVM AM/AM or AM/PM

CCDF

Gain compression

ACPRWaveform envelopes

& difference (delta EVM)

Channel frequency response


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• CFR is not a linearization technique

CFR - The How & WhyReduce the PAPR to limit distortion produced in the PA


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CFR Techniques – Peak Windowing

Peak / average set to 5 dB

Adds out-of-band distortion, ACPR degraded

EVM degraded only around amplitude peaks

Channel response flat


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CFR Techniques – Clipping & Filtering

Peak / average set to 5 dB

Generates in-band distortion only (EVM increases)

Modifies channel frequency response


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Making ACP-EVM Performance Trade-off Using CFR

CFR using clipping & filtering

CFR gives a few dB improvement, enough to provide some design margin

Non-linearity is NOT changed


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DPD - The How & WhyImprove linearity of PA output signal by modifying the input


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DPD – When a Look Up Table is SufficientCheck for dispersion (spreading) in AM/AM, AM/PM graphs

In-band frequency un-flatness causes dispersion in both gain & AM/PM graphs

LTE channel frequency response quantifies the signal error

400 ns -26 dB channel added using LTE Signal Studio


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DPD: Look Up Table

Little spreading in AM/AM indicates a good fit for LUT DPD

Notice how the spectrum of the input signal gets much wider when DPD is applied

ACPR reduction of 5 dB constrained by power supply clipping

PA in Average Power Tracking Mode


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DPD: Volterra

Reflections from duplexing filter at the PA output introduce a channel frequency response

LUT DPD cannot remove effect of frequency by itself. Volterra DPD algorithm introduces frequency dependent non-linear corrections

Memory Polynomial is a simplified implementation

When the distortion depends on frequency


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• Improve battery life and RF amplifier performance• Reduce heat dissipation• Allow use of CMOS with more demanding signals

ET - The How & WhyContinuously adjust the supply voltage to change the PA’s operating point


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Using ET to Reduce PA Non-linearity

The ET bonus


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Shaping Table Examples

Design of the shaping table determines the linearity of the PA

A designer can make trade offs between efficiency, linearity and compression level


pa reference solutions - keysightrfmw.em.keysight.com/mod/pdf/solutions_rf_pafem...s- parameter rf...

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