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Advisory Board

Charles L. Martin, PhD Professor of Marketing

Wichita State University, Kansas

USA

Shengliang Deng, PhD

Professor of Marketing and International Business

Brock University Canada

Themis D. Pantos, PhD

Professor of Finance Zayed University

UAE

Ayse Akyol, PhD

Professor of Marketing

Tarkya University

Turkey

J. D. Agarwal, PhD Professor of Finance

Chairman, Board of Governors

Indian Institute of Finance

India

Berna Burcu Yilmaz, PhD

Professor of Accounting

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Turkey

Salvatore Messina, PhD

Professor European Economic Policy

President and CEO of Europe

Foundation

Albania

William Moylan, PhD

Professor Construction Management

Eastern Michigan University

USA

Wafa Khlif, PhD

Professor of Management

Accounting

Toulouse Business School

Barcelona

Spain

International Research Conference on Business, Economics

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Table of Content Analyses of Oil Shocks Asymmetry on Inflation: New Empirical Evidence from OPEC Member

Countries ................................................................................................................................................11

Review of the relationship between per capita income and education as effective indicators on

sustainable development .......................................................................................................................12

Technical Factors and Using Of Computerized Physician Order Entries (CPOE) in Healthcare

Organizations .........................................................................................................................................13

Dynamics of Poverty, Deforestation and Beekeeping In Northern Nigeria: Concerns For Policymakers -

Part II ......................................................................................................................................................14

The impact of Foreign Ownership on Commercial Bank’s efficiency: A case of Oman .........................15

Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy and the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Nigeria ....16

Addressing the factors that affect the interest of severely wasted students in participating the

feeding program in Quezon national high school ..................................................................................17

Effect of ethics on organization, management and human resource ....................................................18

Re-visioning history in post-colonial Malaysian literature in English- with reference to kee thuan

chye’s play ‘swordfish the then the concubine’ .....................................................................................19

The Demand for Cigarettes in Tanzania and Implications for Tobacco Taxation Policy ........................20

International Consolidation of the Airline Industry: Regulatory Constraints and Market Results of

Airline Alliances and Mergers .................................................................................................................21

The indigenous folklores: From oral tradition to digital stories .............................................................22

Corporate social responsibility of Islamic banks: Malaysian practitioners perspective ........................23

The Factors That Influences The Choice Of Consumer Buying Decision When Buying Local Or

International Product In Nigeria .............................................................................................................24

A Descriptive Study on the Adaptation of Foreign Students to Filipinos Ways Of Communicating ......25

The Oligopolistic Foundation for the Prime Rate: A Price-Setting Game in Banking .............................26

Carry Trades and Financial Crisis: An Analytical Perspective .................................................................27

Unhealthy behaviors, lipids and coronary heart disease severity: A structural equation modeling

approach.................................................................................................................................................28

Nuts and bolts of gaining followers’ affective commitment: a study among political officials .............29

A Study on the Provision of Conscious Consumer Behaviours by the Elementary Curriculum .............30

Effets Comparatifs De Deux Outils Aratoires (Disques – Dents) Et De Differents Precedents Culturaux

Sur Les Proprietes Physiques D‟un Sol Cultive En Cereales Dans La Region De Timgad .......................31

A Comparative Study of Asset Based and Asset Backed Sukuk from the Shariah Compliance

Perspective .............................................................................................................................................32

Perception of Rural People towards Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as influenced

by income Levels in District Lodhran - Pakistan .....................................................................................33

An Examination of the Structural Equation Modeling for Nostalgia Proneness Scale: A

Multidimensional Approach ...................................................................................................................34

Understanding Islamic Feminism in India: A Reforms of Muslim Personal Laws ...................................35

Creativity and Innovation for Organisations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. An Integrated HR Approach ...36

Cointegration and causality between Agricultural, monetary base and Economic Growth in Libya for

the period 1970-2010 .............................................................................................................................37

Pricing Faculty Intellectual Capital Using Current-Activity- Based-Costing ............................................38

Antibacterial Activity of Aloe Vera Essential Oils against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Skin

Infections: In Vitro Study ........................................................................................................................39

The Effect of a Community-Driven Development Project (Fadama II) on Rural Farming Communities in

Adamawa State, Nigeria .........................................................................................................................40

Ethnic Identity among Tribes in Iran ......................................................................................................41

Strategic Performance Measurement’ Performance in Malaysian Research University: The Mediating

Role of Job Satisfaction ..........................................................................................................................42

The Precariat: Genesis and Consequences ............................................................................................43

A Comparative and Contrastive Study of Sadness Conceptualization in Turkish and English ...............44

Mismanagement and its Consequences to Farm Business Prospect and Sustainability: Evidences from

Commercial Farms in Northern Nigeria .................................................................................................45

Early Socialization and Interaction for Unity among Trainee Teachers .................................................46

The Impacts of Learning Supports on Students' Academic Achievement: The Role of Support System

................................................................................................................................................................47

Women’s Bodies: Between the Politicization and Secularization of Religion Case Study: Iran and

France .....................................................................................................................................................48

The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment of academic staff in Turkey

................................................................................................................................................................49

The Impact of the Turkish Private Sector on Economic Security in Northern Iraq ................................50

Consumption for health and body: A Discourse analysis on the representation of aesthetic surgery

news in the magazine .............................................................................................................................51

Exploring Teachers’ Professional Identity in the Context of war: A case study from Palestine.............52

Research on Enhancement of the Role of Teachers in Educational Development ................................53

An Investigation Relationship Personality Traits with Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence

................................................................................................................................................................54

A Sociological Study of Juvenile Delinquency ........................................................................................55

External Knowledge Sources and Innovation .........................................................................................56

A Research on Determınıng the Relatıonshıp between Learnıng Orıentatıon and Fırm Innovatıveness

................................................................................................................................................................57

A Study on Defınıng the Relatıon between Relatıonshıp Marketıng and Busıness Performance in

Tourısm Establıshments .........................................................................................................................58

The Comparison of ASEAN Free Trade Agreements: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis ................60

Economic and Financial Crime in Kosovo, Its Causes and Measures That Shall Be Undertaken For

Combating It ...........................................................................................................................................61

Time for a wise and pragmatic policy Kosovo’s approach to the dialogue with Serbia .........................62

Learner modeling in the E-learning ........................................................................................................63

A Brief Investigation about Tourism in Iran and comparison with Some Other Middle East Countries64

The role of multi-national corporations in shaping the framework of globalization .............................65

The Effectiveness of Geogebra on the Achievement and Conceptual Knowledge: Role of Student’s

Procedural Knowledge as Mediator 66

Societal Security Feeling and Social Happiness ......................................................................................67

The Evolution and Impact of Various Bailout Programs on Bank Behaviour .........................................68

Equilibrium Prices of Investment Guarantees under Romanian Unit-Linked Life Insurance Contracts 69

Cr Creativity and Innovation for Organisations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. An Integrated HR Approach

................................................................................................................................................................70

Firm Level Determinants of the Composition of Financing Sources of Turkish SMEs ...........................71

Which SMEs Perceive Access to Finance as an Obstacle to Their Operations? Evidence from Turkey .72

Which SMEs Perceive Access to Finance as an Obstacle to Their Operations? Evidence from Turkey .73

The Marxist in Chavez’s Rhetoric ...........................................................................................................74

Post-conflict reconstruction within fragile states: learning from the Ottoman experience of state

building ...................................................................................................................................................75

The impact of internal governance structure on cooperative financial performance ...........................76

Consumption of “poor energy” and its impacts on environment in Cote d’Ivoire ................................77

An Unhappy Stop on the Way to Development: The Middle-Income Trap in the Turkish Economy ....78

Intent-to-Treat and Treatment Take-Up Effects of Summer School on the Literacy Outcomes of

Struggling Early Readers .........................................................................................................................79

Determinants of Level of Participation in Vegetable Value Chains: A Gender Perspective ...................80

The relationship between the Egyptian English teachers' practices and university students motivation

................................................................................................................................................................81

On the New Media and Digital Marketing Communication ...................................................................82

The sectoral real exchange rate and manufacturing employment in Turkey ........................................83

The reaction of stock prices to monetary policy shocks in Malaysia: a structural vector autoregressive

model......................................................................................................................................................84

Influencing Factors about Readiness of Iranian Government Organizations for Replacement .............85

Use of Gayspeak among Filipino Heterosexual Couples and Its Perceived Effect on Their Relationships

................................................................................................................................................................86

Family Influence on Juvenile Delinquency: A Qualitative Study on Mothers’ Perspective ....................87

Insurance fund for natural risks in rubber plantations in Thailand ........................................................88

Impact of International and Regional Financial Integration on Economic Growth................................89

Does Uncovered Interest Parity or Purchasing Power Parity Have a Power on Exchange Rate under

Exchange Market Pressure? ...................................................................................................................90

Neuromarketing in Turkey: An Insider Look at How Turkish Brands Implement Emotional Appeal .....91

Understanding Social Media ROI in SMEs ..............................................................................................92

Firm Performance Changes In Light of the Recent Greek Financial Crisis .............................................93

Energy Spiral of Turkey ...........................................................................................................................94

Applications of Trust Management in E-commerce ...............................................................................95

The Global Fınancıal Crısıs: Lessons for Islamıc Fınance ........................................................................96

Role of cultural values in shaping the difference of male and female leadership .................................97

Dynamic Negotiation Model with Repetitions .......................................................................................98

Determining Factors of Restaurant Service Quality and Study Its Effects on Intention for Repeat

Patronage ...............................................................................................................................................99

FDI, Technology Acquisition and Labour Demand in an Emerging Market Economy: A Firm-Level

Exploration of Indian Manufacturing Industries ..................................................................................100

Exploring the impact of the strategy maps and project scorecards on project management efficiency

and effectiveness .................................................................................................................................101

Macroeconomics Policy Coordination in Brazil: 2000-2012.................................................................102

Sales Forecasting in Clothing Industry Using Economic Indicators of Society in Iran ..........................103

The Relationship between Love Attitudes with Sexual Self-esteem in married female students of

Islamic Azad University of Tehran ........................................................................................................105

Stress Management to Improve the Quality Of Life in Patients of Diabetes Mellitus .........................106

Knowledge, Awareness and Health Practices of Pregnant Women in Selected Urban and Rural Areas

in Iligan City on Pregnancy- Induced Hypertension .............................................................................107

Explaining the Relation between Europe and its Muslim Minorities using the Dynamic Compound

Framework ...........................................................................................................................................108

The Effects of the Supply of Affordable House in Hochiminh City In Vietnam ....................................109

Central Bank Transparency and the consensus forecast: What do The Economist poll of forecasters

tell us? ..................................................................................................................................................110

Global Current Account Imbalances: The Role of Currency Internationalization ................................111

Designing Learning Experience in Environmental Physics for high school students ............................112

Designing Learning Experience for high school students topic in Phytoremediation Process ............113

Sustainability of e-Retail in India ..........................................................................................................114

Selecting an Optimal Strategy of Human Resource Management through Employer Branding in an

Emergent Market .................................................................................................................................115

Application of Ripple Tank to Studies Coefficient of Wave Transmission through Vertical Barrier ....116

Application of Ripple Tank to Studies Coefficient of Wave Transmission Through .............................117

Vertical Barrier .....................................................................................................................................117

The Professor Coming Home: Strategic Human Resource Management in Non-State Funded Higher

Education. Lessons from Ghana ...........................................................................................................118

Analysis of the Brazilian trade balance in relation to Mercosur: A comparison between the period

1989-1994 and 1994-2012. ..................................................................................................................119

Evaluating the Role of Islamic Banks in Attracting and Developing Deposits Applied Study on the

Clients of Islamic Banks in Yemen ........................................................................................................120

Impact of Adolescents' Life Style upon their BMI in Secondary Schools at Baghdad City ...................121

Is There Any Resource Curse In The Third World and Developments Countries? Study .....................122

Case: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Bruneri Darussalam .............................................................122

Construction of a global financial development index for the MENA countries: what place for

morocco? ..............................................................................................................................................123

Factors affecting childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia care seeking behaviour of mothers in coastal

area of Bangladesh ...............................................................................................................................124

Shariah Review: A Case Study on an Islamic Banks in Malaysia ...........................................................125

PESTEL Analysis on Hydraulic Hybrid Bus –The case of Irankhodro Diesel ..........................................126

A Study of Management of select NGOs in the Education sector in India ...........................................127

Intellectual Capital................................................................................................................................128

Modeling Librarian Acceptance towards the New Cataloging Standard In Malaysia ..........................129

Relative Efficiency of Plantation Companies in Malaysia: A Financial Ratio-Based Data ....................130

Envelopment Analysis Approach ..........................................................................................................130

An Exploratory Study of Employee Involvement in Frauds and Forgeries in Pakistan’s Banking Industry

and Precautions Taken against it .........................................................................................................131

The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on China’s Export ..................................................................132

The Influence of Crude Oil Price on Chinese Stock Market..................................................................133

Prioritizing Knowledge Attributes: A Case of UAE-based Manufacturing Firms ..................................134

The Marketing Mixed in Small Hotels: the case of Samui, Thailand ....................................................135

The Relationship between Unemployment and Economic Growth in Algeria ....................................136

Risk Analysis and its Importance in Economic Valuation of Large Infrastructure Projects ..................137

The Contribution of Socio-Economic Benefits to Economic Efficiency of Large-Scale Infrastructure

Projects .................................................................................................................................................138

The Illegal Risks with Competency and Independence in Auditing of Thai Local Administration Internal

Auditors ................................................................................................................................................139

Adultery in the Age of Technology: Internet Infidelity in India ............................................................140

Military Trials as a Surviving Mechanism for Dictatorship ...................................................................141

Evaluation of elements of financial risk of Albanian SMEs: A case study –SMEs in Gjirokastra region

..............................................................................................................................................................142

Investigating the role of organizational politics in human resource management: effects on

performance appraisal and downsizing decisions ...............................................................................143

Early Socialization and Interaction for Promoting Unity among Malaysian Trainee ...........................144

Teachers ...............................................................................................................................................144

The Impacts of Various Learning Supports on Students’ Academic Achievement Based on Gender: The

Role of Students’ Engagement as the Intermediator Factor................................................................145

Analyses of Oil Shocks Asymmetry on Inflation: New Empirical Evidence from OPEC

Member Countries

Mohammad Jafari, Lorestan University

Akbar Khodabakhshi, Bu Ali Sina University

Abstract- This paper tries to investigate the asymmetric effects of oil shocks on inflation in

OPEC member countries during the period 1980-2011 by using hidden panel Cointegration approach (proposed via Hatemi-J (2011)). To achieve the purpose, firstly, the crude oil prices and consumer price index variables are decomposed for these countries to cumulative positive and negative components. Accordingly, the cross-sectional dependence in models, used the Pesaran unit root test (2007) and Westerlund cointegration test (2007) and shown that does not exist long-run relationship between crude oil prices and the consumer price index (not support linear cointegration); but there is a long-term relationship between this variabels and between positive components of the consumer price index and negative components of the oil prices (support hidden cointegration). Finally, these long-term relationships calculated by using the continuously-updated and fully-modified (Cup-FM) (proposed via Bai et al (2009)). The results indicate that both positive and negative oil price shock increase the inflation in the OPEC member countries, so that the impact of negative shocks is more than positive shocks (support asymmetry).

Keywords: Inflation, Oil Price, Cross-Sectional Dependence, Hidden Panel Cointegration, Continuously-Updated and Fully-Modified (Cup-FM). JEL Classification: C23, E21, Q43.

Review of the relationship between per capita income and education as effective

indicators on sustainable development

Akbar Khodabakhshi, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University,

Hamedan, I.R. of Iran, E-mail address: Akbarkh2006@gmail.com, Tel: 00989187139369

Abstract- In this study, with respect to access to the data and information needed for the role

to the economic aspects of per capita income on the education index in Iran we have paid to this important and its effect on the sustainable development of the economy of the Iran. The purpose is reviewing the effect of educational system on economic development process in Iran during the last thirty years. In the preparation of the data required for the hypothesis test, data is collected from Iran's statistics Center. According to the past being the subject for the relationship between variables we applied of correlation analysis test, hypothesis testing, regression and linear to Simulacra. The results of statistical analysis showed that public education progress has related to gross national production and, as a result, per capita income and its effect on communication is relatively high. Keywords: Per Capita Income, Education, Development

Technical Factors and Using Of Computerized Physician Order Entries (CPOE) in

Healthcare Organizations

Dr. Bilal Ali AL- Nassar 1, Dr. Mohammad Mansour Al-Khasawneh

2, Dr.Sana'a Nawaf Al-

Nsour3,

Dr. Khalid Ali Rababah4

Department of Management Information System, World Islamic Sciences and Education

University (WISEU),

e-mail: bllnssr7575@gmail.com, Amman, Jordan1

Department of Management Information System, World Islamic Sciences and Education University (WISEU),

e- mail : m_khasa@yahoo.com, Amman, Jordan2

Department of Management Information System, World Islamic Sciences and Education University (WISEU),

e-mail: snsour@hotmail.com ,Amman, Jordan3

Department of Management Information System, Jadara University, e-mail:

Khalid_rababah@yahoo.com, Amman, Jordan4

Abstract- Computerized Physician Order Entries (CPOE) is computer-based systems that share the common features of automating the medication ordering process and that ensure standardized, legible and complete orders. This paper describes the factors which are recognized to be affecting of using CPOE in healthcare organizations. The paper discusses also the general using of CPOE. In this paper describes challenges of using CPOE as Limited Ability to Access External and Data Concerns Related to Workflow and Efficiency. Concludes of the paper and the future work are also presented. Keywords- Computerized Physician Order Entries (CPOE), Information Communication Technology (ITC) and Healthcare Information Technology (HIT).

Dynamics of Poverty, Deforestation and Beekeeping In Northern Nigeria: Concerns For

Policymakers - Part II

MUHAMMAD RABI‘UJA‘AFAR-FURO

Adamawa State University, Nigeria Abstract- Poverty and deforestation, reforestation and beekeeping are seemingly interrelated.

While the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) seemed to be fielding aggressive programmes towards promotion of Afforestation as a measure of minimizing deforestation,

and the level of poverty still remaining at the lowest extreme, the supposedly beekeeping projects that can serve as a bridging force has been neglected. This study investigates the

dynamics between the very poor livelihoods of the people of northern Nigeria, reforestation

programmes of the FGN and promotion of apiculture as a strong link for stabilization of the economy in the area. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources.

Descriptive statistics and computation of values were applied in the analysis of the data. Results show that the rate of poverty is higher in the northern parts of Nigeria where the

livelihoods of the people are heavily depended on utilisation of forest resources, thereby leading to massive deforestation. In addition to documenting that beekeeping is largely

indigenous in practice in the region, the application of the farming system in regaining vegetative cover through reforestation has been broadly explored. Although it can be stated

that the poor livelihoods of the people of the northern parts of the country had direct link with utilisation of the forest resources, it is expected that the policymakers should use the available

information in rectifying the anomalies towards improving the status of the people of the area

economically.

Keywords: Beekeeping, deforestation, dynamics, Nigeria, poverty.

The impact of Foreign Ownership on Commercial Bank’s efficiency: A case of Oman

Dr. Zaroug Osman Mohamed; Assistant professor; DhofarUniversity, Oman zosman@du.edu.om

Abstract- Despite of increasing in foreign ownership of Omani banks, no attention has been given to investigate the impact of foreign ownership on the bank‘s financial Oman. This paper attempts to investigate and analyze the effect of foreign ownership on financial efficiency of Omani banks by comparing foreign and domestic banks performance, using financial ratios analysis during 2008 to 2012 for 16 banks. The data are collected from annual reports of domestic and foreign banks to analyze and compare the financial performance between these banks to find out the effects of ownership on financial performance of Oman banking sector. A t-test is used to check whether there is a significant difference in the banks‘ perfor multiple regressing has been used to assess the impact of Net interest margin (NIM), Credit to deposit ratio (CDR) ,Interest expense to total loans (IETTL), liquid assets to deposit-borrowing ratio, (LADST) and Net Loans to total asset ratio (NLTA) on profitability namely return on assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) of these banks. The findings show that the domestic banks illustrates better performance than foreign banks in terms of profitability, (ROA) and (ROE), while the foreign banks demonstrate better performance in liquidity and capital adequacy. The financial performance is not statistically difference between foreign and domestic ownership in terms of profitability and liquidity; however, it‘s statistically significant in reveal that the ROA, ROE were not influenced by other financial ratios.

Keywords: Financial performance, domestic banks, foreign banks, financial ratios, Oman.

Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy and the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in

Nigeria

Louis Sevitenyi Nkwatoh

Department of economics, Yobe state universty damaturu, nigeria.

Email: sevinkwatoh@gmail.com, Tel: +2348062218765 Abstract- The role of monetary authorities in identifying the right channel by using appropriate instruments to hit the immediate required target, which will shorten the lag in response to monetary policy thus leading to an effective monetary policy, is crucial. In Nigeria, the main instrument used by Central Bank (CBN) to influence the direction of the cost of funds in the economy is the monetary policy rate (MPR). Over the years, this rate has not effectively influenced both the operational and the intermediate targets of monetary policy, thus, failing to attain the final goals of monetary policy (price stability and sustainable economic growth). It there implies that CBN‘s first step in the policy is weak. This study therefore, investigated the different stages of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy with the aim of identifying the most effective channel for transmitting monetary policy effectively from the instruments, to the intermediate targets via the operational target, and to the final goals of monetary policy. The study used secondary data and employed the ARCH and GARCH techniques from the period 1996 to 2010. The results showed that, the transmission of monetary policy impulse is fairly strong in the first, second and third stages. However, the interest rate effect dominates the first two stages while the quantity effect dominates the last stage. This implies that the effectiveness of monetary policy rate (MPR) on the final goals depends on its effect on money supply. This suggests that, effective open market operations (OMO) may be critical to the effectiveness of monetary policy in Nigeria.

