PACS and TELERADIOLOGYPACS and TELERADIOLOGY

DIGITAL PROJECTION DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHYRADIOGRAPHY DEPENDS ON DEPENDS ON COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO

PRODUCE DIGITAL PRODUCE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGERADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE

DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY

COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR)

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

vsvs

COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY

DETECTORS

11011101

DR

ADC

X-RAYS

CR PLATE

11011101

CR

ADC

X-RAYS

SCANNER

CONVENTIONAL FILM CONVENTIONAL FILM DIGITIZATIONDIGITIZATION

                           

DIGITIZERS TYPESDIGITIZERS TYPES

CCD

LASER

11011101

VIDEO CAPTUREVIDEO CAPTURE

ADC

IMAGE DISPLAYIMAGE DISPLAY

IMAGE CHECK-INDEX???IMAGE CHECK-INDEX???

IMAGE MANIPULATION-IMAGE MANIPULATION-WINDOWINGWINDOWING

PICTURE DESTINATION -PICTURE DESTINATION -PACSPACS

PACSPACS

PACSPACS

IT’S A COMPUTER NETWORK

IT’S LINKED TO HOSPITAL INFO SYSTEM (HIS) AND RADIOLOGY INFO SYSTEM (RIS)

COMPUTER NETWORKCOMPUTER NETWORK

PACSPACS

COMPONENTS OF FULL COMPONENTS OF FULL SERVICE PACSSERVICE PACS

IMAGE AQUSITIONIMAGE DISPLAY AND

INTERPRETATIONIMAGE STORAGE AND RETRIEVALCOMMUNICATION NETWORKS

IMAGE ACQUSITIONIMAGE ACQUSITION

DISPLAYDISPLAY

STORAGESTORAGE

SERVERSERVER

In information technology, a server is a computer system that provides services to other computer systems—called clients—over a computer network

COMMUNICATION -COMMUNICATION -NETWORKNETWORK

ARCHIVINGARCHIVING

An archive is a collection of computer files that have been packaged together for backup, to transport to some other location, for saving away from the computer so that more hard disk storage can be made available, or for some other purpose. An archive can include a simple list of files or files organised under a directory or catalog structure (depending on how a particular program supports archiving).

ARCHIVING (STORAGE) ARCHIVING (STORAGE) MEDIAMEDIA

MODCD

MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISKMAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK

CDCD

PACS JUKEBOXPACS JUKEBOX

COMPRESSION FOR COMPRESSION FOR ARCHIVINGARCHIVING

LOSSLESS

LOOSY

Lossless data compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. It reduces the file size of an image but results in exactly the same data after decoding,

Lossless compression is used when it is important that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or when no assumption can be made on

whether certain deviation is uncritical.

lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. It

modifies the image such that the original pixel values cannot be reconstructed anymore, although the decoded image might look very similar or even identical when compared to it’s original

STANDARD OF STANDARD OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN

PACS EQUIPMENTPACS EQUIPMENT

DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE

DICOM

•The standard for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. •Developed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) in conjunction with the American College of Radiology (ACR). •Covers most image formats for all of medicine. •Specification for messaging and communication between imaging machines

COMPUTER WORKSTATION COMPUTER WORKSTATION IN PACS IS CALLED: IN PACS IS CALLED:

A NODE

HARD COPY GENERATED IN HARD COPY GENERATED IN LASER PRINTERLASER PRINTER

TELERADIOLOGYTELERADIOLOGY

Tele-radiology is the process of sending radiologic images from one

point to another through digital, computer-assisted transmission, typically over standard telephone lines, wide area network (WAN), or over a local area network (LAN).

Through tele-radiology, images can be sent to another part of the hospital, or around the world

CAPTURE OF THE IMAGESCAPTURE OF THE IMAGES

DIRECTLY FROM THE MODALITY DICOM FILE TRANSFER VIDEO CAPTURE (VIDEO SIGNAL)

CONVENTIONAL FILM CAPTURE DIGITIZATION VIDEO CAPTURE (CAMERA)

STANDARD OF STANDARD OF COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is a standard that is a framework for medical-imaging communication

COMMUNICATION MEDIACOMMUNICATION MEDIA

Depending on data-transfer rate requirements and economic

considerations, images can be transmitted by means of common

telephone lines (twisted pairs of copper wire), digital phone lines (ISDN,

switched-56, etc.), coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, satellite, and frame relay or T1 telecommunication

links.

IMAGE COMPRESSIONIMAGE COMPRESSION

Although images should be permanently archived as raw data or with only

lossless data compression (no data is destroyed), hardware and software

technology exists that allows teleradiology systems to compress

digital images into smaller file sizes so that the images can be transmitted

faster

TRANSMISSION SPEED TRANSMISSION SPEED FACTORS:FACTORS:

TYPE OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

ORIGINAL IMAGE FILE SIZE (PIXELS + DYNAMIC RANGE)

IMAGE COMPRESSION RATIO

OVERREAD NETWORKOVERREAD NETWORK

While most teleradiology systems purchased over the last decade were intended for on-call

purposes, the past two years have seen a rapid increase in the use of teleradiology to link

hospitals and affiliated satellite facilities, other primary hospitals, and imaging centers. A number of the enabling technologies needed for effective overread networks, such as more affordable high-

speed telecommunications networks and improved data compression techniques, have

matured in recent years.

NightHawk Radiology Services has developed an innovative approach to the delivery of radiology services by operating centralized, state-of-the-art reading centers in Sydney, Australia and Zurich, Switzerland. Staffing U.S.-trained, board-certified radiologists specializing in emergency radiology, these locations are ideally situated for U.S. care because when it’s the middle of the night in Boston, it’s daytime “Down Under.” When it’s early morning in Los Angeles, it’s daytime in the Alps. From the centralized reading centers, NightHawk radiologists interpret exams and report the results to attending physicians in real-time, usually less than 20 minutes.