PACKET #2

Research III & IV

The 1900’s

1900 Galveston Texas storm 8000 – 12000 deaths

Lots of scientific development early on Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb

Natural resources were “raped” Drained, destroyed and exhausted 50% of forest in the United States were destroyed

1900’s Europe

5 out of 10 children die before the age of 10 due to tuberculosis

• 33% of adults die of TBOlder people were still dealing with

diphtheria

1900-1920

Sanitation was improvedMilk was pasteurized (see next slide)Insulin discovered from gut of cows and

horses

1920-19301920-1930 1950-1960; 19811950-1960; 1981

Many first time discoveries with bacteria

DTP Diphtheria vaccine

Polio vaccineAIDS

1981

1920-1930

Louis Pasteur

Responsible for the pasteurization of milk Worked with Koch Killed the organism found in milk

Yellow (Jack) Fever

High feverStrawberry tongueHematemesis (h-m-tem—ss)

Vomiting of blood

Jaundice Yellow eyes Destruction of liver

Yellow Fever in the United States

Early 1900’sRampant in Cuba 20 years beforeCame from Africa via the slave owners

The slave owners were not immune to the disease as the slaves were

85% of people in Miami died There was a mortality rate of 65%-85%

Congress formed the Yellow Fever Commission

Yellow Fever Commission

Carlos Finley was named to be in charge Read an article from a writer in Cuba Reproduced the same experiment

Discovered that mosquitoes helped spread the disease

Immune System Investigation

Elie Metchnikoff

Observed daphnia flies Has a small system in a small body Had red and white blood cells

Found that white blood cells ate the yeast cells in the fly Cells that had invaded the fly Called it phagocytosis

Further described it in humans

Developed the theory of cellular immunity

Paul Ehrich

Stated that immunity was due to a chemical in the blood serum Today it is called the antibody theory

Discovered a staining procedure to diagnose cells Remember, tuberculosis was prevalent and was

suddenly, due to a mutation, spreading by air Pulmonary tuberculosis

Syphilis Tried chemicals

Some were so toxic that some people died from it

Alexander Fleming

Streptococcus aures If the bacteria entered the bloodstream, it normally was

fatal

Fleming grew colonies of the bacteria on agar plates Plates became contaminated with a green mold

Penicillin notatum As the mold expanded, the colonies disappeared The drug penicillin was discovered

Was termed a “magical drug” Tried it on soldier, and prisoner, during WW2 and they were

better the next day Only worked on gram positive bacteria

Selman Waksman

Rutgers's UniversityStated in his journal that there was

something to fight gram negative bacteriaWorked on Streptomyces griseus

While working generated the 2nd antibiotic Used to kill mycobacterium tuberculosis