Addressing the factors that affect the interest of severely wasted students in participating

the feeding program in Quezon national high school

ROMMEL R. ENDENCIA Secondary Teacher 1, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

+639331974123 and rommelre@yahoo.com Abstract- Malnutrition among students is consider affect student‘s performance. In response

to National High School initiated a feeding program to reduce nutrition deficiency and health

risks among students whose Body Mass Index (BMI) fall under severely wasted level. The

100-days feeding program launched by the school seeks to promote nutritious meals and

healthy living to help malnourished students in achieving an ideal body mass index. However,

many recipients tend to ignore the program and do not attend the feeding sessions. This research primarily aimed to determine the reasons why students with severely wasted BMI hesitate to participate in the feeding program. The total number of recipients was forty-one (41) grade seven high school students, but only six (6) or a 14.63 % of the recipients actively participated. The researchers conducted a survey among thirty-five (35) non-participating recipients to determine the reasons behind their non-participation. Results indicated that the greatest factor affecting their non-participation was the perceived stigma that feeding program recipients are only those who can‘t afford to buy foods. Another factor includes food preference of the recipients, many students do not eat vegetables, and instead they prefer processed goods. As a solution, a seminar on proper nutrition and risks of nutrition deficiency was conducted by the school involving the feeding program recipients together with their parents. Based on the results, the active recipients of the feeding program increased from six (6) or 14.63% to twenty-one (21) or 51.21%. There was a fifteen (15) or 36.58% increase in the total number of active recipients. Therefore, the researchers concluded that the seminar was effective in increasing active participation among the recipients of the feeding program.

Keywords: feeding program, body mass index (BMI), severely wasted

Effect of ethics on organization, management and human resource

Mohammad Hossein Rezvanian1.*

, Hamed Sagheb2

1&*- Master of executive management, Shahid Beheshti University (mh_rezvanian@outlook.com)

Address: Mapna generator Co.- Mapna Blvd-7th

km of Malard road-Karaj-Iran Tel: +98(0)9125239501

2- Master student of executive management, University of Tehran , Alborz Campus

Abstract- Ethics is one of the basic requirements and main parameters in organization success and therefore considering it in organizations is irritable. Ethics and ethical values are the infrastructures of all values and exterior symbol of organizations. Managerial ethics is one of the vital skills of managers that improve the performance and efficiency in any organization which it’s advantage. In addition, the ethics which governs the human resources mental alters the movement direction and performance quality of organizations. Therefore, in this article we investigate the additional role of ethics in organization levels, management and human resources. Although it is possible for managers to achieve the results in short term, but this approach will decrease the creativity, performance and commitment of employers and will cause an intensive decline in organization efficiency in long term, because ethics is inseparable element from management and also an index for advantage compared to other organizations that leads to stable development of human resources. The existence of ethics in different levels of organization, management and human resources all together, makes the three sides of a triangle and causes a synergic that accelerates the movement toward growth and sublimation. For solving a great number of individual, managerial and organizational issues we can utilize ethical principles to create a stable environment and make it so much easier for human resources, managers and organizations to succeed. Regardless of values and ethical principles commitment, the planning and decisions in an organization can't be feasible and that is why organizational ethics is required to be considered more as an important parameter that guarantees the discipline and durability of organizations.

Keywords: ethics, human resource, managerial ethics, organization

Re-visioning history in post-colonial Malaysian literature in English- with reference to

kee thuan chye’s play ‘swordfish the then the concubine’

Erda Wati Bakarˡ

Associate Professor Dr. Noraini Md Yusuf

Dr. Ravichandran Vengadasamy

Centre of Language Studies and Linguistics

Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia) Abstract- The concept of re-visioning is a pervasive tool in many litrerary works and it is

applied due to various reasons and agenda. Authors take an authoritative step and empower themselves with the knack of re-writing, re-imagining and even transforming history according to their own mould, lenses and positions. It is part of their effort to reclaim their own history and unconfined themselves from the narrow and biased historical representations, for example, from the lenses of the colonialist. The subjective nature of historical accounts have made them vulnerable to various interpretations and realignment, hence many scientific studies on history have equated the product playwright Kee Thuan Chye is one of the many authors who has utilised the subjectivity of history and re-imagined it in his plays. In his play Swordfish then The Concubine, he has reconstructed history in order to situate it into contemporary era. He has utilised and manipulated specific historical narratives from the Malay Annals; the second story of Hikayat Damang Lebar Daun and the tenth story Hikayat Hang Nadim. Different strategies of re-visioning are adopted in order to explore t these characters fracture the conservative norms and traditions when they are awarded with significant voices and agency. Apart from that, these strategies are also expanded to deliver his personal belief in freedom of expression, racial equality and transparent government. The play becomes his didactic and propagandistic medium in highlighting the exploitative authorial power as well as coaxing his audience to resist nebulous administration and eliminate their fear from speaking up their mind regardless of their race, status and gender.

Keywords: Drama, history, Malaysian literature in English, re-visioning strategies

The Demand for Cigarettes in Tanzania and Implications for Tobacco Taxation Policy

Asmerom Kidane, Ernest Tingum Ngeh, and Teh-Wei Hu

Abstract- The study attempts to estimate the demand for cigarettes in Tanzania and presents

simulation results on the effect of the cigarette excise tax on smoking participation, government revenue, and related topics. After briefly summarizing the magnitude and spread of cigarette consumption in the country, the paper reviews some empirical estimates from African and other countries. The 2008 Tanzanian household budget survey was used to estimate the demand for cigarettes in Tanzania. The descriptive statistics suggest that the smoking prevalence for Tanzania is 15.35 percent with low variability across expenditure (income) groups. Smoking intensity and per capita consumption were estimated at 7.08 cigarettes and 1.33 cigarettes, respectively, a relatively low value. A two-part demand equation model was used to estimate various elasticities. For the overall equation, the price elasticities of smoking participation, smoking intensity, and total elasticity were estimated at - 0.879, -0.853, and -1.732, respectively. Compared to similar results in other developing

countries, the estimates appear quite high. When estimated by expenditure (income) groups, the magnitude of the elasticity appears higher among high expenditure groups than among low expenditure groups. Two simulation exercises were undertaken. First, the effect of different excise rates on smoking participation rate, cigarette consumption, tax revenue, and related responses was estimated and highlighted. Second, the same exercise was undertaken to determine the effect of a given increase in the cigarette excise tax on various expenditure groups. The overall results suggest that an increase in the excise tax on cigarettes in Tanzania would reduce cigarette consumption and increase government tax revenue.

International Consolidation of the Airline Industry: Regulatory Constraints and Market

Results of Airline Alliances and Mergers

Hoang Truong Giang

PhD Student in Management, Curtin University, Australia Email: gianght.r2@gmail.com

Mobile Phone: (+84) 1272318669 Abstract- The paper discusses regulatory constraints and market results concerning

international consolidation of the airline industry. It provides a comprehensive overview of

airline alliances and mergers development within the framework of patterns and variations,

regulatory constraints and economic effects. The research questions how bilateral reciprocity

has prevented international consolidation vis a vis national consolidation and how this relates

to the relationship between the Air Service Agreement clauses and national legislation. The

history and patterns and variations of airline alliances and mergers are fully described. As a

case study the thesis examines the jurisdictions that have developed anti-trust alliance rules

and competition rules for airline mergers in the US, EU and Australia. The research compares

economic effects on airlines as well as benefits for consumers and analyses the differences

between various mergers and alliances as well as the synergies generated thereof. In all

respects this paper attempts to provide a suitable framework for future use in research

analyses of international consolidation in the airline industry, as a strategy for international

network development. The paper includes four sections as below. In Section 1, the author explained how bilateral reciprocity prevents international

consolidation vis a vis national consolidation and also explains how this situation is unique

when compared to the rest of the economy. The relationship between the ASA clause and

national legislation is discussed.

Section 2 describes the development history, patterns and variations of the airline alliances.

More importantly, the jurisdictions that have developed anti-trust alliances rules in the US,

EU and Australia were explained. In this section, the author also indicated some economic

effects of airline alliances for the airlines, including economies of scale, economies of scope,

marketing advantages, market power and competition and benefits of airline alliances for their

customers.

Section 3 describes the development history, patterns and variations of the airline mergers.

Furthermore, the jurisdictions that have developed competition rules for airline mergers in the

US, EU and Australia were explained. In terms of economic effects of airline mergers, the

author revealed some market effects of airline mergers for the airlines and their customers.

In Section 4, the author analyzes the differences between mergers and alliances as well as the synergies generated respectively by mergers and alliances. In all respects this paper attempts to provide a suitable framework for future use in research analyses of international consolidation in the airline industry, as a strategy for international network development.

The indigenous folklores: From oral tradition to digital stories

Sharina Saad1, Zetty Harisha Harun

2, Nurazila Abdul Aziz

3, Azlan Abdul Rahman

4 &

Asrol Hasan5

1234Department of Language Studies &

5Faculty of Arts and Design

Universiti Teknologi Mara Kedah sharina854@kedah.uitm.edu.my

Abstract- Languages are perhaps our most powerful instruments for preserving and

developing heritage and culture. Cultural heritage is seen as the total ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is passed down from one generation to the next, given to them by reasons of their birth. However, the loss of a language may also risk the loss of culture at large. In Malaysia the Indigenous communities as well as the Semai, keep their cultural heritage alive by passing their knowledge, arts, rituals and performances from one generation to another, speaking and teaching languages, protecting cultural materials, sacred and significant sites and objects. However, these activities and teachings, if not preserved will soon die out. The lack of Indigenous education would continue to set indigenous youth apart from their own cultures. Therefore the researchers find the significance of educational instruction to take place in Indigenous languages. Efforts have been taken by the researchers

to preserve, protect and promote Indigenous culture through cultural education via Indigenous folklores. The documentation of Semai language and folklores is significant to sustain the culture and language heritage of the Semai as well as to raise the community awareness and long-life education. Thus, the compilation of is vital for indigenous knowledge transfer. Keywords: Language maintenance, oral tradition, cultural heritage, Semai, indigenous folklores

Corporate social responsibility of Islamic banks: Malaysian practitioners perspective

Wan Noor Hazlina Wan Jusoh

Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Terengganu), 23000

Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia

Uzaimah Ibrahim

Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Law, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak,

Selangor, Malaysia Abstract- Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is becoming central from year to year to the corporate world regardless of business sector due to many reasons. In this regard, financial institutions also has been in the limelight lately. As part of business entities and simultaneously guided by Shari’ah principle performing CSR as Islamic financial institutions. On top of that, although Malaysia is at the vanguard in the development of Islamic finance especially in Islamic banking industry, there is no special CSR framework has been devised to guide Islamic banks on CSR implementations. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the Malaysian practitioner’s general perspective on CSR of Islamic Banks. Thirty-four practitioners from on all 16 Islamic banks in Malaysia have responded on the interview questions designed for this purpose. It was found that the majority of the research participants viewed positively that Islamic banks should have a special CSR framework.

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, Islamic banks, Malaysia, practitioners

The Factors That Influences The Choice Of Consumer Buying Decision When Buying

Local Or International Product In Nigeria

IGBOKWE CHIGOZIE BONAVENTURE

Dameto Resources Nigeria Limited Abstract- The actions a person takes in purchasing and using products and services, including the

mental and social processes that precede and follow these actions. The behavioral sciences help

answer questions such as why people choose one product over another, and how the make these

choice. Behind the visible act of making a purchase lies a decision process that must be

investigated. As the world is turning into a Global Village and new products from abroad are

finding their way into the country, the trend of consumption by our native people is slowly

changing. They are becoming more prone to buying International brands than the local ones since

the influence by the western world is getting stronger day by day According to Kotler and Armstrong (2001), consumer buying behaviour refers to the buying behaviour of the individuals and households who buy the goods and services for personal consumption. Consumers around the world are different in various factors such as age, income, education level and preferences which may affect the way they avail of goods and services. This behaviour then impacts how products and services are presented to the different consumer.

A Descriptive Study on the Adaptation of Foreign Students to Filipinos Ways Of

Communicating

Delimos, Floriene Marie

Povadora, Elaise Abstract- This study aims to explain the point of view of foreign students to Filipinos way of communicating and also to know how foreign students describe and adapt to Filipinos verbal and nonverbal way of communication. This leads to the formulation of the problem statement, ―How do foreign students describe and adapt were answered through gathering data on the selected Korean, Iranian, Chinese, American and Indian participants. This study presents the description of foreign students to Filipinos way of communication, adaptation process, their reasons for adapting and challenges they experienced. As a descriptive study, the researchers gathered and analyzed the data through documentation of the in-depth interviews. Furthermore, the study includes interview with Ms. Mary Grace Gonzales, professor of Filipino para sa Banyaga and Mr. Jonathan Gochuico a professor from Language and Literature Department. This study showed that foreign students described Filipinos verbal communication to be funny, always in high pitch when talking and very fast in delivery. In terms of the nonverbal aspect, foreign students described Filipinos nonverbal to be mostly similar to their homeland; however they also observed that messages were expressed in an exaggerated and overacting way. The researchers found out that foreign students adapt to the Filipinos ways of communication by copying the words they hear and by communicating with the Filipinos all the time to learn and adapt to Filipinos way of communicating. Also the adaptation of the foreign students were explained through Howard Giles, Communication Accommodation Theory which support the convergence and divergence of foreign students as they adapt and get familiarize with the ways of communicating of Filipinos as well as to the Filipino culture.

The Oligopolistic Foundation for the Prime Rate: A Price-Setting Game in Banking

Shigeru Nishiyama

1-6-1 Hirano, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 805-8512, Japan

Email: shigeru@hotmail.co.jp

Telephone Number: +81-(0)93-671-8990 Abstract- This paper focuses on the strategic background for the prime (lending) rate by

means of applying the theories and concepts of the Bertrand game as well as the Stackelberg (leader-follower) game. In the paper, the notion of the prime rate is referred to as the original

indication of the lowest interest rate charged by banks under their most-favored-customer

pricing policy. Considering a hierarchical market of bank loans with two banks, which are playing a non-cooperative game between themselves, the paper formulates the optimization of

their interest rate on loans as a price-setting game. In the market, the prime rate can be offered by one bank either under its price-setting leadership or as a result of its passive follower

behavior, or by both banks simultaneously as their Nash equilibrium solution of the game. The strategic conditions underlying the price-setting game in the market determine the

adoption of the most-favored-customer pricing policy. The paper addresses the analytical characteristics of the prime rate in the light of the subgame perfect outcomes of the Bertrand

equilibrium and the Stackelberg equilibrium in the game, grasping that the market attains one

of the equilibria based on the different shapes of the reaction function of banks therein, and that the equilibrium rates of interest have an essential role for the determination of the prime

rate, as well as clarifying how the bank which provides the prime rate leads to the increase in its payoff under the different conditions of the reaction function.

Carry Trades and Financial Crisis: An Analytical Perspective

D Sumila Tharanga Wanaguru, PhD. Economic Research Department, Central Bank of Sri Lanka

Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Australian National University Abstract- This paper develops an analytical framework to explain the herd behavior of in-ternational investors, using the role of carry traders' as a conduit. The model shows how the foreign exchange risk and combined strategies of the investors lead to herd behavior, where relatively uninformed investors imitate the informed investors behavior, and how their strategic behavior transmits shocks across countries. In the case of a sudden shock arising in the rest of the world, investors receive private information that is not perfect. This information leads investors to change their behavior. At its core, the analytical framework developed in this paper demonstrates how individually rational decisions of investors become irrational collectively, shifting the investment recipient country to an undesirable equilibrium which

creates a crisis. A noisy signal that leads unwinding of carry trades by some informed investors, such as an increase in the size of the \haircut" of collateralized assets, may result in inducing ight of uninformed investors, amplifying liquidity crisis in carry trade recipient country through the con-tinuous feed-back e ect between asset price and exchange rate. The more the carry traders unwind their positions, the more the sale of assets and the rate of depreciation of the domestic currency in the recipient country. In the policy context, these results highlight the need of implementing adequate supervisory and regulatory mechanisms, and emphasize the need for controlling the extent of currency and maturity mismatches of nancial institutions in order to prevent the adverse e ects of sudden capital ights, which is a characteristic of the unwinding of carry trades.

Keywords: haircut, global game, unwinding carry trade, financial crises JEL Classification: F4, G12, F31, G01

Unhealthy behaviors, lipids and coronary heart disease severity: A structural equation

modeling approach

Mohammadreza Seirafi*, Hassan Ahadi*, Sadegh Taghilo**, Farokh Haghranjbar*,

Kalat Aghamohamadi Mozhgan*

* - Psychology Department, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran **- Psychology Department, Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch, Gilan, Iran

Abstract- Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease and the important cause of mortality in the most of countries. CHD has a number of well determined risk factors and Investigators have examined the role behavioral factors in the cause of CHD that diet, smoking are the most commonly investigated. Methods: This study was under correlation research. 343 men and women referred to hospital (December 2013 to May 2014) were selected biased on convenience sampling. Research tools were unhealthy behaviors questionnaire, routine blood test and Severity of CHD was calculated on atherosclerosis in minimal, 1, 2 or 3 vessel by angiography. Data were analyzed using Structural equation modeling by Amos software. Finding: The result show, the model has been fitted. There is significant reverse correlation between unhealthy behaviors and CHD severity (P>0/01).So lipids significantly mediate between unhealthy behaviors and CHD severity. Conclusion: Given the findings of this study, it seems necessary that researchers and professionals Pay attention to behavioral factors and mode of action, as risk factors and predictors for coronary heart disease (CHD) severity.

Keywords: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) severity, health related behavior, lipids

Nuts and bolts of gaining followers’ affective commitment: a study among political

officials

Zaini Jamaludin

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin zainijamaludin73@gmail.com

+6012 203 6160 Abstract- Traits of a leader are a significant factor in determining the success or failure of an

organization. In most organizations, often poor overall performance is not attributed to having a weak administrative system, but more to the weakness in the leadership of the organization. Past research has shown the impact of transformational leadership style on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, efficiency and organizational learning, improvement, environment and culture. This study was conducted on the political officials or followers of two dominant Malay political parties in Malaysia i.e., UMNO and PAS. The results of the study suggest that not all dimensions of transformational leadership significantly predict party official’s affective commitment. Only two dimensions i.e., leader charisma and individual consideration significantly predict the latter. Implications of the findings are further discussed. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Affective Commitment, workers commitment, Political officials.

A Study on the Provision of Conscious Consumer Behaviours by the Elementary

Curriculum

Dr. Nihal ALTIOK

Yildiz Technical University, Department of Economical and Administrative Programs B2 Blok No:115 34220 Esenler –ISTANBUL / TURKEY

e-mail: altiok@yildiz.edu.tr

Prof.Dr. Muberra BABAOGUL

Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economical and Administrative Sciences Beytepe–ANKARA / TURKEY

e-mail: muberra@hacettepe.edu.tr Abstract- This study aims to identify information the level levels of conscious consumer

behaviour. Descriptive method is used in this study. In the framework of the present study,

―Level Determination Test‖ is used to detect student’s level of information on consumer

education and conscious consumer behaviours. Level Determination Test is composed of 23

items for the 5th grades and 28 items for the 8th grades. A questionnaire form is prepared to detect

opinions about the primary curriculum. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, one-way variance analysis and t-test methods are used in the quantitative data analysis and content analysis method in the qualitative data analysis. The target population of the study consists of fifth and eighth grade students from Istanbul and the sample includes 576 students chosen from these groups by EPSEM sampling (Equal Probability of Selection Method). The ―Level Determination Test‖ developed by the researcher, was used to measure the level

of students behaviours in terms of conscio ideas about gender and class as percentages. The point

averages showing their opinions about and class as percentages. The point averages showing their

opinions about their parents‘ level of education are interpreted by a comparison with specific

limit ranges. The results of the research show that there are differences between the levels of

attitudes of students in terms of conscious consumer behaviour according to class and gender.

Keywords: Consumer behaviour, Socialisation, Manner, Behaviour, Student.

Effets Comparatifs De Deux Outils Aratoires (Disques – Dents) Et De Differents

Precedents Culturaux Sur Les Proprietes Physiques D‟un Sol Cultive En Cereales Dans

La Region De Timgad

ZAABOUBI Siham * (BELLOULA Salima, SAADOUN Tahar)

* : université ferhat abbes Setif ALGERIE. Email- zaaboubi. siham@yahoo.fr Résumé- cette étudeitdanslecadres‘ensudelapratique de différents types de la jachère (chaume de

céréales, jachère travaillée et j (charrue à disques ou cultivateur) etxsur l‘effe l‘évolution de

certaines propriétés physique (précédent cultural/ outils de labour) sur l MBB) sous un climat semi-

aride dans la région de Timgad (W Batna). L‘effet de l‘interaction (précédent cultural l‘évolution

de la structure du sol (Da), hydrodynamique de l‘eau dans l‘horizonncesentresles labo traitements

obtenus. L‘amélioration de la favorables à l‘installation du réseau racin modifications de la

densitézon superficieldes (Da)particulessont caractérisées les traitements (chaume de céréales /

charrue à disques). La meilleur valeur de la porosité totale de l‘horizon labouré est e travaillée/

charrue à disques). Ces mêmes observations sont notées dan hydriques de cet horizon Le suivi de la

croissance et de rendement de la culture du blé explique le rôle de la combinaison (jachère la

croissance et le rendement en grains de cette culture. Les résultats obtenus peuvent constituer une

base de conseils aux agriculteurs concernant la pratique de la jachère et le type de l‘outi régions

semi-aride. Mots-clés : Précédents culturaux –outils de labour –Densité apparente –porosité –Capacité de rétention –point de flétrissement –blé dur –rendement.

A Comparative Study of Asset Based and Asset Backed Sukuk from the Shariah

Compliance Perspective

Ahmed Abdirahman Herzi ,

PhD in Economics and Muamalat Administration

@ USIM | Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Barjoyai Bardai

Email: hersi05@gmail.com Abstract- The study compare between asset based and asset backed sukuk structures and their compliance to the shariah laws. The study attempt to gauge why asset based sukuk structure is most common and dominant in the sukuk market in the face of the elevated critics and debate on the subject among the scholars since 2007. The two structures of Asset backed and Asset

based Sukuk were compared in their technical and commercial perspective using available literatures and drawing from a few point of views based on a qualitative basis assessment. It was highlighted that asset backed sukuk structure comply better to the Shariah laws compare to Asset based Sukuk in the form and substance than asset based structure. This study found that there are three reasons that could explain why asset based sukuk structure were most dominant in the market up to 2014, namely the shariah, legal framework and market demand. The study intend to project out why these two structures were not in the same level of demand in market and to promote awareness of the practitioners on the importance of compliancy to the substance apect of shariah. This study may contribute the new perspective to the regulators in amending some of their governing and regulatory frameworks to provide a conducive environment for the sukuk market players to move towards asset backed structure.

