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(1) World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The mpower package. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. p 36. (2) WHO, 2008, p 36-38. (3)WHO. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO; 2003. (4)WHO, 2008, p 36-38. (5)The World Bank, 1999, p 92. (6)Murray CJ, Lopez AD, eds. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, 1996. (7)WHO Tobacco Free Initiative, 2008. (8)Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use – Overview of Key Findings, 2003. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2004 (9)DiFranza JR, Wellman RJ, Sargent JD Weitzman M, Hipple BJ, Winickoff JP. Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality. Pediatrics. 2006; 117:e1237-e1248. (10)Slater SJ, Chaloupka F, Wakefield M, Johnston LD, O’Malley P. The Impact of Cigarette Marketing Practices on Youth Smoking Uptake. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2007; 161:440-445. (11)DiFranza, 2006. (12)Warner KE. Selling Smoking: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986. (13)RJ Reynolds Internal Document “NFO Preference Share data “Youth” Market. 1973 Mar 8. Bates No. 501167049/7051. (14)Andrews RL, Franke GR. The determinants of cigarette consumption: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 1991; 10:81-100. (15)Warner KE. Selling Smoking: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986. (16)WHO, 2008. p 36. (17)WHO, 2008, p 38. (18)Roemer R. Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993. (19)Quentin W, Neubauer S, Leidl R, Konig HH. Advertising bans as a means of tobacco control policy: a systematic literature review of time-series analyses.Int J Public Health. 2007;52:295-307. (20)World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. It can be done: a smoke-free Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 1990. (21)WHO, 2008, p 38. (22)Quentin, 2007.

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Tobacco Advertising & YouthThe Evidence

(1)Philip Morris [internal industry document]. 1981 Mar 31. Bates no. 1000390803/55. (2)Miguez H. Uso de tabaco en jóvenes: exposición y culnerbilidad en el campo de las representaciones sociales. Buenos Aires: Programa Vigi+A, Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente de la Nación; 2003. (3)The GTSS Collaborative Group. A cross country comparison of exposure to secondhand smoke among youth. Tobacco Control. 2006;15 Suppl 2:ii4-19. (4)Emri S, Bagci T, Karakoca Y, Baris E. Recognition of cigarette brand names and logos by primary schoolchildren in Ankara, Turkey. Tobacco Control. 1998;7:386-392. (5)Fischer PM, Schwartz MP, Richards JW, Goldstein AO, Rojas TH. Brand logo recognition by children aged 3 to 6 years. Mickey Mouse and Old Joe the Camel. JAMA. 1991;266(22):3145-3148. (6)Vaidya SG, Vaidya JS, Naik UD. Sports sponsorship by cigarette companies influences the adolescent children’s mind and helps initiate smoking: results of a national study in India. J Indian Med Assoc. 1999;97:354-356. (7)DiFranza JR, Wellman RJ, Sargent JD Weitzman M, Hipple BJ, Winickoff JP. Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality. Pediatrics. 2006; 117:e1237-e1248. (8)Moodie C, MacKintosh AM, Brown A, Hastings G. Tobacco marketing awareness on youth smoking susceptibility and perceived prevalence before and after an advertising ban. European Journal of Public Health. 2008 Mar 24 [Epub ahead of print]. (9)Lovato C, Linn G, Stead LF, Best A. Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviors. Cohrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD003439. (10)Lopez Mi, Herrero P, Comas A, et al. Impact of cigarette advertising on smoking behaviour in Spanish adolescents as measured using recognition of billboard advertising. Eur J Public Health. 2004;14:428-432. (11)World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The mpower package. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. p 36-38. (12)WHO, 2008, p 38. (13)Saffer H. Tobacco Advertising and Promotion. In: Jha P, Chaploupka F, editors. Tobacco Control in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2000. p. 224. Available from: http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/tcdc.asp. (14)Saffer H, 2000. (15)Moodie, 2008. (16)Andrews RL, Franke GR. The determinants of cigarette consumption: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 1991; 10:81-100. (17)Warner KE. Selling Smoking: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986. (18)WHO, 2008. p 36. (19)WHO, 2008, p 38. (20)Roemer R. Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993. (21)Quentin W, Neubauer S, Leidl R, Konig HH. Advertising bans as a means of tobacco control policy: a systematic literature review of time-series analyses.Int J Public Health. 2007;52:295-307. (22)World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. It can be done: a smoke-free Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 1990. (23)WHO, 2008, p 38. (24)Quentin, 2007.