Keywords: Market demand, Asset Based, Asset Backed, Shariah, regulatory Framework Sukuk.

Perception of Rural People towards Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

as influenced by income Levels in District Lodhran - Pakistan

Muhammad Waqar* and Dr .Fahd bin Awais Al-Dosari Abstract: Current studies were carried in district Lodhran, Pakistan using purposive sampling method. . Data were analysed through statistical analyses by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The purpose of study to find out awareness of rural people about benefits of ICT, willing ness to learn and obtain ICT and future expectations. It has been found that income is basic factor that determine attitude of rural people towards ICT. High income people were aware of potential benefits of ICT and more willing to obtain communication technologies such as mobile, computer and internet as compared to medium and low income groups. However medium income people were more interested to learn ICT compared to other groups. English literacy also play important role in ICT adoption. These results provides basis to the researchers to assist the policy making bodies, extension department and Non-Governmental Organizations(NGO,s) to make extension policies targeting the rural people. Key words: Attitude, ICT, Income, Lodhran

An Examination of the Structural Equation Modeling for Nostalgia Proneness Scale: A

Multidimensional Approach

Dr. Abdullah J. Sultan,

Kuwait University, Department of Management and Marketing,

PO Box 5486, Safat, Kuwait 13055, +965-9993-9671 Email: asultan@cba.edu.kw

Abstract- The author proposes a new scale that measures nostalgia proneness and shows that the existing nostalgia proneness scale, developed by Holbrook (1993), does not reflect the different factors of nostalgia proneness construct. The findings of EFA and CFA confirm the validity of the four-factor model compared with a single-factor model. The proposed four factors are: (1) personal memories, (2) antiques and history, (3) beautiful past and unattractive future, and (4) homesick and yearning for childhood periods. The author believes that these findings have theoretical significance for researchers that are considering utilizing nostalgic themes in their research and advertising designs.

Keywords: Nostalgia, autobiographical memories, historical nostalgia, personal nostalgia, nostalgia proneness, scale development

Understanding Islamic Feminism in India: A Reforms of Muslim Personal Laws

Tarannum Siddiqui Research Associate, Sarojoni Naidu Ce

Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi -110025. India.

Abstract- This paper first discusses feminism and Islamic feminism through a rather brief and

unavoidably selective overview of ―Is theoretically Islamic feminism. This includes the

importance of Islamic feminism and its history to have a discussion about it. Firstly what is the

Islamic feminism? And Islamic feminism differs from other religion why? What the impact of

feminism happened in India Muslim feminism and what to have political, legal economical and

social rights changes at Muslim women life or Feminism was already in Muslim personal law?

After the Islamic feminism in India what changes and reforms in Muslim Personal law? I

communicate in this paper a nascent ‘Islamic feminist’ movement in India dedicated to the

goal of achieving gender equity under Muslim Personal Law. I will argue in this paper that a

clear distinction should rather be made between Islamic feminism as a discursive movement,

and the distinct local, national or transnational social and political movements that are all

increasingly referring to this discourse. In India, these movements in many cases precede the emergence of Islamic feminism in the 1990s. There is significant struggle against accepting them as partners in the debate and struggles to determine women‘s rights and their future. The feminism, specifically are justification of Islamic law and theology respectively. This paper has an overview of the collective data analyze a few (selective person) interviews. With this question what impact at Muslim Personal law and Muslim women rights in India after Islamic feminism? Collective data collect with Indian feminist and Indian law person, social actives, religious leadership and understanding as well as understandings of right and wrong that influence and determine actions taken by individuals on a daily basis in the Indian subcontinent. In this paper includes looking for to establish equal rights for women in society and religion.

Creativity and Innovation for Organisations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. An Integrated

HR Approach

Professor George O. Tasie, Ph. D Abstract- Creativity and innovation are of fundamental importance in achieving a competitive edge in business, education or government. As a source of competitive advantage, creativity can provide organisations with all the weapons necessary to fight their rivals, particularly in rapidly globalised and changing markets. This paper will review the literature on the various approaches to creativity, discuss the barriers that obviate organisations from harnessing her employee’s successful creativity and innovation in organisations. The paper will also provide a 3-phase approach in designing effective HR programmes in promoting creativity and innovation in organisations. The argument, therefore, is that there are no quick-fix approaches to the challenges of fostering creativity in organisations, instead what is required is integrated, multi-intervention strategies to enhance organisational creativity and innovation.

Keywords: creativity, innovation, organization, human resources, competitive advantage

Cointegration and causality between Agricultural, monetary base and Economic Growth

in Libya for the period 1970-2010

Khaled Ramadan Elbeydi

Associate Professor at the Agricultural Economics Department-Agriculture Faculty,

University of Tripoli - Libya

E- Mail address: khaled712001@yahoo.com Abstract- This paper is empirically investigates the causal relationships between economic growth, agricultural, trade openness and monetary base in Libya by using annual time series data for the period 1970 -2010. Granger causality, cointegration, and impulse response function are utilized in order to determine the long run equilibrium relationship and the direction of the causality in both the long run and the short run. The cointegration test indicates the existence of long run equilibrium relationship between agriculture and the macroeconomic. The causality test based on error correction techniques indicates that there is causality relationship between these variables in the short run. Additionally, a unidirectional causation exists from monetary base to agricultural output and to GDP according to the results of this study. The findings have significant implications on Libyan economic policy as all the variables have shown strong long-run relationship.

Keywords: Causality, Cointegration, GDP, Agriculture, monetary base, trade openness, Libya

Pricing Faculty Intellectual Capital Using Current-Activity- Based-Costing

Angus O. Unegbu

Department of Business and Management Sciences

University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region- Iraq.

Email: a.unegbu@ukh.ac or unegbu4@yahoo.com Abstract- Pricing Intellectual Capital and asserting ways to present and disclose it in

Corporate financial Statements has not yet gained general acceptance. This study aims at evaluating the current faculty performance appraisal and remuneration method and to seek a

rethink on adoption of a new model for pricing Faculty Intellectual Capital, thereby enhancing presentation and disclosure of Intellectual Capital in the financial statements. The new model is called Current-Activity-Based-Costing. The model is anchored on the precepts of Activity-Based-Costing but reinvigorated with new variables that positions Current-Activity-Based-Costing (CABC) model as upcoming faculty remuneration method. To achieve this, the precepts of Activity-Based-Costing, relevant literature on Faculty appraisal and remuneration were reviewed, highlighting the deficits of Traditional method of Faculty appraisal and remuneration while advocating the need for adoption of the tenets of the new envisaged model. A survey of Faculty views on the new model was carried. Percentages were employed as tools of analysis. The outcome of the survey correlates positively to posit of the new model for upcoming faculty appraisal and remuneration precepts so as to keep pace with current methods of motivating intellectual contributions and remuneration order. Recommendations are also made on how to disclose intellectual capital in the financial reports.

Keywords: Activity-Based Costing; Intellectual Capital; Human Resource Accounting; Faculty Remuneration; Pricing decisions; Performance Evaluation.

Antibacterial Activity of Aloe Vera Essential Oils against Staphylococcus Aureus

Isolated From Skin Infections: In Vitro Study

Maysaa Ali Abdul kahaleq,

Dept. of pharmacology, Al-Mustansyria university, Baghdad, Iraq

Ahmed Rahma Abu-Raghif

Dept.of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

Shurooq Rayyis kadhim

Dept.of Clinical Laboratory sciences, College of Pharmacy , Al-Mustansyria University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract- Fifty eight isolate of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from patients with

multiple types of skin infections .Swabs were cultured on blood, and Staph 110 media, and the

recovered colonies were diagnosis by Gram stain and commercial kits (GP-VITEK2 Gram

positive colorimetric identification kit) for S. arueus ( BioM erieux, France). Antibiotics

susceptibility test was also done by using Biomérieux VITEK2 compact system. Then highly

resistant ten isolates were choose to determine antibacterial activity of essential oil alone and

in combination with Clindamycin. Essential oils extract by steam distillation method and yield

0.8gm Aloe vera essential oil for each 100gm of plant materials. Antibacterial activity of

essential oils determined by agar well diffusion method; while broth micro dilution method

was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil.

The results showed that the percentages of resistant isolates to antimicrobial agents were as follows: Gentamycin, Levofloxacin, and Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxasol (0%), Rifampicin and Tecoplanin (3%), Vancomycin (5%), Clindamycin (14%) and Tetracycline (62%).Antibiotics combinations revealed that Aloe vera essential oil with Clindamycin against MDR strains of S. aureus showed a synergistic effect .The results showed that combination of antibacterial activity of Aloe vera and Clindamycin is better than antibacterial activity of Clindamycin alone. Aloe vera antibacterial activity is due to presence of Antranol (42.6%) as an active ingredient which separated by fast liquid chromatography.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity ,S.aureus , Aloe vera, Antibiotics combinations.

The Effect of a Community-Driven Development Project (Fadama II) on Rural Farming

Communities in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Umar Adamu Madu,

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University Mubi,

Nigeria (umaradamu24@yahoo.com.). Abstract- The major thrust of this study is to assess the impact of Fadama II project, which

uses community-driven development approach, which is the first of its kind and largest

agricultural and rural development project in Nigeria. The Project focused on increasing the incomes of fadama users on a sustainable basis by providing capacity building, advisory

services, productive assets and rural infrastructure. This study used matching method to select 300 comparable project beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The combination of PSM and

double difference (DD) estimator was used to determine everage treatment effect (ATE) on the beneficiaries. T-test analysis was also used to compare means and determine the

significant impact of the project. The rsult shows that participation in the project has sinificantly increased the income of beneficiaries compared to nonbeneficiaries. The findings

also inddicate that Fadama II has successfully implemented its CDD approach, as community

members were given voice to take decision on planning and implementation of projects meant to touch their lives. The value of productive assets has increased significantly among the

beneficiaries. The project also had positive impacts on road construction and rehabilitation in project communities. As the finding indictes, the rate of adoption of new technologies was

large and significant. Conflicts have been reduced among the community members as a result of participation. The findings also revealed that the project has enhanced the capacities of the

beneficiaries to cope with their activities.The unique feature that could have contributed to the significant impact of the project in a short time is its participatory and demand driven

approach that gives voice to the communities. It is concluded therefore, that the strategy of

participatory and demand-driven development should take a centre stage in any rural development process.

Ethnic Identity among Tribes in Iran

Dr. Masoumeh Bagheri

Assistance prof. of Dept. of Sociology, Shahid Chamran University , Ahvaz, Iran Abstract- The present article is conducted among Bakhtiarian tribes of the Khouzestan

province in order to examine the factors which effect on ethnic identity. The question is: which one of these effective social factors has the most correlation with tendency toward Bakhtiary's ethnic identity? The results are achieved from a sample of 385 individuals. It is done by an appropriate multilevel classification cluster sampling. Results showed, that there is a high tendency among respondents toward ethnic identity. Also, among the four variables of relative deprivation ethnocentricity and discrimination are positively and meaningfully related to ethnic identity. Only political legitimacy has negative and meaningful relation with ethnic identity. In the final analysis, ethnocentric variables, discrimination, and relative deprivation are significant in as much that they play the most important role in specifying and predicting the ethnic identity.

Keywords: Ethnic identity, relative deprivation, discrimination, political legitimacy.

Strategic Performance Measurement’ Performance in Malaysian Research University:

The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction

Sharul Effendy Janudin

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia sharul@fpe.upsi.edu.my

Ruhanita Maelah, Amizawati Mohd Amir, Nor Liza Abdullah

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract- Since performance of academics is the key contributor of academic excellence, universities need to empower its human capital to be competitive and subsequently achieve world-class status. Unfortunately, effort to conduct research on measuring the performance of higher education institutions has a major setback compared to other industries due to its complex nature and difficulty in measuring its outputs. Furthermore, review of literature indicate that research conducted in education environment mainly focus on organizational performance rather than work performance. This study fills the gap by providing a research framework focusing on Theory of Work Performance. The interaction between strategic performance measurement system (SPMS) and job satisfaction on aca performance at the individual level was investigated through analysis on data gathered from 362 academics staff from 5 Malaysian research university. Finding shows 1) strategic performance measurement system has significantly relationship with academic performance; 2) job satisfaction has significant relationship with academic performance; 3) job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between strategic performance measurement system and academic performance.

Keyword: Strategic Performance Measurement System, Job Satisfaction, Institute of Higher

Learning.

The Precariat: Genesis and Consequences

Gasyukova Elena Russian Federation, city Kimry, Tverskaya region, Kirillova 10a flat 51,

lena-gasyukova@yandex.ru, +7-968-620-15-35 Abstract- The proposed paper is devoted to phenomena of precariat. The precariat can be

described as a neologism that combines an adjective ‘precarious’. When we say about

precariat, first of all we mean unstable and non-standard employment which was inherent to

labour history of many generations but now we observe new social consequences of

precarious employment. That‘s why we agree that the precariat is a class-in-the-making. Today we can fix transformation of employment system in the world and consequently modification of professional relations resulted from modern globalization processes and predominance of neoliberal paradigm. The world financial crisis 2008 just demonstrated existence of those processes that have spinned up in the world but were concealed from general workers, in particular –appearance of different vacancies characterized by lack of rewards providing socio-economic security. Not only workers with lower qualification suffer from negative effects of precarious employment but also a lot of professionals and well-educated people which is new social phenomena in Russia and the world. If unemployment is wide-spread among lower and middle qualification labour that overtime working without compensation dominates among high-qualified professionals. It means that precariat is becoming new labour mass changing the world from economic and social points of view. These questions of genesis and consequences of labour precarisation will be highlighted in the conference.

A Comparative and Contrastive Study of Sadness Conceptualization in Turkish and

English

Mohammad Mohammadi 1, Parviz Alavinia

2 , Isa Gurbanzada

3

1Applied Linguist PhD, Urmia University

2Applied Linguist PhD, Urmia University

3PhD student , Urmia University

Email: qurbanzadadani@yahoo.com Abstract- Contemporary metaphor scholar (lakoff,1993)proposes that metaphors are both of mind and language .This article studies sadness as a basic metaphor to uncover mostly the differences and similarities in sadness conceptualization and the governing pattern in both English and Turkish. A Total of 115 expressions were collected from different sources in the two language; English data was elicited from the work of Koveceses (1990 ,2005 ) British National corpus (BNC) and NTC dictionary of idioms and Turkish expressions were extracted from Mojtahedi (1955) Mohebbi (1985) in turn. Lakoff and Johnsons Conceptual Metaphor Theory was accepted as a major instrument to discover the conceptual system of both languages under study. Moreover to determine the governing pattern Turkish and English Kovecses‘s linguistic expression of metaphor model (2003) was adopted to identify the dominant pattern in this study. This study showed that even though some serious difference were observed in the case of sadness conceptualization at the general level, the principal pattern in this study was partially the same (ps=47%) that is to say those with the similar conceptual metaphor but different literal meaning. It was concluded that both languages share most sadness conceptual metaphors although some differences were observed at generic level relating to the existence and nonexistence of metaphors in Turkish and English h.

Keywords: Sadness, Literal meaning, Conceptual metaphor, Metaphorical.

Mismanagement and its Consequences to Farm Business Prospect and Sustainability:

Evidences from Commercial Farms in Northern Nigeria

Aminu A

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Bayero University, Kano. Nigeria

Abstract- The objective of anybody in business is to make profit, not necessarily maximum

profit or supernormal profit but a certain level of profit is necessary if the business is to continue. The business therefore has to be effectively managed in order to achieve this

objective. The fundamental cause of failure and ultimate collapse of many businesses be it in the agricultural or non-agricultural sector is traceable to mismanagement. The unique nature

and magnitude of farm businesses and thus the disastrous consequences of mismanagement, poses additional challenge to their managers. The main objective of the study was to identify

and discussed the causes, manifestations and consequences of mismanagement and suggest

means by which it can be mitigated among commercial farms. Data from some commercial farms selected from northern states of Nigeria were collected, analyzed and discussed as case

studies to illustrate the issue in a pragmatic manner. The farms studied were of medium to large scale in sizes and the project costs were between ten to hundreds of millions of naira.

Most of the farms were finance by using other people money (debt finance) and as such failure could have more disastrous consequences. Problems of mismanagement such as poor

business planning, poor industrial relations culminating in most cases to sack of managers and senior technical staff, poor supervision, financial mismanagement and insolvency were

rampant across the farm businesses studied and they lead to collapse of most of the businesses. There is the need for strengthening the technical and managerial capacities of the

managers and owners of farm businesses across the northern states through provision of

appropriate BDS so as to reduce the peril of mismanagement and improve business performance and sustainability.

Early Socialization and Interaction for Unity among Trainee Teachers

1Abdul Razaq Ahmad

2 Najamuddin Hj Bachora

1,2 Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia

Abstract- This study aims to identify the influence of early socialization on the level of tendency for interaction towards unity among trainees of the Institute of Teacher Education in Sabah and Sarawak States, Malaysia. Early socialization in this study refers to the influences of family, school, peers and the mass media. Meanwhile, the interaction aspects refer to the tendency to interact in different environments at the institutes among students of different ethnicities which are during join curricular activities, co-curricular, residential colleges and their daily activities as well as browsing the institutes However, unity refers to appreciation of the values for unity as the impact of tendency to interact with students of other ethnic groups. The sample consists of 299 third semester students of the foundation program for Bachelor of Teaching and eighth semester students of Bachelor of Teaching Degree Program. Data was collected by using questionnaires adapted from several previous studies. To analyse the obtained data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were conducted. Descriptive statistics involved means and percentages, while inferential statistics us ed a structural equation model (SEM). The results showed a high level of tendency for interaction and unity among students of different ethnics. SEM analysis showed that the tendency to interact was influenced by early socialization, yet no relationship with the values appreciation for unity was found. Therefore, more efforts need to be made so that stronger interaction and appreciation will be successfully formed among trainees of different ethnic groups. This should be improved before the trainees are placed as teachers in schools.

Keywords: interaction, diversity, solidarity, unity, trainee teachers.

The Impacts of Learning Supports on Students' Academic Achievement: The Role of

Support System

Anisa Saleha1, Ruslin Amir

2, Abdul Razaq Ahmad

3, Hutkemri

4

1, 2, 3, 4,Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia

Abstract- The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of learning supports, students’

engagement and achievement in school based on different gender. This study also examined how

engagement serves its intermediatory role to gender, learning supports and academic

achievement. This study used a cross-sectional model involving the relationship of gender with

students’ engagement in the school, learning supports and academic achievement. The study

involved 1,467 male and female students aged 14 to 16 years from the schools in urban and rural

areas. Students ‘engagement in School and Learning Support Instrument (Lam et al.,2012) was

used for data collection. The result of pilot study revealed that the Cronbach Apha value for the

instrument was high. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was conducted to identify the

role of students’ engagement as a moderator between genders and learning support on academic

achievement. The results showed that students ‘engagement in the school is a moderator for

gender and academic achievement. Students’ engagement in the school is also a moderator for

teachers, parent and peer supports in determining academic achievement of the female students.

These findings reinforce the Role Theory and also findings on contribution of students

‘engagement in school and learning supports to improve students ‘achievement. Keywords: students ‘engagement in the school, teacher support, parental support, peer support, intermediatory analysis, academic achievement..

Women’s Bodies: Between the Politicization and Secularization of Religion Case Study:

Iran and France

Lara Moenes Shoukery Ibrahim Mikhail

Teaching Assistant at The British University in Egypt Abstract- Between the politicization and secularization of religion, women bodies tend to suffer and fall as victims of their political systems. The politicization of religion tends to impose certain dress code/ attire over women in or inclination and its tight control over the society. The secularization of religion tends to remove all forms of religious identity, which are most probably resembled in the attire, so as to prove the triumph of the state‘s ideolog the second one, France is used. Finally, the solution to that dilemma is not the eradication of a certain religious attire or its imposition, but the solution is to establish a Institutions‖ with a free and strong publi including the religious ones.

The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment of academic

staff in Turkey

Ebru İnanc

Dr. Elif Özdilek

Bilkent Universitesi İşletme Bilgi Yönetimi Bölümü Doğu Kampüs

RA-108. 06500, Bilkent / Ankara Email: evrensel@bilkent.edu.tr

Abstract- Both organizational commitment of the workers and job satisfaction level of the

workers are essential factors related with the overall sucess of the organizations. There are various studies about organizational commitment of the employees (Allen & Meyer, 1996;

Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, & Topolnytsky, 2002). There are also many studies about job satisfaction (Hulin & Water, 1971; Parson & Hulin, 1982; Pankhania, 2012). Also, some researches about the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction of the employees were carried out (Tett & Meyer, 1993; Zeinabadi, 2010). Although there are some studies about the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction of academic members in the literature (Busch, Fallan & Pettersen, 1998; Balay, 2000; Sabharwal & Corley, 2009), studies carried out in Turkey on this topic, is rare. In this study, the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction level of Turkish academic members employed at non-governmental universities is analyzed. This study was carried out in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. In Ankara, there are total 9 non- governmental universities; Atılım Universitesi, Başkent Üni Çankaya Üniversitesi, TED Üniversitesi, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, Türk Hava Kurumu Üniversitesi and Ufuk Üniversitesi. The job satisfaction level and the organizational

commitment level of the academic members of these universities were studied by self-administered survey methodology. 1100 participants were asked to participate, and 250 participants have participated. In the regression analysis, the relationship between affective, normative and continuance commitment and job satisfaction of the employees is concluded as meaningful.

The Impact of the Turkish Private Sector on Economic Security in Northern Iraq

Christina Bache Fidan,

PhD Candidate, University of Warwick, UK

Email: peacemissions@hotmail.com Abstract- The empirical framework of this paper neighbor to the South, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of Iraq. Ankara-Erbil relations have been mired with a past wrought with suspicion and disdain yet the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 opened up a new economic chapter for the region. Proponents of Turkey‘s private sector engagement in the ar lay the groundwork for security and development in the region and strengthened Ankara-Erbil relations. Whereas, others argue that Erbil has become too dependent on Ankara and should diversify its trade relations with other countries in the region and invest more in sustainable development. This paper suggests that rapprochement between Turkey and the KRG has only partially begun and that there are still many areas of tension that might ignite a move away from economic cooperation, particularly in during 2014. The main question of this paper relates to what extent the private sector can impact human security, particularly economic security. My aim is to analyze the impact of the private sector on human security by focusing on a specific case study, the growing presence of the Turkish private sector in the area governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of Iraq. Themes such as public-private relations, assured access to basic income, rehabilitation and diversity of the agriculture sector, infrastructure recovery and restoration of access to basic services, poverty alleviation, dismantling of war economy and illegal economic networks, expansion of opportunities, development of productive activities for ex-combatants,returness and impoverished groups, provision of micro-finance opportunities, property rights, contribution to economic development in the region, establishment of social safety nets, provision of well-coordinated, predictable and multi-dimentional aid are addressed.

Consumption for health and body: A Discourse analysis on the representation of aesthetic

surgery news in the magazine

Elif Eşiyok Sönmez

Atılım Universitesi, Faculty of Management, Public Relations and Advertising Deapartment

Email: elifesiyok@gmail.com

Eda Turancı, Gazi Universitesi, Communication Faculty, Department of Public Relations and Presentation

Abstract- In our age, consuming has started to encouraged in many fields, including consuming for the body. One of the main medium in order to learn what to consume is media. Generally on beauty and health related topics, media has known to have an important role for creating and promoting the news and development in the related fields. In order to be beautiful and have ideal body sizes, the viewer of the media started to feel pressure in order to achieve these ideals. One of the ways to achieve decides to have aesthetic surgery operations without no doubt. In order to get an information about ―ideal beauty‖ and the types of surg takes place in the media. In regard to this situation, in this study in the context of consuming, the aesthetic surgery news, which were published in Cosmopolitan magazine during 2013 will be analyzed with discourse analysis in macro level.

Keywords: beauty news, discourse analysis.

Exploring Teachers’ Professional Identity in the Context of war: A case study from

Palestine

Dr. Bihan Qaimari Master’s Program in community psychology -Director

Abstract- In many areas of the world there are political conflicts the consequences of which have an inevitable impact on the educational system. Palestine is one such country where the experience of political conflict, going back over many years, has had a devastating effect on the development and maintenance of a stable educational environment for children and their teachers. Up to now there have been few studies that have focussed on the effects of living and working in a war zone on the professional identity of teachers. This paper aim to explore how the formation of teachers’ professional identity is affected by their experience of the current political conflict its impact on the school social culture. In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the impact of political violence on the formation of the professional identity of Palestinian teachers, a qualitative multiple case-study approach was adopted which draws on sociocultural theories of identity formation. Data sources included participant observation, a research diary, semi-structured group and individual interviews. Grounded theory, constant-comparative methods and discourse analysis procedures were used to interpret the data. The findings suggest that the Palestinian primary school teachers negotiate multiple conflicting identities through their every d social culture. This tension is formed as a result of the historical cultural meaning that teachers construct about themselves and within the current unstable and unsettling conditions that exist in their country. In addition, the data indicate that the geographical location of the schools in relation of their proximity to the events of the political conflict also had an influence on the degree of tension inherent in teachers’ professional identity. The study makes significant theoretical, practical and methodical contributions to the study of

the formation of teachers ‘professional identity in countries affected by political conflict.

Research on Enhancement of the Role of Teachers in Educational Development

Md. Ashekur Rahman

Military Institute of Science and Technology,Bangladesh

Email Address: ashekurrahman201418041@gmail.com Abstract- This abstract describes and analyzes an action research seminar for prospective

elementary and secondary teachers. The abstract addresses the character of the action research seminar, and how it facilitated prospective teachers learning to teach for conceptual change. It does so by summarizing how the action research seminar worked in two successive semesters and the principal themes that were discussed; and presenting the findings with a discussion of their implications for the larger study. There were two major findings. First, the action research seminar helped prospective teachers understand their students' thinking and preferences. More quickly than is usually the case for prospective teachers, they shifted their

focus away from themselves as teachers to their students as learners. Prospective teachers began to probe what their students were thinking. Second, although most of the prospective teachers became practiced in eliciting students' prior knowledge, only a few were able to use their knowledge of their students' thinking to plan their teaching. Various factors hindered the implementation of conceptual change teaching of science. These included the prospective teachers' own views of knowledge, their fragmented and static knowledge about science content, the scarcity of school placements that could model conceptual change teaching, and the conditions of teacher and prospective teacher work.

An Investigation Relationship Personality Traits with Spiritual Intelligence and

Emotional Intelligence

Kourosh, Amrai

Ph. D student in Psychology, University of Tehran, Iran. Email: Amrai@ut.ac.ir

Mohammad Moradi Mah-Jashti

MA student in Sport Management, University of Tehran, Iran.

Email: Mohamadmorai6693@gmail.com

Abstract- The present study examined the relationship between personality traits and spiritual intelligence among university students. In this correlation research, 205 sport science students of University of Tehran were chosen using multiple cluster sampling. Then they completed personality traits questionnaire NO-FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992), spiritual intelligence scale (King, 2008) and Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient by means of SPSS version16. Findings show that there is a negative relation between Neuroticism and spiritual intelligence and positive relation between conscientiousness, agreeableness and extroversion accordingly. Openness had no relation with spiritual intelligence. Also synchronic regression shows that the three personality traits, / extroversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness explain 0/52 variance of spiritual intelligence simultaneously. In other hand, the results revealed that emotional intelligence could positively and negatively predicted by extraversion and neuroticism. According to the findings, personality traits are factors that have got a considerable role in people emotional and spiritual intelligence.

Keywords: personality traits, spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence.

A Sociological Study of Juvenile Delinquency

Dr. Karim Rezadoost, Dr. Abdolhussein Nabavi,

Dept. of Sociology, Shahid Chamran University , Ahvaz, Iran Abstract- The increasing rates of delinquency, especially among the young boys, have reached to a sensitive level, so regardless of all the factors involved in delinquency, it demand scientific research to find out the condition in which delinquency occurred and the steps which should be taken for preventing it in various levels. This research has focused on socio-economic factors affecting on male juvenile delinquency of Ahvaz city. Data were collected using survey as method of investigation and statistical population of this research include juvenile delinquency of correctional institute in Ahvaz city, age 13 to 18. They were 60 people and were studied by method of census. The results showed that socio-economic status, control of parents, dependence on parents, relative deprivation, powerlessness, normlesness, self-steem and alienation (a combination of powerlessness and normlessness) variables have significant relationship with delinquency. But variables of family member's crimes, broken family and association with deviant friends were not confirmed in this research.

Keywords: Juvenile delinquency, crime, socio-economic status, relative deprivation, self-esteem, powerlessness.

External Knowledge Sources and Innovation

Jaegun Lee

Kyungpook National University College of Business Administration 606, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu.

Email: hl5ylz@naver.com

Moon-Goo Huh Correspanding author, Kyungpook National University College of Business

Administration. Bukgu, Daegu. Email: moongoo@knu.ac.kr

Abstract- This study addresses an effect of external knowledge source on product innovation

performance, which target the company who perform innovative activity through external knowledge source among Korean manufacturer surveyed 2012 innovative activity conducted

by STEPI. The external knowledge source of the company is classified with STI-mode (Science-Technology-Innovation) on the basis of scientific knowledge and DUI-mode

(Doing-Using-Interacting) on the basis of experience knowledge. A summary of major result indicates as below. First, the study presents STI-mode and DUI-mode do not effect on a

financial attainment based on product innovation of the company. Second, the study presents

the more company learn from external knowledge based on STI-mode and DUI-mode, the more frequency of product innovation is high. Therefore, it is defined STI-mode and DUI-

mode are proportional to the frequency of product innovation and STI-mode has much more influence than DUI-mode on he frequency of product innovation. Finally, The study presents

STI-mode and DUI-mode do not effect on exploratory innovation, however DUI-mode is proportional to exploitative innovation. All through above, it addresses the frequency of

product innovation has advantage with STI-mode on the basis of scientific knowledge in product innovation process through External knowledge source and improving current

technology and product of the company makes product innovation performance enhance with

DUI-mode. To sum up this study's contribution and significance accordingly, to enhance the company's innovation performance in performing product innovation, it is important of the

company to determine proper external knowledge source in accordance with innovation performance aimed by them.

A Research on Determınıng the Relatıonshıp between Learnıng Orıentatıon and Fırm

Innovatıveness

Derya OZİLHAN OZBEY

Selcuk University, Beysehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Business, deryaozilhan@selcuk.edu.tr.

Ramazan GORAL

Selcuk University, Beysehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Tourism, trgoral@selcuk.edu.tr.

Emel GELMEZ

Selcuk University, Beysehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Business, emelgelmez@selcuk.edu.tr. Abstract- This study aims to determine the relationship between learning orientation and firm

innovativeness. In the study, survey method is used and the data gathered from the hotel businesses operating in Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Western Antalya coastal region. Findings have been analyzed by SPSS 22.0 and hypotheses are tested. At the end of the study, the relationship between firm innovativeness and learning orientation factors including commitment to learning, shared vision, open-mindedness and intra-organizational knowledge sharing. Accordingly, results of the analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship among each parameter.

Keywords: Innovating, Learning orientation, Firm innovativeness.

A Study on Defınıng the Relatıon between Relatıonshıp Marketıng and Busıness

Performance in Tourısm Establıshments Performance In Tour ısm Establısh

Derya OZİLHAN OZBEY

Selcuk University, Beysehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Business,

Email: deryaozilhan@selcuk.edu.tr

Emel GELMEZ

Selcuk University, Beysehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Business,

Email: emelgelmez@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract- Today's companies have to adapt themselves to certain business models in order to

maintain their existence and gain competitive superiority in growing fierce competition environment. Companies attempt to increase business performance by acting in a customer-driven way in such an environment. When competition becomes fiercer, relationship marketing applications and in parallel with customer relationship management become more compulsory. Thus, it can be applied in a wide range of area by companies. From this respect, present study aims to contribute to the literature within this scope by examining the relation between business performance and relationship marketing. Survey method is used in the study and the research is conducted in companies operating in tourism sector in Konya. Results ara analyzed and evaluated with SPSS 20.0.

Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Business Performance.

Charcoal and Fuel Wood Consumption and its Impacts on Environment in Cote d’Ivoire

(Case Study of Yopougon Area)

Aboh Prisca ZIDAGO PhD Candidate in Land resources management option natural resources

management, Department of Land Resources Management, China University of Geosciences Abohprisca2010@gmail.com--kpriss7@yahoo.fr

Abstract- The challenges in the accessibility of energy by most households in some regions are

one of the major problems confronted by article described the use of some fuels such as charcoal

fuel, and these do have different effects on consumers and producers in Abidjan through the

households has showed that, charcoal was the fuel most used in households and even the choice

of its poor energies is mainly socio economic. Moreover, the production and consumption have a

negative impact on the health of producers and consumers. This research has shown that many

users are unaware of the health hazards. This paper argues that to improve these situations require

more coordinated and innovative plans and policies from the government. This paper suggests

that greater emphasis will be needed in reducing dependence of biomass for cooking, promoting

domestic alternative energy sources, and also presented a policy approach to minimize or

eradicate health problems.

Keywords: charcoal, fuel wood, consumption, impact, environment.

The Comparison of ASEAN Free Trade Agreements: Qualitative and Quantitative

Analysis

Ana Shohibul Manshur Al Ahmad

Email: shohibulana@gmail.com

Mobile Phone: +62 81226007676

Mulyadi

Email: mulya_feuns@yahoo.co.id

Mobile Phone: +62 85741482855 Abstract- The purpose of this study is to analyze both qualitatively and quantitatively of the

effect of the ASEAN + 5 Free Trade Agreement (AJFTA, AIFTA, ACFTA, AKFTA, and

AANZFTA). Quantitative analysis in this study used Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)

model with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) approach. The simulation in this study

includes partial and full liberalization.

ASEAN + 5 FTA, provides bigger benefits and trade creation in full liberalization scenario for

all regions, except Cambodia and Australia-New Zealand. Welfare, real Gross Domestic Product

(GDP), trade, and the investment of all countries joined in ASEAN + five FTA has increased.

India is a country which experiences the highest increase in welfare, while Vietnam experiences

the highest increase in real GDP, international trade, and direct investment. In the sectoral

analysis, partner countries‘ balance of trade (Japan, India, China, Korea, Australia, and New

Zealand) compared to ASEAN member countries balance of trade, the condition is better than

the vice versa. The effect of resources usage allocation (land, labor, and capital) for ASEAN

countries is more focused on the sector of agriculture product, food, textile, and some extractive

industries and technologies, while for the partner countries is more focused on heavy industry,

technology, equipment, construction, and services.

Keywords: Regionalism, FTA, ASEAN + 5 FTA, GTAP, welfare, GDP, investment

JEL Classification: F10, F13, F14, F15

Economic and Financial Crime in Kosovo, Its Causes and Measures That Shall Be

Undertaken For Combating It

ILIR ISLAMI

PhD. Cand, European University of Tirana, Faculty of Law - Public Law Abstract- Prior to dealing with the measures that shall be undertaken for combating the

economic and financial crime in Kosovo, it is more than natural to mention at the very beginning of this work, the main factors that caused the economic and financial crime to appear, extend and develop in Kosovo, whose origin is from the former socialist system, huge prevailing unemployment that dominates, poverty of population, the transit period which still goes on etc. If viewed from the social-economical point of view, I can say that the economical crime in Kosovo, sometimes can be a matter of survival, sometimes it serves to improve material status of individuals, that dominate in conditions when the status of Kosovo is already solved, or finally it can also be as a result of very low income of population in Kosovo. On the other hand, there doesn‘t exist any the economic and financial crime, the authorities still do not have a satisfactory understanding at public, civil society is still at its developing rights and obligations is at a very low level, the role of media in sensibilization of public regarding the consequences caused by such crimes is still too small etc. No doubt that also non-adoption to the trade economy and the desire for rapid enrichment at a low risk has an impact on the extension of economic and financial crime, representing the motive for this secret activity, hereupon, in essence, we have to do with factors of economic nature. Beside the economic factors, some experts of economical circumstances in Kosovo, consider also psychological factors to cause economic crimes, such as: losing trust at state and its economic measures, the presence of high level of risk at business activities etc. Beside the above-noted factors, also other phenomena contribute in developing and spreading of economic crime in Kosovo such as: high rate of unemployment, decrease of production and living standard, loss of trust at bank system, huge number of removed and expelled persons who are unemployed, non-efficiency of institutions, relatively weak punishment policies, slow privatization process etc. Unequal business conditions due to lack of legal provisions, as well as non-consequent application of existing legal provisions also support the spreading of economic crime. The economic and financial crime is not a pr problem and can be an impediment for the stability in the region. The economic crime, in many ways, is a developing issue in the region which reflects the lack of proper protection of the rights on property, the lack of local economic opportunities, the lack of education of population and re-construction of new institutions.

The legislation as a basic and key element of decreasing economic and financial crime should act preventively and not retroactively. Lawmakers should actively follow this issue and precede with new practices and trends the economic crime.

Keywords: The economic and financial crime, barrier, legislation, economic factors.

Time for a wise and pragmatic policy Kosovo’s approach to the dialogue with Serbia

ILIR ISLAMI

PhD. Cand, European University of Tirana, Faculty of Law - Public Law

SEVDIE KADRIU

PhD. Cand, European University of Tirana, Faculty of Law - Public Law Abstract- The Republic of Kosovo, as a small state in the process of being constituted, is

unequivocally obliged to seriously preoccupy itself in what manner it will define its role in affairs of international character and which will be its future path in regards to foreign affairs, an eventual choice that should ensure the promotion of its vital interests. The adoption of wise and pragmatic foreign policies is of high importance considering the lessons from the past of small countries with limited military, economic and demographic capacities. First and foremost, this approach implies the undertaking of all measures required to increase the likelihood to succeed internationally by utilizing existing resources and capabilities that Kosovo possesses. By looking at the issue from this aspect, we can say that pragmatism entails a combination of realistic and practical approaches to foreign affairs with strategic support in idealism. It should be taken into account, that pragmatism as a concept has nothing to do with the fact of being strong or weak, but relates exclusively to making the right decisions at the right time. Therefore, from this point of view we can say that pragmatism reflects the ability to adapt appropriately to specific moments by maintaining strategic vision and coherence in doing politics in the state interest and the general interest of its citizens. This shall mean that, being pragmatic in certain situations of different constellations of power represents the ability to make compromises in order to achieve short-term strategic interests. The dialogue, which is currently underway between the Republic of Kosovo and Serbia, under the supervision and mediation of the European Union, is a typical example of such a wise and pragmatic approach of a fragile and underdeveloped state as is the case of Kosovo. In the event that Kosovo would have chosen the path of non-engagement in this dialogue, it would have been a wrong choice and with many implications for its future as a country, but also all its citizens. Another approach, one opposite to that reflected by Kosovo in relation to this dialogue, would have definitely kept Kosovo behind in the dynamics of European integration and undoubtedly damaged relations with key international partners too. Moreover, the rejection of the dialogue would have negatively affected our journey towards completion of international recognition of our statehood and in this regard also to the membership in various regional and international organizations.

Keywords: policy, dialogue, pragmatism, state, integration, reconciliation.

Learner modeling in the E-learning

I. Moussaoui, L.Oughdir, & A.Essahlaoui

Laboratory of Informatics, Mathematics, Automation and Optoelectronics (LIMAO)

Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taza, PO 1223, Taza, Morocco Telephone: (+212)652068619

Email: imane.moussaoui11@gmail.com

Abstract- The development of information technology contributes to the progress of applications of the E-learning. One of the most important goals of developing the learning environments is to provide the best help of the learner through his apprenticeship. Researchers have suggested developing a learner model (LM) which includes all the information about the learner. This work has as a main purpose to study aspects of the learner model in an E-learning environment and its importance as an educational need in the E-learning. The work will also include aspects of the learner model. We will define the notion of a learner model then we will give the categories and uses of models. We will try to make an approach by projecting the role of the learner model on existing projects.

Keywords: E-learning, Learner Model, Ontologies.

A Brief Investigation about Tourism in Iran and comparison with Some Other Middle

East Countries

Abdol Karim Gayem

Faculty member of the PUT

Email:k.gayem @yahoo.com

TEL: 00989163114162

Abstract- Tourism in Iran: Iran Currently ranks 68th

in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran

with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the word in terms of its history. The landscape of Iran is diverse, providing a range of activities from hiking and skiing in the Alborz Mountains to beach holidays by the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Over the next five years a number of tourism –friendly infrastructure projects will be undertaken on the Persian Gulf island of kish, which at present attracts around 1m visitors per year, the majority of whom are Iranian. Before the Iranian revolution and the subsequent Iran –Irag War, tourism was characterized by significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, boasting cultural splendors and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities. Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran –Irag war in the 1980s. Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and business people. Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure , and they also in clued a large number of diaspora Iranians returning to visit their families in Iran of making pilgrimages to holy shia sites near mashhad and elsewhere. Domestic tourism in Iran is one of the largest in the world. Despite the international tensions, the government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue over the forecast period, and to talk of projects to build an additional 100 hotel , for example, to expand its currently limited stock .The most up –to date figures from the world tourism Organization for the origin of visitors to Iran show that building up visitors from the Islamic and wider Asian world will have to start from a low base. Around three –quarters of those entering Iran in 1999 came from Europe. Of those as might be expected, only a minority were from western European Countries.

Keywords: Investigation, Tourism, holy shia sites, cultural, landscape.

The role of multi-national corporations in shaping the framework of globalization

Prof Augustine Okanlawon

University of Kurdistan Hewlêr, 30 Meter Avenue, Hewlêr (Erbil).

Kurdistan –Iraq

Tel: +964 750 818 5942

E-mail: a.okanlawon@ukh.ac Abstract- The convergence of cultures and societies has largely progressed in an arguably

irrevocable and single direction; toward greater and more complex integration. This trend might stall during the times of crisis or greatly accelerate following the advent of some epochal or technological development, but always, for better or worse, people in disparate regions of the globe continue to interact with one another in an increasingly diverse capacities. This phenomenon has been driven by a multitude of experiences and intensions, from scarcity and need to perceived opportunities. Refugees flee wars, emigrants set off to build new or better lives and traders seek out partners from far off shores. As a result of technological developments and computerized networks, the world is more integrated now than it has ever been, and the relevant actors are all defining their roles and asserting their position in this new world order (Kellner, 2002). Demography and population are changing as people move into regions and industries that had previously been inaccessible or non-existent. States nations and corporations are reacting to the ever changing environment through legislations, relocations, incentives and bureaucratic interventions. Companies, often the multi-nationals corporations (MNC), seek out accessible materials, favorable labor markets and other potential cost reductions as they extend parts of their businesses into foreign or seemingly more profitable markets. All these actors participate in the globalization process, but their participation represents different positions and degrees and not all are equal engines to the increasingly momentous transition into a globalized world. This paper will analyze globalization within the context of the divergent yet connected roles of both the MNCs and the state. It is being proposed that MNCs are generally the active agents that determine the shape and framework of globalization, whereas states, allowing some novel exceptions, play a more passive or reactionary role. There has been a decline in the power of national governments to direct and influence their economies; especially with regard to macroeconomic management. Shifts in economies are felt in all the countries of the

world. The internationalization of financial markets, technology and some manufacturing and services bring with them a new set of limitations on the freedom of action of nation states. In addition, the emergence of institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, the European Union, the European Central Bank and the trading blocs, involve new constraints and imperatives. Yet while the influence of nation states may have shrunk as part of the process of globalization it has not completely disappeared. The paper will assess the impact of MNCs on the globalization process and the states’ varied responses.

The Effectiveness of Geogebra on the Achievement and Conceptual Knowledge: Role of

Student’s Procedural Knowledge as Mediator

Hutkemri

Effandi Zakaria

Education Faculty, National University of Malaysia. Abstract. Quasi experimental research was carried out to identify the effectiveness of

GeoGebra in the achievement of students ‘conceptual and procedural knowledge. The

research was conducted to identify the effects of mediator for students ‘conceptual knowledge

and relation of procedural knowledge with students ‘achievement. There were 284 students

involved in the study. Students in the treatment group learned using GeoGebra, while students

in the control group used the conventional method. The collected data was analysed using

AMOS 18. The result shows the use of GeoGebra as mediator of students ‘procedural

knowledge in relation to the conceptual knowledge for academic achievement. The study also

shows that conceptual knowledge affected the students ‘mathematics procedures. The result of

the study also supports the related theory of role and contribution of conceptual and

procedural knowledge to students‘ achievement. The study also provides suggestions as

intervention to increase the students ‘conceptual and procedural knowledge.