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(1) Bates C, Rowell A. Tobacco explained: the truth about the tobacco industry...in its own words. London: Action on Smoking and Health; 2004. (2) Perry CL. The Tobacco Industry and Underage Youth Smoking: Tobacco Industry Documents from the Minnesota Litigation. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 1999;153:935-941. (3)BAT. Merchandising. Undated. Bates No. 406114627-8. (4)Pollay R. More than meets the eye: on the importance of retail cigarette merchandising. Tobacco Control. 2007;16:270-274. (5)Pollay, 2007. (6)Bates C, Rowell A, 2004. (7)World Health Organization [page on the Internet]. Geneva: WHO; c2008 [cited 2008 May 7]. Tobacco Free Sports – Play It Clean. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/background/2002/back2/en/index.html. (8)Vaidya SG, Vaidya JS, Naik UD. Sports sponsorship by cigarette companies influences the adolescent children’s mind and helps initiate smoking: results of a national study in India. J Indian Med Assoc. 1999;97:354-356. (9)Brown & Williamson [internal industry document]. Guidelines on Communication Restrictions and New Opportunities in Marketing, Jestburg. 1979 Jun 14. Bates No. 670828367/8381. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fqr03f00. (10)Lieber C [internal Philip Morris document]. Memo: Youth Campaign for Latin America. 1993 Sept 23. Bates No. 2503004040/7041. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ehq19e00. (11)Landman A, Ling PM, and Glantz, SA. Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs: Protecting the Industry and Hurting Tobacco Control. Am J Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 917–930. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1447482. (12)Wakefield, M, et al. Effect of Televised, Tobacco Company-Funded Smoking Prevention Advertising on Youth Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions, and Behavior. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(12):2154-2164. (13)American Legacy Foundation. Getting to the Truth: Assessing youths’ Reactions to the truthsm and “Think. Don’t Smoke” Tobacco Countermarketing Campaigns. First Look Report 9. Washington, DC: American Legacy Foundation; 2002. (14)U.S. V. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al., No. 99-CV-02496GK (U.S. Dist. Ct., D.C.), Final Opinion, p 1164, 1168, 1171. 2006 Aug 17. Available from http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/doj/FinalOpinion.pdf. (15)Andrews RL, Franke GR. The determinants of cigarette consumption: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 1991; 10:81-100. (16) Warner KE. Selling Smoking: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986. (17)World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The mpower package. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. p 36. (18)WHO, 2008, p 36-38. (19)WHO, 2008, p 38. (20)Quentin, 2007.

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(1)The World Bank. Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 1999. Available from: http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/book/html/cover2a.html. (2)The World Bank, 1999. (3)World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The mpower package. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. p 8. (4)Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S. Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet. 2006; 367:749-753; Mochizuki-Kobayashi Y, Fishburn B, Baptiste J, El-Awa F, Nikogosian H, Peruga A, et al. Use of Cigarettes and Other tobacco Products Among Students Aged 13-15 Years — Worldwide, 1999-2005. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(20):553-556. (5)Warren CW, Jones NR, Peruga A, Chauvin J, Baptiste JP, et al. Global Youth Tobacco Surveillance, 2000-2007. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008:57(SS-1). (6)Warren, 2008. (7)Warren, 2008. (8)Warren, 2008. (9)Warren, 2008. (10)Jauniaux E, Greenough A. Short and long term outcomes of smoking during pregnancy. Early Human Development. 2007;83(11):697-698. (11)Andres RL, Day MC. Perinatal Complications Associated with Maternal Tobacco Use. Seminars in Neonatology. 2000;5(3):231-41. (12)Wiborg K, et al. Smoking During Pregnancy and Pre-term Birth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996;103(8):800-05. (13)For more cites to the relevant research literature, see Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CFTFK) fact sheet, Harm Caused By Pregnant Women Smoking or Being Exposed to Secondhand Smoke, www.tobaccofreekids.org. (14)U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; Washington, D.C.: 2006. (15)DHHS, 2006. (16)Li JS, et al. Meta-Analysis on the Association Between Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure and the Prevalence of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Early Childhood. Pediatric Pulmonology. 1999;27(1): 5-13. (17)Leistikow BN, Martin DC, Milano CE. Fire Injuries, Disasters, and Costs from Cigarettes and Cigarette Lights: A Global Overview. Preventive Medicine. 2000;31:91-99. (18)Gold DR, et al. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Lung Function in Adolescent Boys and Girls, New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335(13): 931-37. (19)U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People — A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1994. (20)DHHS, 1994. (21)WHO Tobacco Free Initiative, 2008 [page on the internet]. Geneva; WHO: 2008. World No Tobacco Day, 31 May 2008: The Focus. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/focus/en/index.html. (22)WHO, 2008. (23) WHO EMRO Tobacco Free Initiative [page on the internet]. Cairo; WHO: 2008. Facts and FAQs. [cited on 2008 May 15]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/TFI/Facts.htm

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