Keywords: Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge, Achievement, GeoGebra, Limited Function, Quasi Experimental.

Societal Security Feeling and Social Happiness

Dr. Karim Rezadoost* and A. Fazelli

*Dept. of Sociology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Abstract- Happiness is a social phenomenon that has been studied from different standpoints by social theorists. This research seeks to identification of Influence of societal security feeling on Social Happiness. For this, Ingleharts theory of Human Development has been applied. The instrument is Oxford Scale for measuring happiness that has been used after reliability test. The study population included people ageing between 15 and 65 residents in Khuzestan Province. And the sample size consist of 987 individuals that randomly selected. The results indicate that Social Happiness is low among 1.9 percent of individuals. 19.5 percent enjoy high level of Happiness. And 78.6 percent have average amount of Happiness. Pearsons correlation coefficient results show that societal security feeling has positive significant relationship whit Happiness directly and indirectly(by interpersonal trust).Also self-expression values hadn‘t any significant relationship whit Happiness. Keywords: Societal Security feeling, Social Happiness, Subjective Well-being, self-expression values, Interpersonal Trust.

The Evolution and Impact of Various Bailout Programs on Bank Behaviour

Professor Ioan TRENCA, Ph.D.

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department

PhD Emilia-Anuta COROVEI*

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department E-mail: emilia_lud@yahoo.com

PhD Diana Maria CHIȘ

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department Abstract- The financial crisis and in particular banking crisis, as well as the interventionist assistance of governments to stabilize their economies have generated controversies among

the experts in the field. On the one hand the state should intervene to assist financial institutions to prevent the risk of contagion and to prevent the collapse of the entire financial

system, and on the other hand there are also arguments for bankruptcy of banking institutions because their failure is simply the consequence of a reckless and a greedy behavior and in this

case any rescue plan would not do anything else than boosts moral hazard problem. An important question that occurs in this case is whether this financial assistance granted to

banking institutions by governments may cause a balance sheet structure even much more

fragile. From the above mentioned issues we assess the evolutions of various bailout programs on bank behvior during the time and on each stage of a banking crisis. We combine unique

bank-level data of European banking institutions and cross-country data in order to estimate the impact of these programs on the banking sector stability. We assess the most important

policies used by governments: guarantees schemes, recapitalizations, state loans, asset acquisition programs and nationalizations. The existing literature includes many studies of the

impact of individual policies measures on bank behavior but as far as we know there is a less research on the impact of various policies on banking sector risk. Our results suggest that in

general government intervention have a negative impact on banking sector stability,

significantly increasing its risk.

Equilibrium Prices of Investment Guarantees under Romanian Unit-Linked Life

Insurance Contracts

Professor Crist ina CIUMA Ș, Ph.D.

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department

Ph.D. Diana-Maria* CHIȘ

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department

E-mail: dianamaria.chis@yahoo.com

Ph.D. Emilia-Anuta COROVEI

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Romania, Finance Department Abstract- One of the consequences development, of and the implicitly financial of insurance

markets, has been the emergence of unit-linked life insurance products in the last two decades.

The payoff in such contracts depends on two factors: the value of some underlying financial

instrument(s) and some insurance-type event in the life of the owner of the contract (death,

retirement, survival to a certain date etc.). Due to the financial instability caused by the Global

Crisis and the amplification of market competitiveness, insurers from international markets

have started to incorporate guarantees in unit-linked products. One of the most challenging

issues concerns the pricing of minimum death benefit and maturity benefit guarantees and the

establishment of proper reserves for these guarantees. According to Romanian legislation

which regulates the unit-linked life insurance market, unit-linked life insurance contracts pass

most of the investment risk to the policyholder and involve no investment risk for the insurer.

Although the Romanian legislation authorizes the Romanian insurers to offer unit-linked

contracts without investment guarantees, this research provides a proposal of a theoretical and

empirical basis for pricing and assessing unit-linked insurance contracts with incorporated

investment guarantees. Therefore the model provides a theoretical framework for valuing these

investment guarantees. The prices of investment guarantees are obtained under conditions of

market equilibrium using results from the theory of finance (Theory of options). Our findings

reveal that the investment policy is optimal in that it provides the Romanian insurance

company with a hedging strategy against the investment risk connected with these benefit

guarantees.

Cr Creativity and Innovation for Organisations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. An Integrated

HR Approach

Professor Dr. George O. Tasie

Department of Business and Management Sciences, School of Social Sciences

University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, KURDISTAN, Iraq. Abstract- Creativity and innovation are of fundamental importance in achieving a competitive edge in business, education or government. As a source of competitive advantage, creativity can provide organisations with all the weapons necessary to fight their rivals, particularly in rapidly globalised and changing markets. This paper will review the literature on the various approaches to creativity, discuss the barriers that obviate organisations from harnessing her employees’ energies, an successful creativity and innovation in organisations. The paper will also provide a 3-phase approach in designing effective HR programmes in promoting creativity and innovation in organisations. The argument, therefore, is that there are no quick-fix approaches to the challenges of fostering creativity in organisations, instead what is required is integrated, multi-intervention strategies to enhance organisational creativity and innovation.

Keywords: creativity, innovation, organization, human resources, competitive advantage.

Firm Level Determinants of the Composition of Financing Sources of Turkish SMEs

Aysa Ipek Erdogan

Bogazici University Hisar Campus Department of Tourism Administration Bebek 34342 Istanbul Turkey E-

mail Address: aysa.erdogan@boun.edu.tr

Abstract- This paper analyzes the firm level determinants of the proportion of different financing sources used by SMEs in the financing of working capital and fixed asset investments with a system of equations approach. Using the cross-sectional data set of 1,250 SMEs for year 2013, we find that the share of internal funds in working capital financing is lower for larger firms and younger firms. Larger firms and firms with a higher percentage of sales made on credit finance a higher proportion of their working capital with bank loans. The portion of fixed asset investments financed with internal funds is higher for older firms and firms with a lower percentage of sales made on credit. Younger firms and firms with a higher percentage of sales made on credit use bank loans more intensively to finance fixed asset investments.

Keywords: SME, Turkey, Financing patterns, Working capital, Fixed asset investments Jel classification numbers: C21, G21, G30, G32

Which SMEs Perceive Access to Finance as an Obstacle to Their Operations? Evidence

from Turkey

Aysa Ipek Erdogan

Bogazici University Hisar Campus Department of Tourism Administration Bebek 34342 Istanbul Turkey E-

mail: aysa.erdogan@boun.edu.tr

Abstract- Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have a fundamental role in the

economic growth and job creation in almost all economies in the world. Access to finance is fundamental for the survival and growth of SMEs. However, financial constraints are considered to be one of the most important factors that impede the growth of SMEs. To contribute to the understanding of the financial constraints faced by SMEs in emerging markets, this paper sets out to find the firm level determinants of perception of access to finance as an obstacle to the operations of Turkish SMEs. We find that high growth SMEs, larger SMEs and SMEs that have concentrated banking relationships do not perceive access to finance as an obstacle to their operations.

Keywords: SME, Turkey, financing constraints.

Jel classification numbers: C21, G21, G30, G32

Which SMEs Perceive Access to Finance as an Obstacle to Their Operations? Evidence

from Turkey

Thomas Chatzigagios,

University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece

Athanasios G. Panagopoulos,

University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract- This paper aims the research whether involving Credit Ratings Agencies (CRAs), regarding the provision of credit risk rating for the banking structured products, as well as the credit clauses of ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association) signed agreements between banks, could affect the banking liquidity. The research work focuses on the existing regulation and the literature for CRAs and on whether a proposed set of regulation reforms could aim in manipulating future crisis in the finance environment. The ISDA operation, the legal framework of its proposed contracts (for banking products transactions) and the decisions of its committees are factors, which can also influence the operation of these products and the banking liquidity. Throughout this system, there is a procedure occurs which decides the activation of hedging instruments (as Credit Default Swaps), when a "credit

event" takes place. The research effort is also based on the study of ISDA contracts as legal tool protecting the banks, bilaterally, from credit event risks. Under this reasoning, we have examined the liquidity effects concerning banks and how this is involved with the changes of the credit ratings. The paper reviews the current European legislation of CRAs, as well as the policy of ISDA through its contracts and from the results ended, suggests specific legislative interferences and changes in ISDA‘s agreement clauses, to preserve the banking liquidity. Keywords: CRAs, Credit Events, CDS, ISDA, Master Agreement, CSA, Legal agreements, Liquidity, Rating trigger. JEL: G240, G280

The Marxist in Chavez’s Rhetoric

Dariga Abilova

Abstract: Throughout his presidency, Hugo Chavez enjoyed steady electoral support. But who

was voting for him and why? It is commonly agreed th succeeded in bringing him electoral

support due to the combination of social factors that made masses more susceptible to the

populist dis employed quasi-Marxist elements, elements far too often ignored or downplayed in

prevalent analyses of his rule, and it boosted his popularity among the poorest of Venezuelan

society. Comparative analysis of Marxist and Chavez‘s rhetoric supportive evidence of the

existence of Marxist influence in Hugo Chavez‘s discourse.

Post-conflict reconstruction within fragile states: learning from the Ottoman experience

of state building

Mark Kirkham

Associate Lecturer Northampton Business School.

Ph.D student at Northampton University. Abstract- This paper demonstrates how a historical understanding of the Ottoman Empire

could be of benefit to the contemporary world. For over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire ruled across three continents, over hundreds of different communities and expands all the way to the gates of Vienna. This study seeks to find the lessons from how a small nomadic tribe that settled in north western Turkey in 1299 managed to gain legitimacy in the eyes of so many radically different cultures for so long. Difficulties associated with legitimacy and the transition between two very different social-political systems is arguably one of the greatest difficulties associated with post-conflict reconstruction today. Although we see a different form of state today which is seen as the ideal, this comes in the form of democracy, the transitional period faces similar difficulties to what the Ottomans had to confront in the period after conquest. This is especially significant in regard to societies which are under-developed, rural and have a political system which is heavily influenced by religion. The source of this legitimacy lay in the very founding principles of the Ottoman state. The expanding state welcomed every culture, every religion and embraced the new ideas that they brought with them. This is demonstrated by the diverse cultural backgrounds of individuals at the highest level of government. The Ottoman Empire is frequently portrayed as the sic of European empire which could not adapt to modernity. However the findings in this research suggests that the Ottoman state has been misunderstood and prior to the break of the Ottoman Empire, relative stability within its borders prevented the wholesale upsurge in violence that we now experience today in the Middle East. This paper analyses current literature on hybridity by authors such as Paul Jackson, Oliver Richmond and Audra Mitchell. Yet if a new form of governance is to be created, new institutions must be seen at the very least as semi-legitimate if they are to wield authority and to produce long lasting reforms, trust and sustainable change. This paper concludes that despite the historical differences between the management of diversity in an empire and the political objectives of intervening powers in contemporary conflicts, a hybrid transitional period inspired by the Ottomans could provide democratic governments with a blueprint to inclusive government in the short term.

The impact of internal governance structure on cooperative financial performance

Zelhuda Shamsuddin

Faculty of Business Management and Accountancy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

(UNISZA)

21300 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

& Institut Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia

Email: zelhuda@gmail.com Abstract- This paper aims to examine the impact of internal governance structure on

cooperative financial performance in Malaysia. One would expect the internal governance structure would promote financial performance of cooperative organization. One would also expect that it would not influence the financial performance of cooperative organization. However, with increasing numbers of cooperative in Malaysia, I consider the aim of this paper is important to control and avoid governance failures in Malaysia cooperative environment. To the best of my knowledge, this paper contributes the first comprehensive coverage of empirical investigation to cooperative governance in Malaysia. The paper is proceeds as follows. Firstly, I consider the previous literature on the effect of internal governance structure to cooperative performance. Then, I continue to explain related hypotheses to this study, data sources and model development. Finally, I present empirical results and discuss their implication.

Keywords: internal corporate governance, internal corporate governance structure, cooperative financial performance, Malaysia cooperative sector.

Consumption of “poor energy” and its impacts on environment in Cote d’Ivoire

Aboh Prisca ZIDAGO PhD Candidate in Land resources management option natural resources

management, Department of Land Resources Management, China University of Geosciences Email: Abohprisca2010@gmail.com

Abstract- The difficulty in accessibility to energy by households in some regions is one of the

major problems in Africa and particularly in Cote d‘Ivoire. This article described the use of

some fuels such as charcoal, firewood here called poor energy, and these different effects on

consumers and producers in Abidjan, the capital of Cote d‘Ivoire. A qualitative analysis

through the households has showed that charcoal was the fuel most used in households and

even the choice of its poor energies mainly socio economic. Moreover, the production and

consumption have a negative impact on the health of producers and consumers. This research

has shown that many users are unaware of the health hazards. The paper argues that to improve

these situations require more coordinated and innovative plans and policies from the

government. The paper suggests that greater emphasis will be needed in reducing dependence

of biomass for cooking, promoting domestic alternative energy sources, and also presented a

policy approach to minimize or eradicate health problems.

Keywords: environment, poor energy, households, health hazard, accessibility.

An Unhappy Stop on the Way to Development: The Middle-Income Trap in the Turkish

Economy

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Bahcekapili

Marmara University, Department of Economics

Marmara Universitesi Goztepe Kampusu 34722 Kadikoy/Istanbul/Turkey

Email: cbahcekapili@marmara.edu.tr Abstract- The growth rate of per capita income in Turkey has been remarkably high since the

severe crisis of 2001. That year, per capita income was USD 3.019. In 2013, by contrast, it was USD 10.807, but since 2006, the Turkish economy has slowed its performance to less than its potential growth rate of 5%. Is it possible to sustain this rate of growth for the next several decades? How long will this rapid growth last? Or is the Turkish economy in a middle-income trap, which has been quantitatively identified in the literature as having a per capita income level in the range of USD 15–16K and/or 58% of US per capita income. In this paper, the relevant economic indicators between 2001 and 2013 will be analyzed with graphs and tables and compared with the latest studies. The sources of growth of the Turkish economy will be separated into their individual components, namely capital accumulation,

employment growth, and total factor productivity. Their contributions to growth will also be computed. The production structure of Turkey is dependent on imported capital-intensive technologies, and the contribution of labor and total factor productivity are relatively low. Therefore, during the 2000s, the Turkish economy depended more than ever on foreign capital, which made economic growth more unstable and fluctuating. Economic performance that relies on foreign capital and the large current account deficit that mainly results from a high import of capital goods, generates growth, but creates instability. The lag in Turkey‘s domestic savings, - its low productivity level, and its unrealistic exchange rate policy are the main reason for this model of economic growth.

Intent-to-Treat and Treatment Take-Up Effects of Summer School on the Literacy

Outcomes of Struggling Early Readers

Keith Zvoch

University of Oregon, USA

kzvoch@uoregon.edu Abstract- This field-based randomized trial examined the effect of assignment to and

participation in summer school for a moderately at-risk sample of struggling readers. Application of single and multi-level regression models to difference scores capturing the change in summer reading fluency revealed that first grade students randomly assigned to summer school outperformed their control group peers in an intent-to-treat analysis. The

contrast in performance was greater when the comparison was focused more specifically on the change in literacy between treatment participants (i.e., randomly assigned students who actually attended summer school) and students randomly assigned to the control group and in analyses that explicitly adjusted for non-compliance with treatment assignment. When examined with respect to the size of the site-based achieved treatment contrast, the results also indicated that treatment outcomes were more positive in contexts where there was greater differentiation between treatment and control groups. These results support the experiential intuition of school district personnel regarding the benefits of summer school and suggest that targeted summer instruction can be a useful strategy to support student learning over the summer months.

Keywords: summer school; randomized field trial; treatment non-compliance; implementation fidelity. Acknowledgement: The research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A090369 awarded to the University of Oregon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.

Determinants of Level of Participation in Vegetable Value Chains: A Gender Perspective

Almaz G

Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

E-mail: almazgzw@gmail.com

Workneh N

Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Edilegnaw W

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Gezahegn A

Deputy Country Coordinator, Ethiopia Scaling Seeds Technologies Partnership in Africa, Alliance for a green revolution in Africa(AGRA)

Abstract- The major premise of this paper is to investigate the determinants of level of participation in Dugda district with special focus on gender in onion and tomato value chain. The crops were purposely selected because of their comparative advantages. A large number of respondents at every step of the value chain were asked pertinent questions. Data analysis was done with the aid of econometric models. In this study, the determinants of level of participation were analyzed using Heckman two-stage selection model. The findings revealed that with female-headed farmers, their level of participation was hindered by achievement-motivation. Family labour was inversely related to volume of production in MHH. From the findings of the research, it can be generalized that MHH and FHH decision to participate in marketing are enhanced by educational level and social participation. Onion and tomato men retailers’ level of participation was enhance marketing experience while age of the respondent and family lab sale by volume per week. Therefore, tomato and onion production and marketing policies that take into account determinants of value chain actors’ level of participation are important to improve the livelihood of the tomato and onion value chain actors, reduce poverty, and improve the efficiency of the whole value chain system.

The relationship between the Egyptian English teachers' practices and university

students motivation

Norhane Ali

The American University In Cairo

Email: norhaneali@aucegypt.edu Abstract- This paper investigates the relationship between the Egyptian English teachers’ practices and university students ‘motivation. A qualitative method including interviews to students has been adopted in this study to measure the extent to which the Egyptian English teachers’ practices affect the students ‘motivation and their academic performance .Interviewed students discussed their perception about their Egyptian English teachers ‘practices and the different situations where their teachers have demotivated them concerning their work. The results showed that students suffer their teachers’ lack of appreciation towards their assignments and exams and as a result they lose their motivation and engagement towards learning English .In addition, all the interviewees agreed that English teachers ‘encouragement is one of the main factors that push students to achieve good grades. Students also mentioned that English learning is hugely depending on their teachers’ practices since writing relies on motivation and creativity. Some recommendations are suggested at the end of the study which suggest that Egyptian English teachers’ should attend self-professional development trainings to improve their teaching abilities.

On the New Media and Digital Marketing Communication

Dr. Figen Ebren

Akdeniz Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi, Kampus Antalya

Email: ebrenfigen@gmail.com Abstract- New communication technologies that emerge with globalization gain importance every day. The application methods that continue to change and develop over time try to direct the masses towards a different dimension with the ―new media‖ Communication over the internet is now moving away from the control of people or institutions thus becoming more and more open to interaction with the technological developments in internet technologies known as web 2.0. Social media consists of participant and interactive social communities. These aforementioned communities can interact with other users by creating, publishing and controlling content. The new media which can be accepted to be relatively censor-free and objective is very interactive and open to sharing thanks to its different specific tools. Conversations of individuals with communities and shared content form the foundation of social media. Today, social media covers different concepts such as blogs, social networks, forums, wikis, video sharing, virtual worlds emphasize the importance of the communication of the individual with the communities while also encompassing all online public that enables the members and participants to make their voices be heard in a free environment. Today, many people are informed of current developments via photographs and videos shared online. Social media covers a wide range from blogs to social networks and different from traditional media enables brands to communicate with consumers thus forming deeper bonds. Hence, social media evaluated as part of mass communication tools plays an important role in socialization acts and the spreading of culture. In this context, the master and doctoral theses on new media and marketing communications in the last 5 years are evaluated –research type, effects, results etc.- in this paper.

The sectoral real exchange rate and manufacturing employment in Turkey

Assistant. Prof. Dr. ReşatCan Akkay Department of Economics in English, Faculty of Economics, Istanbul University

Email: canakkay@gmail.com

Abstract- The paper examines the impact of the real exchange rate changes on the

employment level in the Turkish manufacturing sector. The paper also presents the channels

through which the real exchange rate influences employment. The contribution of the paper

will be about the employment of a new concept called "sectoral real exchange rate". This new

concept is supposed to be as a better measure compared to aggregate real exchange rate.

The reaction of stock prices to monetary policy shocks in Malaysia: a structural vector

autoregressive model

Roohollah Zarea*

, M. Azalib and M. S. Habibullah

c

aDepartment of Economics, Beyza branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran

b,c Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti

Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Abstract- This study examines the response of stock prices to monetary policy shocks using

the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model with short-run restrictions appropriate for Malaysia. The empirical results for the period 1990:1-2011:12, show that the response of stock prices to positive changes in short-term interest rate (money supply) is negative (positive) and statistically significant only in the short-run consistent with the prediction of asset pricing theories. The response of stock prices to shocks from other variables considered in the model indicate that the largest response is to the unexpected increase in the exchange rate which is negative and statistically significant during the entire forecast horizon followed by the response to oil price shocks (supply shocks) which is negative and statistically significant up until the seventh month after the shock.

Keywords: Monetary policy; stock prices; structural vector autoregressive JEL Classification codes: E52, E44, C300, G100.

Influencing Factors about Readiness of Iranian Government Organizations for

Replacement

Seyyed saber emami

Email: saberemami@gmail.com

Shadi rostami

Email: Shadi.rostami86@gmail.com Abstract- In today world a different look has come true about leadership and management requirements. Many of knowledgeable individual, compare the shortcoming of leaders and managers in the coming years with the computer crisis of the year 2000 in which our computerized world is encountering a major problem. Republic presidency of young consultant‘s board also was established of Iran in and by the target of training vicar regulation settling in the government it was created and was studied as statics society. Organization senior manager continuous support from training vicar programs and tendencies of organization for proper selecting was assumptions in which by using the questionnaire and interview was surveyed and the high ratio of the experienced manager to the young experts and graduated and finally stability of the senior management team by using documents and organizational information has been extracted in the present scholarship two methods of library and surveying has been used which has been studied by questionnaire to examine the assumptions, a questionnaire including 25 questions has been designed and after dynamic and final valuation it was to be used by the static sample. Based on this, through the population of 12000 persons of employees of administrations and ministries and organizations employee 165 questionnaires has been integrated by the method of casual integration. Meanwhile from the total 78 of the senior manager of these organizations 10 persons were selected after gathering questionnaires and document information of examined assumptions and all were surveyed in the calculation non parametric of Tav and Kondal was used finally the outcome express that impact of the continuous support of senior manager from the training vicar programs and organization tendencies for proper selecting for only two effective factor for initiating of government organization to settle training vicar regulation in organization from the employee was rejected and was approved from the mangers whereas mentioned assumptions from the manager point of view was confirmed. Also surveying the documents and present information about third and fourth assumption is expressive of the factor impact high ratio of experienced manger to young experts and graduated and also stability of senior management of the team on initiating organization to settle the regulation is the basic debate and result, the third and fourth was approved.

Use of Gayspeak among Filipino Heterosexual Couples and Its Perceived Effect on Their

Relationships

RAMER V. OXIÑO, MAT ELA

Philippine Normal University Manila, Philippines

E-mail: oxino.rv@pnu.edu.ph Abstract- Employing a qualitative-quantitative research design, this study investigated

gayspeak use among the Filipino heterosexual couples and its perceived effects on their relationships. One hundred twenty-two respondents classified into four groups under two major types of couples (Type 1 –heterosexual couples with only one partner using gay

expressions, either the male or female partner; and Type 2 –heterosexual couples with both partners using gayspeak) were surveyed. Findings showed that the respondents acquired gayspeak from people in different places through different means. Mass media, however, were viewed as the main ways by which gay expressions were acquired. The respondents used gayspeak for different purposes, in the different circumstances. The respondents reported that their gayspeak use benefitted their relationships, their communication, and themselves as individuals. The respondents believed their gayspeak use could strengthen and prolong their relationships. The findings affirmed that social relations are anchored on communication and communication is partly shaped by a language variety.

Keywords: Gayspeak, gayspeak use, gayspeak acquisition, gayspeak use effects.

Family Influence on Juvenile Delinquency: A Qualitative Study on Mothers’ Perspective

Ayşe Özada Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Lefke, Turkey

Email: aozada@eul.edu.tr Abstract- Juvenile delinquency is one of most pressing social problems with its negative effects felt throughout all community members. The literature reveals that a number of factors such as family dysfunction, low school attainment, involvement with antisocial peers, living in disadvantaged neighborhoods and being neglected or abused are correlated with delinquency. Yet, there is little known about their own children‘s antisocial behaviour. The purpose of this study is to explore causes of delinquency and to understand better adolescents’ lives from the mothers’ perspective whose children engaged in delinquent behavior. The research has been performed through interviews with 20 juvenile delinquents’ mothers at Ankara Children and Youth Prison. Qualitative research design has been used in that study to determine details of youth‘s lives before taken into custody. Individual interviews have been conducted by using a semi structured interview guide and a content analysis has been used on the basis of interviews’ transcripts. Five main familial themes have emerged as the circumstances which mothers thought made their children become involved in delinquency: Inadequate family support, having antisocial siblings, parents or relatives, being abused or neglected and low socioeconomical status. The results have revealed that parental conflict, having antisocial siblings and witnessing domestic violence are predictors as familial factors on delinquency.

Keywords: Adolescence, Juvenile Delinquency, Mothers‘ Perspective

Insurance fund for natural risks in rubber plantations in Thailand

Wandee Nuansoi

Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya,

Rattaphum College, Songkhla, Thailand.

E-mail: wandee.nu@rmutsv.ac.th

Supattra Pengkleng

Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya,

Rattaphum College, Thailand.

E-mail: supattra.p@rmutsv.ac.th Abstract- A study of insurance fund for natural risks in rubber plantations in Thailand was

aimed to determine the insurance rates and coverage limits and study comments and needs of

farmers toward the system of insurance fund for natural risks in rubber plantations. The

sample in this study was the households of rubber farmers living in the province with an area

of rubber plantations more than 500,000 Rai and affected by natural disasters, the amount was

10 provinces, 400 households. The interview schedule was used as research tools. The results

showed that the insurance premium for natural risks in rubber plantations was 900 baht per

Rai an coverage limits based on the age of rubber trees calculated on the collection of

manufacturing cost. This coverage was between 10,000 and 70,000 baht per Rai by the flood

and windstorm protection only. The results of interviews with farmers revealed that 54.42

percent of them believed that insurance fund for natural risk in rubber plantation was

necessary. Factors affecting the decision to purchase insurance fund for natural risks in rubber

plantations is Premium price which was appropriate information on incentive compensation

and conditions of insurance policy.

Keywords: rubber plantations, insurance rates, coverage limits.

Impact of International and Regional Financial Integration on Economic Growth

Sung-Yup Jung

Seoul National University, Department of Economics, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Email: sungyup870511@gmail.com Abstract- This study suggests a way of measuring the level of international and regional financial integration and analyzes impact on regional economic growth. The model presented measures the dependency of a region‘s foreign asset regions’ foreign liability (foreign asset) of regional financial sectors to that of traditionally advanced economies. The level of recoupling varies across regions and its impact on economic growth is accordingly different. There is significant welfare improvement for advanced economies due to financial globalization whereas the welfare effect for other regions remains to be inconclusive. Global and inter-regional financial integration promotes real sector co-movement. On the other hand, intra-regional financial integration reduces co-movement within the region.

Keywords: Global and Regional Financial Integration, Regional Economic Growth, Recoupling and Decoupling.

Does Uncovered Interest Parity or Purchasing Power Parity Have a Power on Exchange

Rate under Exchange Market Pressure?

Erhan Oruc

Phd candinate, Univeristy of Kansas

Email: eoruc@ku.edu Abstract- After the Bretton Woods system collapsed, many countries had bad experiences

from currency crises. These crises spread not only domestically but also internationally. One of the most important indexes which try to capture cur-rency crises is exchange market pressure (EMP). Furthermore, starting from developed countries, exchange rate regimes have became freely- oating. After caving in xed exchange rate system, uncovered interest parity (UIP) and pur-chasing power parity (PPP) charm macroeconomists' attention to explain any change in exchange rate. Exchange rate is determined by linear combination of UIP and PPP in this study. So, we assume that neither UIP nor PPP holds. Also, production side variables and financial side variables have separate effects on exchange rate. It is shown that elasticities of international reserves and interest rate depend on the linear combination of the exchange

rate equation to compute EMP index. If the linear combination is presumed 0.5, then both elasticities can calculate close to 1. According to estimation results, PPP impacts more than UIP for the Canadian economy. As a structure of the Canadian economy the linear combination should be close to 1 in exchange rate equation. This interpretation causes elasticities to become really low. Moreover, the index captures all important economic crises and political issue including G-7 countries intervention to support the Euro. Keywords: Uncovered Interest Parity, Purchasing Power Parity, Exchange Rate Market Pressure Index, State Space model, Unobserved Component Model, Gibss Sampling Jel Classification : E43; E58; F31; F32; F41

Neuromarketing in Turkey: An Insider Look at How Turkish Brands Implement

Emotional Appeal

Assistant Prof. Dr. Ayse S. Erdemir,

Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Email: aysesiminerdemir@gmail.com Abstract- Neuroscientific studies of emotional processes emphasize that it is primarily

emotions and not rationality that plays a vital part in influencing decision making, perception, cognition, and behavior. Understanding of emotional processes is revealed by marketing circles to be vital for effective development of marketing and advertising campaigns proposing that, successful branding and advertising depend on understanding and developing an emotional appeal towards consumers. As emotional appeals vary between collectivist and individualist cultures, emotion elicitation and assessment across the target culture is necessary for a successful neuromarketing strategy to be implemented within a given advertising campaign. Lately Turkish brands are heavily investing in neuroscientific studies and consulting with neuro-marketing agencies to improve advertising effectiveness. This research provides case studies of Turkish brands from industries including telecommunications, food and beverage, banking, pharmaceutical, as well as automobile. The case studies consist of Turkish brands submitting their advertising campaign to assess emotional impact and emotional blockage scores to be retrieved from simultaneously run electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking experiments provided by Turkish neuromarketing agency; Think Neuro. By analyzing case findings and deducting neuromarketing strategies, this paper attempts to reveal Turkish cultural codes of emotional appeal and provide examples of how a give competitive advantage be highlighted, and emotional appeal be built through the utilization of neuromarketing strategies across the Turkish market. This paper is of interest to marketing and advertising circles, both national and global seeking to cut loss on several trial and error attempts in advertising.

Understanding Social Media ROI in SMEs

Vlachvei A. a and Notta O.

b

aTechnological Educational Institute of West Macedonia, Dept. of International Trade,

Kastoria Campus, Fourka Area, 52100, Kastoria,Greece bTechnological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Agricultural

Technology, (Agricultural Economics Program) P.O.Box 141, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece *Corresponding author: E-mail: vlahvei@kastoria.teikoz.gr

Abstract- More and more global companies are using social media –some because they know

it works, others because they‘re afraid not becoming big business. According to a report of

Forrester, spending on social media marketing in Europe is forecast to rise ― from€1.4 billion

in 2012 to 2017, reflecting a 17.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) while Forrester

expects social media spending in the US to reach $18.7 billion by 2019, up from $8.2 billion in

2014 - - growing at a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.9%. The

measurement of social media effectiveness, or return on investment (ROI), is a key factor in

the long term success of social media marketing and management programs. The objective of this study is to review both the academic and industry literature on ROI of social media along with social media marketing tools, goals and measures. Several researchers and experts have identified/discussed key elements from a complex set of ROI measurement issues of social media, such as direct and indirect measures (Mangiuc, 2009), short vs. long term impact (Pooja, et al., 2012), financial vs. non-financial indicators (Blanchard, 2009) and a need for a social media balanced scorecard approach (Nair, 2011). Gilfoil and Jobs (2012) provides a business “unit of analysis” framework, while Peters et al.

(2013) propose a holistic framework that covers the major elements of social media, drawing

on theories from marketing, psychology, and sociology and support and detail these elements-

namely ‗motives,‘ content,‘ network structure, and ‘social roles & interactions’. More recently, Coleman and Herriot (2014) develop a conceptual model of the social media marketing process, where key results measures for awareness, engagement and performance are proposed for influencers, consumers and customers. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for understanding, implementing and measuring Social Media effectiveness or return on Investment (ROI) especially in cases of SMEs.

Firm Performance Changes In Light of the Recent Greek Financial Crisis

Notta1*

O. and Vlachvei2 A.

1. Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Agricultural Technology, (Agricultural Economics Program), P.O.Box 141, 57400, Thessaloniki,

Greece., 2. Technological Education Institute of West Macedonia, Dept of International Trade,

52100, Kastoria *Corresponding author: E-mail: ournotta@farm.teithe.gr

Abstract- Although there is a large literature concerning general company measures taken in

an economic crisis, there are very limited works dealing with the effects of economic crisis, on firm performance. It is difficult for firms to recognize and adapt to change when it is drastic, sudden, and externally forced. Some are forced to close down and others to drop their production capacity because of insufficient consumer demand for their products. At the same time, however, certain firms do sustain competitive advantage even during such major environmental changes. The objective of this study is to draw conclusions about changes over the crisis period in three measures of firm performance –sales, profits and capital expenditure and to compare effects from changes in external financial conditions, domestic demand and international trade on firms’ profits, sales and investment using both industry and firm specific variables prior and during the crisis. The real impact of 2009 crisis in Greece on firm-level performance is investigated using accounting data for 300 food manufacturing firms in the period from 2006 until 2012. Within this framework, a review of the literature and a statement of the research questions, followed by the methodology and the findings are evaluated. According to the results of the analysis, there are significant performance changes over the crisis period.

Keywords: Economic crisis, Greece, food industry, firm performance.

Energy Spiral of Turkey

Ferat KAYA

Marmara University, EU Politics and International Relations Department

E-Mail: feratkaya78@hotmail.com Abstract- Energy, determinants of the governments taking into consideration the balance of the supply and demand including short and long systematic activities they perform with planning, is a basic input for economic and social development. It is also an important criteria that plays a role in determining the international policies and affects the development of countries. Energy is a multi-dimensional structure and includes many topics such as; environmental protection, security, global warming, social welfare, income distribution, balance of payments and sustainable growth. Due to rising standards of living, population growth and industrial activities, Turkey is consuming more energy each year. Although Turkey has a wide variety of energy resources, its primary resources are inadequate to meet the demands. Due to insufficient of reserves, Turkey depends on foreign energy and becomes en energy importer. Turkey is entering into current account deficit spiral, paying great amount of money on energy imports. The aim of this study is to show that, the countries which want to be, more competitive and have a stable and sustainable process should develop their own energy and decrease their external dependence in terms of energy. Due to this, Turkey has to establish its energy policy by using alternative energy resources and start using renewable energy and nuclear energy as the owner of the second biggest thorium reserves in the world. By using thorium which is the future‘s strategic raw material in nuclear r its control.

Keywords: Energy, Economy, Thorium, Turkey.

Applications of Trust Management in E-

commerce

Assist. Prof. Dr Elham Fariborzi

Mashhad Branch-Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Email: e-fariborzi@mshdiau.ac.ir

Hoda Anvari Kazemabad

Mashhad Branch-Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Email: hodaanavri@yahoo.com Abstract- Trust is an important compound for human interaction. It allows people to interact each other and helps to increase prosperity in economical operations. Managing of trust is necessary for e-commerce environments especially prior to new transactions with an unknown peer. So, the trust evaluation is critical, which relies on the transaction history data in network components. Trust may also play a significant role for the efficient operation of more general multi-agent systems. This paper seeks to provide an overview of models for trust evaluation in transactions which computes trust values. Some other features of these models in e-commerce are also discussed that explained in details in side of this paper. The finding shows such defects and deficiency in these models; for example none of the existing trust models consider load balancing among service providers.

Keywords: e-commerce; trust; model; trust management; reputation systems.

The Global Fınancıal Crısıs: Lessons for Islamıc Fınance

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Kutluğhan Savaş ÖKTE İstanbul University Faculty of Economics, İstanbul,Turkey

E-mail: mokte@istanbul.edu.tr Abstract- The global financial crisis provides an opportunity to discuss the lessons that can

be drawn in order to ensure the resilience of Islamic finance. The Islamic financial industry

did relatively well during the recent financial turmoil and experienced vibrant growth with a total asset size of exceeding USD 1 trillion now. Theoretically, Islamic financial system is much more stable than the conventional system. However, this does not mean that Islamic financial system has been completely protected against the risks of a similar crisis in the future, as it lives under the same umbrella and operates under the same rules of the game. The major drawbacks of the conventional system are relevant to the development of the Islamic financial industry. Being an infant industry, Islamic finance encounters a number of challenges such as lack of an efficient legal and institutional framework, qualified manpower, and effective government support. This paper argues that Islamic finance requires a regulatory - supervisory framework, which is much stronger than the existent one in the conventional system. Such a system has to be uniform, comprehensive, legislative, and multinational.

Keywords: Islamic finance, Islamic banking, global financial crisis, financial stability.

Role of cultural values in shaping the difference of male and female leadership

Pan He

Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Australia

Email: ho.pando@gmail.com Abstract- Even though the number of woman leaders in top managerial positions has increased in

recent decades, the statistics for leaders in the top organization positions continue to demonstrate

a relatively low proportion of woman in the top positions. Diversity research exploring on reasons

and the differences between male and female leaders has been conducted since the time leadership

research embarked. However, until now, no strong evidence exists to provide the reason why

female leaders in the disadvantage positions. In fact, robust evidence shows that female leadership

is more effective than male leadership in some situations. Investigating the related studies, most

of them explore the gender differences on leadership from a simplistic and static view of gender

on biologic notions and femininity and masculinity notions. In this paper, the differences of male

and female leadership have been theoretically reviewed as results of culturally constructed

process. Hofstede‘s (2001) cu (power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs.

collectivism, and masculinity vs. femininity) was employed as the framework to analysis the

previous studies and to explore how cultural values shape the difference between female

leaders and male leaders and keep the female leaders in disadvantage managerial positions.

How dynamic related to culture and gender (e.g., equality, power differentials, tolerance for

ambiguity, individual or group work, role expectations) have been discussed which can shed

the lights on the further research on different constructions of gender leadership across

cultures.

Keywords: cultural values, gender, leadership.

Dynamic Negotiation Model with Repetitions

Ichiro EBINA

Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University, Tokyo, Japan.

E-mail: iebina@ner.takushoku-u.ac.jp Abstract- In Rubinstein model of negotiation, which is most widely used in sequential game, the first offer of a player is accepted by the other player and renegotiations are not to be played. This result has been proved to be the only sub-game Nash perfect solution of his (Rubinstein) model, whereas the static feature of the process is not consistent with the dynamic one of the real negotiation. In this paper I introduce a dynamic negotiation model based on the game theory which illustrates repetition of negotiations. This model is a dynamic extension of the Principal-Agent model developed by Iida in the context of two-level games. Main results of computational simulations are following: ・In the early stage of negotiation,

each player has an incentive to express fictitious preference to get better gain: which makes

the situation being・ through repetition, the situation becomes relieved and the preference

expressed by each player approaches to the true preference. ・The utility of each player

increases in the process of negotiations.

Keywords: Negotiation Theory; Game Theory; Dynamic Game.

Determining Factors of Restaurant Service Quality and Study Its Effects on Intention for

Repeat Patronage

Seyedhanif Mirrahimi

Department of Management, Science and Research Branch,

Islamic Azad university Qazvin, Iran.

Email: Mirrahimi.s.hanif@gmail.com Abstract–High service quality is considered as an important keys in nowadays competitive food market while there is not easy to measure the performance of restaurant service. The purpose of this research is to determine factors of restaurant service quality and study the impact of service quality on the intention for repeat patronage. Methodology/Approach–After reviewing the literature on restaurant service management and the intention for repeat patronage, the factors of restaurant service quality were specified. In order to investigate the model 480 questionnaires were contributed between customers of 10 Full service restaurants in Iran. The applied methodology, descriptive statistical methods and structural equation model (SEM) were employed in order to evaluate the correlation between each element of model. Findings–Atmospheric factors Quality, food factors quality, Process factors quality and human resource factor quality were defined as four significant factors in performing restaurant service quality which has raised the intention of repeat patronage in customers of Iranian Restaurants to 19 percent. Research Limitation–The restaurant service setting and customer sample are limitations. Future research should examine restaurant service dimensions in different types of restaurant and/or service operation settings with more diverse populations. Practical implications – The current study provides valuable insights into restaurants’ owners

criteria adopted by them in order to make their customers repeating their purchase. Originality/ Value–Knowledge of the different criteria’s adopted by customers in making restaurant choice decision encourages a better understanding of both customers and restaurant service in Iran, Provides valuable guidelines to the modern restaurant owners in designing the service performance.

Keywords: Service Quality, Intention for Repeat Patronage, Food Industry, Structural Equation Model (SEM).

FDI, Technology Acquisition and Labour Demand in an Emerging Market Economy: A

Firm-Level Exploration of Indian Manufacturing Industries

Maitri Ghosh

Assistant Professor, Bethune College, 181 Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata India.

E-mail: maitri_ghosh@yahoo.com

Saikat Sinha Roy*

Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata India.

E-mail: saikat.sinharoy@gmail.com Abstract: The paper investigates into the impact of foreign direct investment on firm-level labour demand in India. FDI inflow and hence MNE participation in India during post reforms have made access to foreign technology cheaper and easier. This can have serious implications for the labour market. The evidence of inter-firm variations in labour demand across sectors is indicative of the existence of factors specific to firms. This paper in specific, estimates the impact of ownership, labour productivity and technology acquisition on firm-level employment across industries post 2000. Hausman Taylor estimation results show that foreign ownership does not play a significant role in determining firm-level labour demand in Indian manufacturing. In particular, technology acquisition by foreign firms is not labour displacing for major sectors. However productivity has a negative impact on firm-level employment.

Keywords: FDI, Technology acquisition, Labour demand, Hausman Taylor Estimation.

Exploring the impact of the strategy maps and project scorecards on project

management efficiency and effectiveness

Ahmad Torknejad & Maasoumeh Shekary Department of Management, faculty of management, University of science and

culture, Tehran, Iran Abstract- In spite of various studies and improvements which have been done in the area of project management, still many projects fail to deliver expected outcomes through the implication of project management processes. One of the main reasons for this problem is that the tools which are being used to measure project performance are not aligned with its Strategic goals and in a higher level, with the parent organization‘s business strategies. Defining a clear strategy can be a difficult process for a project and translating this strategy can be even more difficult. With the recognition of the necessity for effectively and efficiently managing projects to gain successful outcomes, this paper aims to present the application of strategy maps and project scorecards in increasing project management efficiency and effectiveness through aligning project to business strategy and then translating this strategy to different strategic objectives. The paper concludes by offering some insights and recommendations about the design process.

Keywords: Project management, Project efficiency, Project effectiveness, the Balanced Scorecard.

Macroeconomics Policy Coordination in Brazil: 2000-2012

Ph.D. Luciane Cristina Carvalho lucrislho@gmail.com

Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM Av. Colombo, 5790 - Bloco C-34 - sala 5 - Maringá –PR –Brazil

55 (44) 3011-4744

Ph.D. Maria Helena Ambrosio Dias

mhadias@uem.br Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM

Abstract- This article analyzes the Brazilian economy from the perspective of the theory of

policy coordination. As fiscal and monetary policy in the period under study, the main instruments used to achieve the goal of government, which are economic stability and long-

term welfare. But monetary coordination is discussed as the main instrument of transmission

to the interest rate set by the Monetary Policy Committee - COPOM and fiscal policy with the aim of primary surplus. We considered, until the time of the study, that coordination is

necessary to achieve and maintain the objectives of an economy, however, the economic literature has not yet reached a consensus on the need. Between 2001 and 2012, the Brazilian

economy recorded significant changes in the conduct of monetary, fiscal and exchange policies, going through phases of monetary and fiscal restraint, moderate, low and also by

new search restriction via the administration of the interest rate to achieve fiscal and monetary targets committed to the market. In order to verify the interaction between fiscal and monetary

policy, we create an econometric model based on tax policy efficiency indicator in achieving

your goal. This study shows that the difficulty of achieving the objectives set by the central government, there were several manipulations of public accounts, indicating caution in the

management of public debt. It was observed from the results that there is coordination, but the social costs are high. Similarly, the results suggest that monetary policy is subject to fiscal

policy.

Keywords: Coordination; Macroeconomic Policy; Brazilian Economy; Interest Rate. JEL: E61, E62, E63.

Sales Forecasting in Clothing Industry Using Economic Indicators of Society in Iran

Mina Taheri*, Khalilorrahman Khalilipourroodi, & Abdol Hossein Sadeghi1

1Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Department of

textile Engineering. *taherimina.35@gmail.com; Textile Engineering Department Amirkabir University

of Technology No. 424, Hafez Ave., Tehran, Iran. Abstract- Sales forecasting in clothing industry is complex due to lack of historical sales data and influential factors that the manufacturers cannot control. Society's economic status is one of these factors that impact customer purchase behavior. However, using economic indicators of society as input to sales forecasting models has not been examined thoroughly. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a model for demand forecasting in clothing industry using economic indicators of society. In this study, a model was developed to forecast clothing demand based on economic indicators of society. There are three main economic indicators of society: monthly inflation rate, household income, and US Dollar exchange rate. Considering all these parameters as inputs may bring about unnecessary complications to the model. Input selection method, therefore, was used to simplify the model by identifying the most relevant input variable. The proposed model was developed based on artificial neural networks (ANN) method, and it was trained using 3 years (2010-2012) of actual sales data from a major clothing manufacturer in Iran. To evaluate the performance of the model, demand forecast was compared to the actual sales data of 2013. Results show that the corresponding values of MAPE and NRMSE are 7.5 % and 2.01, respectively. This indicates that the proposed model can forecast the demand accurately and economic indicators of society impact customer purchase behavior in clothing industry.

Keywords: Sales Forecasting, Clothing Industry, Artificial Neural Networks, Economic Indicators of Society.

Prioritizing the Middle East Countries based on Good Market Efficiency’ Indicators

S. Mostafa Razavi

Associated Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Iran

Email: mrazavi@ut.ac.ir

Rohollah Ghasemi

Corresponding Author, Ph.D. Student of Production and Operation Management, University

of Tehran, Iran

Email: ghasemir@ut.ac.ir

Bahareh Mahbanooei

Ph.D Student of Organizational Behavior Management, University of Tehran, Iran

Email: b.mahbanooi@ut.ac.ir Abstract-The World Economic Forum published Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) in order to measure national competitiveness in different countries annually. In these reports competitiveness has been defined as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. Ac competitiveness reflects the extent to which it is able to provide rising prosperity to its citizens‖. The GCI contains 12 pillars that with efficient goods markets are well positioned to produce the right mix of products and services given their particular supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can be most effectively traded in the economy. This paper aims at Prioritizing the Middle East Countries based on their Market Efficiency’ Indicators. Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt,

Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria,

Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen are traditionally included within the Middle East. In

first, we used Shannon Entropy method for determining the weight of each Good Market

Efficiency‘s.Thestatisticalindicatorpopulationwas14 countries of Middle East whose GCI data

were included in GCI 2014-2015 report (except of Iraq, Palestine, and Syria). Also, we used

TOPSIS method to prioritizing these countries based of their Good Market Efficiency. Our Finding help Middle East Countries’ policy makers and business mans to identify each

countries situation in Middle East. Also, this research introduces benchmarks for Middle East

countries. In addition, importance of each indicator of good market efficiency will be clear.

Keywords: Global Competitiveness, Good Market Efficiency, Middle East Countries, Shannon Entropy, TOPSIS

The Relationship between Love Attitudes with Sexual Self-esteem in married female

students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran

Javad Khalatbari1, & Parastou Taghavi Dinani

2

1 Department of psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon,

Iran. 2 Department of psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Tehran, Iran. Abstract- The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between love attitudes with

sexual self-esteem in married female students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran .The statistical sample was 196 of married female students who were selected By stratified random sampling among 630 girl students who were studying in B.A level of humanities college in the Islamic Azad university at Tehran branch in the academic year of 2013-2014. Sexual Self-esteem Inventory for women (SSEI-W) (1996) and Love Attitude Scale –short form (LAS-SF)(1986) were used to collect data. The statistical analysis by Pearson correlation and multivariable regression showed there was a significant and positive relationship between Eros, Storage, Pragma, A gape of love attitudes with total score of sexual self-esteem. Stepwise Regression analysis revealed Eros and pragma were able to predict sexual self-esteem.

Keywords: love attitude, sexual self-esteem, women.

Stress Management to Improve the Quality Of Life in Patients of Diabetes Mellitus

Novia Fetri Aliza & Radhiatul Fitri Faculty of Psychology, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Email: Nfa_iza@yahoo.co.id, & radhiatulf@hotmail.com Abstract- The aim of the study was to observe the changes in the quality of life of patients

with diabetes mellitus by providing appropriate interventions by stress management module. Stress management module was designed based on eclectic approach which provide a combination from several intervention existed in psychology such relaxation technique, positive affirmations and spiritual emotional freedom technique (SEFT). The Interventions were given once on a week for four sessions, the duration for each session was 90-100 minutes and presented in a group. Participants in this study were seven people with diabetes Mellitus (Age between 59-74 yeras old) and have difficulty to accept their health conditions which have been diagnosed diabetes Mellitus. The instrument used in this research was ABA design to observe changes before and after the intervention. The first baseline conducted in three days then compared with the baseline after the intervention. Results from this study: there are several changes in quality of life of participants, each participant experienced different changes quality of life. Some participants reported serenity in life, more submissive to God, ability to cope with unhappiness conditions and were able to managing stress properly

Keywords: quality of life, stress management, diabetes mellitus

Knowledge, Awareness and Health Practices of Pregnant Women in Selected Urban and

Rural Areas in Iligan City on Pregnancy- Induced Hypertension

Mach Michael T. Cadavos

Email: machcadavos@yahoo.com

Justin C. Colocar

Northern Mindanao Medical Center, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Email: jetcastellano@yahoo.com

Desiree Rose S. Revelo

Department of Health, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Email: desireerevelo@gmail.com Abstract- This study was undertaken to identify the health practices for developing

pregnancy- induced hypertension prior to pregnancy. It also aimed to determine the level of awareness of pregnant women regarding the nature, risk factors, signs and symptoms associated with the development of pregnancy- induced hypertension through evaluation of health practices and awareness on PIH of the respondents. The researchers randomly selected 80 respondents from Brgy. Poblacion and Brgy. Pugaan in Iligan City. They used purposive sampling which involved the selection of target respondents to correspond to the urban and rural locations of the respondents. Selection criterion included women of reproductive age who were currently pregnant regardless of the age of gestation of the baby. They were given a brief introduction by the researchers. Questionnaire was given as a form of survey. The results of the study indicated that pregnant women in urban and rural areas have poor awareness of PIH and place them at higher risk for developing the disease since they do not have the information to identify the risk factors. Pregnant women in rural areas have less than desirable health practices that those in urban areas, thus they would more likely benefit from education and information about dietary requirements of pregnant women and its relation to PIH. Certain characteristics and conditions are related to the knowledge and awareness of PIH such as higher educational attainment, being older or matured and earning higher income means higher level of awareness. The outcome of the study motivates healthcare providers concerned to reinforce more on health teachings since the study also showed that pregnant women in rural areas have the tendency to rely on unreliable sources of information about PIH. The results of the study will help the nursing schools and hospitals to modify health-care services so that women of reproductive complications during pregnancy.

Explaining the Relation between Europe and its Muslim Minorities using the Dynamic

Compound Framework

Menna Taher,

Assistant Lecturer, The British University in Egypt. Abstract- For the first time in its modern history, Europe has become a continent of migrants. Of the 375 million people in Western Europe, 40 million are living outside their countries of birth. The population of immigrants and the percent. This all started in the wake of the Second World War, consensus grew among European political and commercial elites about the need for manpower to support their booming postwar economies. Industries and governments in Britain, France, Germany, and the Scandinavia started setting up programs for this purpose. The result of this was waves of immigrants pouring into Europe of diverse ethnicities. Despite their different backgrounds these immigrants had one common feature; the majority of which were poor and took the least paid but the most dangerous that the European industry had to offer. Muslims were part of these huge waves of immigration that brought cheap labor of the poorer countries of the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, and the former colonies to the industrialized states of the west. recession that hit Europe in the 70‘s, stirred public debate about the need to close the door of labor immigration. European governments did apply this decision, yet it allowed the already settled labor the possibility to reunite with their families and opened the door for asylum seeking. Thinking that this reunion would push people to return back to their country of origin, this new policy resulted in nothing but transforming immigrants from single migrants to families that wanted permanent settlement.

The Effects of the Supply of Affordable House in Hochiminh City In Vietnam

Le Minh Phuong Mai

Master. Lecturer of University of Finance and Marketing

Nguyen Tan Phat

PhD. Deputy Director of Deparment of Human Resources, Vietnam National University Ho

Chi Minh City. Abstract- This paper attempts to show that the factors which affect to the supply of housing

for middle-income people in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. Based on the theory of supply of housing in general and the characteristics of affordable house in particular, the author generalizes theory for this type of real estate. Moreover, the author examines and uses analytical qualitative tools, EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) which found four groups of factors: financial and urban policy; internal factors; factors of demand; land policies, trends of demand and the manner of Government decisions. Research findings thus provide a new perspective for understanding about affordable house theory in Vietnam and show the wise Judgements to Vietnam’s real-estate market.

Central Bank Transparency and the consensus forecast: What do The Economist poll of

forecasters tell us?

Emna Trabelsi

Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis 41 Avenue de la Liberté, cité Bouchoucha, le Bardo, 2000, Tunisia.

E-mail: emna.trabelsi2007@yahoo.fr.

Abstract: We are interested, in this paper, in studying the effects that central banks exert on

private sector forecasts by means of their transparency and communication measures. We

analyze the impact of central bank transparency on the accuracy of the consensus forecasts (usually calculated as the mean or the median of the forecasts from a panel of individual

forecasters) for a series of macroeconomic variables: inflation, real output growth and the

current account as a share of GDP for 7 advanced economies. Interestingly, while it is found of significance of central bank transparency and communication measures on forecasts

themselves, there appear some limits of the same measures when we study their impact on forecasts errors. Our findings, indeed, suggest that deviations between realized and forecasted

economic data are a little bit affected by the central bank transparency measures considered in the paper. Inflation forecasts errors, especially, are not affected at all by those measures. One

possible explanation could be attributed to the inefficiency of the mean forecasts. Inefficiency of the consensus forecasts is not a new issue from a theoretical point of view, but its empirical

relevance is for the first time questioned on data extracted from The Economist Poll of

forecasters. More particularly, our paper has implications over questioning the efficacy of releasing more transparent public information as sparked by Morris and Shin (2002) whose

argument states that when private agents have diverse sources of information, public information can lead them to overreact to the signals from the central bank. Keywords: Transparency, Consensus forecasts, Economist Poll of forecasters, Inefficiency JEL codes: B22, C23, E58

Global Current Account Imbalances: The Role of Currency Internationalization

Taehoon Kim

Department of Economics, the Graduate School, Seoul National University

1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

gskevinjer@snu.ac.kr

+82-10-4450-0612

Soyoung Kim

Department of Economics, Seoul National University

1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea Abstract- This paper explore the role of currency internationalization as the medium-term

determinants of global current account imbalance, particularly the U.S. current account deficit. In theory, different processes and degrees of currency internationalization across countries can lead to asymmetric changes in international lending and borrowing (or current account) across countries. The higher degree of currency internationalization a country has, the more access it has to international financial markets. That is, a country with a high degree of currency internationalization is likely to be able to borrow with less cost. Therefore, the country is likely to end up with current account deficits. We adopt a panel regression for 45 countries that includes the standard determinants of the current account imbalance as well as a measure of currency internationalization. We find that 1) the degree of currency internationalization is negatively associated with current account balances and 2) the U.S. current account deficit is well explained by the degree of currency internationalization.

Keywords: Global imbalance; Current account; Currency internationalization.

Designing Learning Experience in Environmental Physics for high school students

Arpapong Changjan, Saksri Rakthai*

Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*E-mail: nokrakthai@yahoo.com

Abstract- The objectives of this research were 1) to analyze environmental physics

content and 2) to synthesize the Learning Experience in environmental physics for high school students. The samples were 20 students from high school in Phetchaburi province, Thailand. The contents of environmental physics were analyzed by literature review from the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 of Thailand and the Learning Experience in environmental physics was designed by researchers. The results showed that environmental physics was not major base in learning area but it was inserted in science's learning area. The content of environmental physics in this research was reduction urban heat island by physical mechanism and the components of the Learning Experience consisted of content, objective, learning situation, media and evaluation. The evaluation of student‘s learning outcomes found that every score as well as the satisfaction of teaching professionals on all components of the Learning Experiences in Environmental Physics for high school students was high with mean at 2.52 from 3.00 and standard deviation (S.D.) was 0.15.

Keywords: Learning Experience, Environmental physics, High school students.

Designing Learning Experience for high school students topic in Phytoremediation

Process

Saksri Rakthai

Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330,

Thailand E-mail: nokrakthai@yahoo.com Abstract- The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze scientific content topic in

phytoremediation process and 2) to synthesize the Learning Experience for high school

students. The samples were 20 students in grade 12 from high school in Phetchaburi province

Thailand. The data were collected by reviewing literature, using achievement test to evaluate

student‘s learning outcomes and interviewing of learning experiences. Simple statistics

including means and standard deviation were used for data analysis. The results showed that

content involving phytoremediation process was complicated knowledge for high school

studen it could be inserted in science‘s learning area of the Basic Education Core Curriculum

B.E. 2551 of Thailand. The structures of Learning Experience in this study consisted of

content, objective, learning situation, media and evaluation. The evaluation of learning

achievement found that the achievement of post learning was higher than pre learning and the

satisfaction of learning experts on the structures of the Learning Experience topic in

phytoremediation process was high at mean 2.75 (from 3.00) and standard deviation (S.D.) was

0.14.

Keywords: Learning Experience, Phytoremediation process, High school students.

Sustainability of e-Retail in India

Niraj Satnalika

PhD Student, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India.

Email: nirajsatnalika@iitb.ac.in Abstract- Sustainability of a business entails the objective of sustainable development which

in turn includes three main parameters, namely social equity, economic efficiency and environmental efficiency. After the Brundtland report in 1987 the companies are increasingly

focusing on sustainability. One of the business model which lacks several aspect of the sustainability model is e-Retail. This paper outlines the need of sustainable business and also

determines important parameters for sustainability in e-retail business. Further, the paper also analyses the sustainability of Indian e-retail business. The main agenda for most of the e-

retailers has been customer acquisition. Spending big bucks on marketing, and brand building

is something which is seen round the clock 365 days a year. The aggressiveness of the e-retailers definitely makes sense in the Indian economy given the fact that the penetration of e-

retail in overall retailing market in India is still in its infancy. The companies in India are following a similar paradigm which was fooled by the global players like eBay Inc. and

Amazon Inc. in the United States. Also, private equity players and venture capitalists are supporting the e-retailers and are making massive investments which are based on base line

assumption of promising future returns the business the investors would make. However, on the contrary, if the Indian e-retailers continue to offer huge discounts, they will only attract

volumes thereby gaining significant market share but it would lead to unsustainability as profitability with such discounts remains a distant dream. Lastly, the paper also makes a qualitative correlation of emergence of e-retail in developed economies like United States, UK to that of Indian market to understand the tipping point post which a change in strategy for the Indian players will only result in sustainable business model. It is inferred from the analysis that the e-retailers in India will have to relook their strategy and change their focus on profitability by means of cost optimisation and discount reduction as only then the business will sustain. Beyond this tipping point the companies in the e-retail space has to shift focus solely on profitability and returns. If not done, the companies won‘t sustain in the market and valuations will result in a bubble which will eventually burst.

Selecting an Optimal Strategy of Human Resource Management through Employer

Branding in an Emergent Market

Ass Prof. Dr. Müberra Yüksel Kadir Has University ,-Silivri Selimpaşa Cam

International Trade & Logistics Dept. Abstract- The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of strategic human

resource management (SHRM) in constructing "employer branding" both conceptually and empirically with a case study from Istanbul. Most of the prior research on employer branding focus either on social expectations and trust of external stakeholders, i.e. prospective employees. Research on the perceived brand image of employees and how that is related to employer brand is scarce. With an increasing interest on internal stakeholders, mainly employees along with a concentration on internal marketing of the employer brand, the emphasis is lately on the value that human capital brings to the firm which cannot be imitated. The presumption of employer branding enhanced by internal marketing is to make customer-conscious employees to handle services better by being aligned with business mission and goals. That is why; employees should be well-informed, empowered, trusted about a company’s offerings and understand the strategies, processes of organizations. Employee commitment refers to the degree to which an employee has positive associations towards the organization, its values and brand personality. In sum, employer branding is at the heart of strategic human resource management which aims at fulfilling the expectations of both the internal and the external stakeholders. Whether adapting to a commitment-oriented or collaboration-oriented strategy and how to optimize these two human resource strategies for reputation management is the main research question. Starting from employees and ranking the level of employee perceptions of brand personality and EVP by using analytical hierarchy process methodology (AHP) and inquiring whether these brand values are communicated and conceived well may be the initial steps in our proposal for employer branding and how to choose the human resource management strategy accordingly. This empirical study aims to fill this research gap within the context of an emergent market - Turkey.

Keywords: Brand Personality, Employer Branding, Employee Value Propositions (EVP), and Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM).

Application of Ripple Tank to Studies Coefficient of Wave Transmission through

Vertical Barrier

Atirat Maksuwan & Arpapong Changjan

Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330,

Thailand E-mail: q_f_t_thesis@hotmail.com For undergraduate students who study physics and engineering (i.e. coast, civil and environmental). One important elementary example of the basic properties of waves is studies transmission coefficient. The transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave. Propose in this research, we present transmission coefficient is observed to plane waves transmit through vertical wave barriers. Under condition of laboratory physics room by using the basic demonstrate of the ripple tank apparatus. Our results show that pane wave transmissions through double vertical barriers are analysed approximate calculation methods. These were transmitted through double vertical barriers one separated value, with a critical width of double vertical barriers, analogous to the quantum tunneling phenomenon through a classically impenetrable barrier.

Keywords: Ripple tank apparatus, the wave power transmission theory, Transmission coefficient.

Application of Ripple Tank to Studies Coefficient of Wave Transmission Through

Vertical Barrier

Atirat Maksuwan

Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330,

Thailand E-mail: iiibigiii@hotmail.com

Abstract- The product of Gaussian probability density appears in the natural sciences, the

social sciences, mathematics and engine function for the homogeneous or isotropic equation

(i.e., heat equation, diffusion equation), a partial differential equation that describes the time

evolution of the process. For undergraduate students who study physics and engineering (i.e.

coast, civil and environmental). One important elementary example of the basic properties of

waves has studied refraction phenomenon. The purpose of this work is to extend refraction

phenomenon situation by the technique of Green‘s function together with the product of

Gaussian probability density function. Our main result is the most probable detection sight

occurred when the propagation of wave subject to the route that takes the least time, which

corresponds to the refraction property of Fermat‘s principle of least time.

Keywords: Gaussian probability density, Green‘s function, Principle of least time.

The Professor Coming Home: Strategic Human Resource Management in Non-State

Funded Higher Education. Lessons from Ghana

Joseph Darmoe

GIMPA Business School, Ghana

Email: jdarmoe@gimpa.edu.gh Abstract- The role of the state and its units during the nation-building stages of post-colonial Africa was based on the belief that the public sector, through effective use of capital (both human and physical) will lead to the building of the desired nation. An effective means of meeting this need was through state sponsored higher education. As such African countries such as Ghana relied heavily on both foreigners and Ghanaians trained outside to fill the gap needed in higher education governments in sub-Sahara Africa started experiencing the impact of fiscal deficits associated with the state sponsored model of development in all sectors of the society. In the area of higher education, these fiscal problems led to demonstrations and strike actions across the continent. For the university teacher, unlike his student, migrating to a source of greener pastures was a very lucrative option in a situation that seemed unending. Even though successive governments had gradually reduced government expenditure on higher education drastically away from-saharatheAfrican1960‘s governments, Ghana included was still embroiled in a higher education system that was draining a lot of money from the government with a low rate of return as compared to the different levels of education in the country. To solve this problem the governments during the 1990‘s introduced market oriented policies in higher education as part of the broader market oriented ideology. This led to the privatization of certain state owned higher education units as well as the liberalization of the market to allow private sector participation, a preserve of the state until then. This process led to increase private sector participation and a rapid increase in enrolment in higher education. For instance, enrolment increased by 436% between 91/92 and 2003/2004 academic years. Between 2011 and 2012 higher education enrolment in Ghana stood at 261,962 from over 60 institutions of higher learning.

Analysis of the Brazilian trade balance in relation to Mercosur: A comparison between

the period 1989-1994 and 1994-2012.

Bastos, Luciana Aparecida

UNESPAR- State University of Paraná Campus of Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.

Email: singerlu@gmail.com Abstract- The idea of Latin American integration occurred from the ideals of Simón Bolívar

that, in 1824, called the Ibero-American nations to Amphictyonic Congress of Panama, on June 22, 1826, where he would defend the importance of Latin American unity. However, this

congress was frustrating and the idea of Bolívar went no further. It was only after the European Union to start the process, driven by the end of World War II, that the subject

returned to emerge in Latin America. Thus, in 1960, supported by the European integration process, started in 1957 with the excellent result of the ECSC - European Coal and Steel

Community, a result of the Customs Union of the BENELUX (integration between Belgium,

the Netherlands and Luxembourg) in 1948, was created in Latin America, LAFTA - Latin American Free Trade Association, in 1960. In 1980, LAFTA was replaced by LAAI- Latin

American Association, both with the same goal: to integrate Latin America, it´s economy and its trade. Most researchers in this period agree that the regional market would be expanded

through the integration. Thus, taking into account Mercosur, the main Latin-American block, created in 1994, the aim of this paper is to make a brief analysis of the trade balance

performance of Brazil (larger economy of the block) in Mercosur in the periods: 1989-1994 and 1994-2012. The choice of this period was because the objective is to compare the period

before and after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur. The methodologies used was the

literature review and descriptive statistics. The results showed that after the integration of Brazil in Mercosur, the exports and imports grew within the bloc and the country turned out to

become the leading importer of other economies of Mercosur after integration, that is, Brazil, after integration to Mercosur, was largely responsible for promoting the expansion of regional

trade through the import of products from other members of the block.

Evaluating the Role of Islamic Banks in Attracting and Developing Deposits Applied

Study on the Clients of Islamic Banks in Yemen

Dr. Saad A. Metawa

Professor of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Commerce

Mansoura - UniversityEgypt.

Moqbel Ali Abdullah Alzouba

Researcher at the Doctoral stage, Faculty of Administrative Sciences

Al-Baydha University –Yemen Abstract- Banks play a major role in pushing the wheel of economy in most countries. This is done by absorbing the extra money in a society and then trying to re-use it in different funding forms as to boost up the economy in any country. Chief among those forms is deposits. They constitute the main source of bank's capitals since they provide the liquidity needed for projects funding. However, deposits seem to be impacted by the nature and the number of clients. Previous studies have indicated that clients' satisfaction is the main reason behind attracting their deposits. Also, clients tend to choose a particular bank seems to be due to a number of factors. This study aims at evaluating the effect of the Yemeni Islamic Banks in terms of attracting the clients' deposits. It was applied to a sample of 384 client. This study found out that deposits in the Yemeni Islamic Banks seem to be impacted by a number of factors. Those factors can be summarized as follows: 1- The study confirmed the weakness of the promotional campaigns of the Yemeni Islamic Banks. 2- It was found that the contribution of the Yemeni Islamic Banks in terms of social service is very poor. 3- It was found out that the reputation of these Islamic Banks has suffered greatly due to poor logistics, poor services….etc. The study concluded that the Yemeni Islamic Banks can improve the deposits service by trying to adopt some competitive strategies as to attract great number of people.

Impact of Adolescents' Life Style upon their BMI in Secondary Schools at Baghdad City

Buthainah Basheer Saleh, M.Sc.N*

** Dr.Eqbal Ghanim Ma ala, Ph D

*Academic Nurse, Medical City, Ministry of Health

E- mail: buthaina_basheer@yahoo.com **Professor, the Dean Collage of Nursing, University of Baghdad

E- mail deanship_Bagh@yahoo.com Abstract- The study aimed to identify the adolescents' lifestyle, and find out the relationship between adolescents' lifestyle and their demographic data (gender and Body Mass Index). Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on impact of lifestyle upon adolescents'

Body Mass Index in secondary schools at Baghdad city, starting from 20th

of April 2013 to

the end of October 2014. Non- probability (purposive) sample of 1254 adolescents were chosen from secondary schools of both sides of Al-Karkh and Al-Russafa sectors. Data was collected through a specially constructed questionnaire format include (8) items multiple choice questions. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through a panel of experts related to the field of the study, and the reliability through a pilot study. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis frequency, & percentages, and inferential statistical analysis, chi-square, are used. Results: Regarding to the gender, the finding indicates that males and females (48.7, and 51.3%) respectively, were approximately equal, and the result study samples find more than one forth BMI were almost equal in under and normal weight percentile (27.8%, and 27.8%) respectively, they spent mostly time (5 hours and more) in watching TV, and use the computer for playing games, and sometimes eat during watching TV or playing computer games. Adolescents' gender has highly significant association with times sharing with physical activity per week but the other items have no significant association. Adolescents' Body Mass Index has highly significant association with their lifestyle Recommendation: Mass media for adolescents and their parents to recognize healthy eating lifestyle through the TV, radio & other shows program to watch &assess of the problem for controlling and preventing developing adolescents' obese, overweight and risk diseases.

Keywords: Lifestyle, and Body Mass Index.

Is There Any Resource Curse In The Third World and Developments Countries? Study

Case: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Bruneri Darussalam

Prakuta Wijaya* & Yessi Rahmawati

aDepartment of Economics Developments, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Email: *prakuta.wijaya.se@gmail.com, & yesshe.rahma@gmail.com Abstract- The relationship between natural resources and development of the third world (developing countries) are important to discuss. The power of natural resources can lift developing countries reduces of poverty, but over the last 20 years many countries fail to lead to economic development and socio-economic conditions are worse than before the natural resources used. The interesting developing countries which affected by natural resource is Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Brunei Darussamlam. These countries have a similar natural topography, socio-culture that is almost uniform but have a difference in the achievements of economic development. This research using methods ordinary least square to see the relationship between independent variables against of variable dependent. The study is to see how far the natural capital affect a country's economic growth by using a variable independent are agriculture, mining, fisheries, manufacturing, forestry GDP while dependent variable is Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Keywords: natural resource, sustainable developments, resource curse, ordinary least square, third word.

Construction of a global financial development index for the MENA countries: what

place for morocco?

KHATTAB Ahmed

Email: khattab.ahmed.mmo@gmail.com Abstract- The objective of this study is to investigate empirically the evolution of financial development for MENA countries (Algeria, Tunisia, morocco and Egypt) before and after financial liberalization. To this end, we have represented the evolution of some development indicators, then we have constructed a global financial development index referring to the methodology of Demirguc-Kunt&Levine (1996) and Audrey Chouchane Verdier (2004) by using the ―world development indicators-2013).Our Dat results suggest some heterogeneity in what concerns the evolution of this index for those countries. Morocco is the country that has recorded the best results after 2005.

Factors affecting childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia care seeking behaviour of mothers

in coastal area of Bangladesh

Md. Aminul Haque, Associate professor, Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka

Email: aminuldps@gmail.com &

Sanjoy Shaha, ICDDR, B. Email: sanjoy198388@gmail.com Abstract- Childhood mortality is high in the developing countries and pneumonia and diarrhoea remain predominant causes of under-five child mortality and causes of death from these diseases are preventable and treatable. A commitment has been made by the Government of the People‘s Republic of Bangladesh ended in the country before 2035. Lack of parents’ knowledge wh they do not aware of the services, or lack of perception about the quality of care offered are widening in caretakers’ knowledge and care-seeking behaviours. The study objective is to understand the determinants of health seeking behaviour of mothers during childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia in a coastal area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 392 mothers in two villages of Teknaf

upazilla in Cox‘s Bazar district from and qualitative data were collected to meet the objectives

of the study. This study was conducted Results: Result shows that 35.5% and 25.5% mothers reported that children suffered at least

once from diarrhoea and presumed pneumonia in the preceding 12 months. The highest number

of mothers (32.4%) sought self-care or home remedy in the first visit during 1st episode of

childhood diarhhoea and on the other hand, 32.7% mothers sought care from qualified service

providers in the first visit during 1st episode of childhood presumed pneumonia. Mothers’ age,

household income, edge regarding danger sings acted as predictor in seeking appropriate

healthcare during childhood diarrhoea. Including all these factors, mot for mothers to seek

appropriate care during childhood pneumonia.

Conclusion: Attention should be given to improve the socio-economic factors of the mothers to

improve preventable child death to improve resilience of child health situation to disaster,

along with increasing mother’s awareness regarding child mortality and danger signs.

Shariah Review: A Case Study on an Islamic Banks in Malaysia

aZurina Shafii and

bAhmad Zainal Abidin

aIslamic Finance and Wealth Management Institute, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800,

Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia1

bManager, RHB Investment Bank, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract- The need to be in conformity with Shariah requirements is the main objective of the establishment of every Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), globally. Hence, the recently

issued Shariah Governance Framework (SGF) by Bank Negara Malaysia in 2010 clearly indicates few main pillars in ensuring Shariah compliance for every IFIs in Malaysia. The

pillars among others are Shariah risk management, Shariah review and Shariah audit function.

It is noted an increase number of study and research in relation to Shariah audit and Shariah risk management area however not in the area of Shariah review function. Thus, besides to fill

the gap, the objective of the research is particularly to study the entire process for Shariah review function, as a compliance function in ensuring Shariah compliance in an Islamic bank

in Malaysia. This study adopted a single case study research. This is the best approach and appropriate to answer the research questions and to achieve the research objectives.

Furthermore, this is a pilot case study which can be extended for multiple case studies later. Besides, the paper also will be discussing few matters related to Shariah review function such

as independency of the function, the reporting structure and similarities and differences of the Shariah review function with its conventional compliance and review function. In addition,

the paper also tries to enlighten readers on the common review findings and factors that (may)

lead to Shariah non-compliant event. It is believed that this paper may benefit not just academician, also the new Islamic banks in strengthening their Shariah compliance function.

Keywords: Shariah review, process, Shariah Governance Framework.

PESTEL Analysis on Hydraulic Hybrid Bus –The case of Irankhodro Diesel

Manuchehr Manteghi, & Salome Azarkish* Responsive author: salomeazarkish@gmail.com

University of Science and Culture, Park Street, Ashrafie Esfehani, Poonak, Tehran, Iran. Abstract- Sustainable development is very much dependent on clean and safe rural transportation. The development of hydraulic hybrid bus is a high tech solution to fuel consumption and air pollution reduction; but every technical solution needs to be closely assessed before being invested on. The objective of this paper is to investigate and identify the factors and rationales that may lead to the success or failure of product development. PESTEL analysis is used to peruse the effects of environmental factors on hydraulic hybrid bus development and its market acceptance. Based on PESTEL analysis some enablers need to be activated before commercialization of the hydraulic hybrid bus to support the product launch. The results of this paper are based on the viewpoints of automotive industry experts gathered through questionnaire and interviews.

A Study of Management of select NGOs in the Education sector in India

Sagar Mehta

Email: sagarmehta286@gmail.com Abstract- India is a large country with still a large number of fundamental issues needing attention. It is said by someone wise that the Government cannot be there at every front to solve or mitigate all these issues. It is for this reason that we have NGOs or Non-Governmental Organization which are borne out of a need to help society. Most NGOs are created by individuals with an intent of serving a basic social need of the society. In India, one such sector which is in dire straits is the education sector wherein the Government has been unable to provide even basic education to the masses. This is where the NGOs have stepped in to cover the gap between the Government and the beneficiaries. NGOs are often funded by the founders themselves or through the external participation of donors. Unfortunately in most cases because of poor management of resources there is no clear track of how and where the resources are invested and also the magnitude of the work of the NGO, partially due to poor communication from the side of the NGO. This project aims to identify and evaluate the best factors responsible for successful running of an NGO in the education sector. It takes up real life cases of successful NGOs and deciphers their success factors to act as trailblazer for any NGO to follow. The project also goes on to define certain success parameters that emerge from a case study analysis of selected NGOs. The attempt is to provide a generic framework that can be applied to any existing NGO working within the education sector through setting up a management schema that includes developing an all-inclusive Vision and Mission Statements, Creating and sustaining programmes alongside dealing with the questions regarding scaling up and evaluation of the NGO as a whole.

Intellectual Capital

Rand Kawa Mustafa

Sulaimane polytechnic university

Management department/ accounting and finance, Kurdistan region, Iraq

E-mail: rand.kawa@gmail.com

Abstract- In the millennium less people will do physical work and more people will do brain

work. This is intellectual capital. It does more value for organizations than physical assets.

Economic wealth is driven more by knowledge and information than the production process.

While past economies depended on use of land, natural resources, equipment and capital for

the creation of value, our information economy will depend on application of knowledge. Intellectual capital has also been defined as the cost of replacing its assets. Components of intellectual capital consist of human capital, structural capital and external (customer) capital. If managers manage knowledge effectively, their organization will enhance their intellectual capital. Intellectual capital encompasses the models, strategies, unique approaches and mental

methodologies organizations use to create, compete, understand, problem-solve and replicate.

Intellectual capital (IC) could provide a new instrument for observing organizational hidden value. While most intellectual capital studies are either theoretical or exploratory, some western research facilities are publishing annual reports based on intellectual capital. Nevertheless, Asian empirical studies are much rarer than western ones.

Keywords: Intellectual capital, knowledge, human capital, structural capital, external capital.

Modeling Librarian Acceptance towards the New Cataloging Standard In Malaysia

Zati Atiqah Mohamad Tanuri, Abd Latif Abdul Rahman, Mohd Zool Hilmie Mohamed

Sawal, Siti Nur Shahira Dahari.

Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kedah

Abstract- In any libraries, cataloging standards is an important component to make sure

library process is running smoothly and successfully. While currently library is enjoying practicing Anglo America Cataloging Rules (ACCR) as a standard cataloging tool, however this ACCR has some limitations in order to cater new media materials such Online Materials Media, compare to Resources Description and Access (RDA) which more compliance to new media. There are initiatives by national and International body (such as IFLA, JSC, ALA, PNM) to replacing ACCR with RDA standards, however the acceptance of RDA amongst librarians in Malaysia are varies. Some of the librarians are accepting meanwhile majority of them are reluctance to adopt RDA to support their cataloging process in their library. Since this is a new phenomenon in Library and Information Fields, there is an urgent need to understand the motivation needed by information professional to adopt this New Cataloging Standard, so that new approaches can be implemented for benefit of library as a whole and

specifically for Malaysian libraries. This study intends to develop a conceptual framework for explaining and predicting librarian acceptance of the new cataloging standard in Malaysia. The proposed research model for librarian acceptance of new cataloging standard is constructed based on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors. Keywords: Resource Description and Access (RDA), Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Librarian, Library.

Relative Efficiency of Plantation Companies in Malaysia: A Financial Ratio-Based Data

Envelopment Analysis Approach

Abdul-Hamid Abdul-Wahab

Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences

International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor

Email: hamid.wahab@ymail.com

Assoc. Professor Dzuljastri Abd. Razak

Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences

International Islamic University Malaysia Abstract- This study examines the relative efficiency of 31 plantation companies in Malaysia based on data for the first three cumulated quarters of 2012 (January - September). The study applies an adopted version of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a tool used to weigh the inputs/outputs and measure the relative efficiency of decision-making units. This research adopts an output-oriented form of DEA based on financial ratios without the utilization of inputs. The innovative adopted DEA model provides a comprehensive decision on a company‘s efficiency by by taking into account various financial ratios all together and combining them into a single measure of efficiency. The results show that out of the 31 plantation companies in Malaysia, only five (16.13%) proved to be efficient. Also, it is found that the higher a company‘s financial ratio in relation to the equivalent ratios of other companies, the higher the efficiency score of that company.

Keywords: Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Malaysia, Plantation Companies.

An Exploratory Study of Employee Involvement in Frauds and Forgeries in Pakistan’s

Banking Industry and Precautions Taken against it

Mehak Younus

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan.

E-mail: mehakyounus@gmail.com Abstract- This research aimed to investigate the employee involvement in frauds and forgeries in banking industry of Pakistan and precautions taken against it. This research explored the types of frauds prevailing in organizational causes and driving forces for employee involvement in frauds are thoroughly investigated in this study. This study conducted in-depth interviews from the officers working in fraud/compliance/risk department of commercial banks as well as the officials working in the inspection and policy maker departments of the State Bank of Pakistan. The research questions were developed under the guidance of experts working in the banking industry; hence, it possesses internal validity. This study analyzed the data using thematic analysis and it is found that there are some of the driving forces and causes that are pertinent to Pakistan banking industry only. This study revealed that the State Bank of Pakistan has instructed many policies and guidelines to banks against frauds which are not properly implemented. These policies includes precautionary measures also which are recommended by the State Bank of Pakistan to execute for lessening ratio of frauds. Besides this, banks are also taking initiatives to control rising trend of frauds and forgeries. At the end, brief conclusion and effective recommendations are given to the practitioners, policy makers, and banks management.

Keywords: Frauds and Forgeries, Employee Involvement, Causes, Precautions, Operational

Standards.

The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on China’s Export

Piao Junji Master’s Student, Department of Economics, Pu Address:2,Busandaehak-ro63beon-gil,

Geumjeong-gu,Busan-735,609Korea E-mail:piaojunji888@pusan.ac.kr

Gi-Hong Kim

((Corresponding Author) Department of Economics, Pusan National University, Busan 609-

735, Korea.

Address: 2,Busandaehak-ro63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu,Busan-735,609Korea

E-mail:gkim@pusan.ac.kr

Abstract- Exchange rate is the most important comprehensive price index used in

international trade and executes the function of transforming price. And the volatility of exchange rate can have a negative influence on the international economy transaction. That is to say, an increase in exchange rate volatility may result in that the international trading activities will be reduced. This paper examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on the China‘s export. For this purpose, this article conducts the Granger causality test and Cointegration test to analyze the relationship between RMB real effective exchange rate (RMB REER) and total volume of export during 1995-2014 in China. And by constructing VEC model, impulse response function and variance decomposition will also be tested in order to know the degree of the influence. The results of the empirical analysis can be concluded as follows: Through the Granger causality test, we found that RMB real effective exchange rate has significant affect on the China‘s export. And according to the result of Cointegration test, there are long-run equilibrium between them. However, by testing the impulse response function and variance decomposition, the influence of exchange rate volatility on export has been small, and the change of export can only be explained by the volatility of exchange rate in which 5.4%.

Keywords: RMB real effective exchange rate, export, Granger causality, impulse response function, variance decomposition.

The Influence of Crude Oil Price on Chinese Stock Market

Xiao Yun Graduate Student, Department of Economi Address:2,Busandaehak-ro63beon-gil,

Geumjeong-gu,Busan-735,609Korea E-mail:a101506e@nate.com

Seong-Min Yoon (Corresponding Author) Department of Econ Address:2,Busandaehak-ro63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu,Busan-735,609Korea

E-mail:smyoon@pusan.ac.kr Abstract- Crude oil exerts a strong influence on national economy. Changes of international

crude oil price have an important effect on Chinese economy be dependence on the import of

the crude oil. Thus, Chinese stock market can be shocked by the fluctuation of oil price.

Reversely, changes in crude oil imports of China have some effect on demands and price of the

crude oil. This article will take empirical analysis on the relationship between change of

international crude oil price and Chinese stock price. For this purpose, this paper builds

ARMA-GARCH class models to take Granger causality test. It also tests the volatility of crude

price and stock price and analyzes the relationship between them. In addition, the degree of

influence will be determined by impulse response function and variance decomposition. The

main results of this article are as follows: Firstly, from the results of Granger causality test, we

found that comparing with the returns, the volatility of crude oil price holds more obvious

influence on volatility of Chinese stock price. Especially, Brent market has stronger influence

on Chinese stock market than Dubai and Minas markets. Secondly, comparing by industries,

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and energy industries are shocked largely by

the price fluctuation of Brent, with high risk level in market, while industries such as

consumption and IT face smaller strike, with low risk level in market.

Keywords: Crude oil price, Chinese stock market, Granger causality test,

Impulse response function, Variance decomposition.

Prioritizing Knowledge Attributes: A Case of UAE-based Manufacturing Firms

Dr. Mian Ajmal

College of business administration

Abu Dhabi University Abstract- The objective of the research is to identify attributes of knowledge management for large and small manufacturing companies in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to propose a process to evaluate the competitive priorities of these companies. This research is designed by composing multi criteria decision making of knowledge management attributes in order to identify competitive priorities of large and small manufacturing companies to achieve better customer focus. To deal with this complexity of multi criteria decision making process, Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method has been used in this research. Results show that large manufacturing companies-Why are knowledge are putting more emphasis on ―Know-Why‖ knowledge attribute in all four competitive priorities for achieving customer focus. Whilst, small size manufacturing companies put higher weight on ―Know-What‖ knowledge attribute by focusing on two competitive priorities (flexibility and quality). Keywords: Knowledge management, knowledge intensive environments, manufacturing capabilities, customer focus.

The Marketing Mixed in Small Hotels: the case of Samui, Thailand

Pimprae Buddhichiwin

School of Management Sciences, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Suratthani, Thailand.

Email: pimprae.bud@sru.ac.th Abstract- Each year, the increased number of tourists comes to Samui, Thailand. This makes a

significant contribution to Samui‘s economy and also the competitions between hotels

businesses in the islands are extremely severe. The small hotels in Samui are more in troubles

from the competition than the big or chained hotels as they have limited resources and budgets,

therefore, very different challenges they faces to the larger hotels. The objective of this research

is to investigate the marketing mixed that are important for the small hotels in Samui. Unlike

the previous study, this research seeks to provide insights through details explaining marketing

activities of the small hotels. Eight owners of small hotels were selected for the in-depth

interview. The research findings suggest that seven marketing mixed (e.g. Product, Price, Place,

Promotion, People, Physical evidence and Process) were commonly used in those small hotels,

however, the three most important in their views are People, Price and Physical evidence.

Keyword: marketing mixed, marketing tools, small hotels.

The Relationship between Unemployment and Economic Growth in Algeria

Dr. Bilal LOUAIL Assistant Professor, Faculty of economics and management sciences, university of

M‘hamad BOUGUERRA, BOUMERDES, ALGERIA Email: louailbilal2@gmail.com

Dr. Ali Nabil BELOUARED

Associate Professor, Faculty of economics and management sciences, university of M‘hamad BOUGUERRA, BOUMERDES, ALGERIA

Email: belouard_na@yahoo.fr

Abstract- Unemployment is a negative phenomenon in any human society as it adversely

affect in different dimensions and directions. In addition, it refers to an economic defect affecting the community structure. Thus, the economic and social dimensions of unemployment increase complexity, consequently lead us to adopt several analyses to understand its nature and impact on the growth. The effects are verified by the presence of causal relation between rates of economic growth and the changing rates of unemployment prevailing in the economy. However, the theoretical analysis does not always confirm this relationship as it focuses on unemployment as economical phenomenon resulting from imbalance in the economic policies of a certain country. The theoretical analysis of unemployment reveals the size of labor employment as a human force associated with the extent of success factors related to economic growth. The present study focused on the relationships between economic growth and change of unemployment rates in some Arab countries with detailed analysis for the case in Algeria. The effectiveness of economic policies aimed at reducing unemployment rates in those countries with average rates of economic growth.

Keywords: Unemployment, Economic growth, Algeria economic.

Risk Analysis and its Importance in Economic Valuation of Large Infrastructure Projects

Vít Hromádka, Eva Vítková, Hana Záhor

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Email: hromadka.v@fce.vutbr.cz

Abstract- Economic valuation is an important part of the preparation of big infrastructure

projects and the basis for the final decision on their financing and realization. The methodology for their valuation is in the Czech Republic unified and strictly defined; however the results of partial projects are naturally different depending on their character and importance. The part of the valuation is also frame risk analysis, which provides information about the resistance of the project towards changes of expected input parameters. The objective of the paper is an analysis of results of important projects of road infrastructure in the Czech Republic mainly from point of view of the resistance of projects against changes of input parameters and the quantification of marginal values of input parameters for the economic efficiency assurance. There will be carried out the detailed analysis of selected investment projects in the area of road infrastructure in the Czech Republic and consequent mutual comparison of results of these projects. Quantified data talking about current resistance of valuated projects towards changes of inputs will be the output of the paper. Consequently it will be pointed out to extreme and unreal values. Recommendations connected with possible extension of risk analysis resulting from comparison among different methodologies of valuation across disciplines will be the part of results of the paper as well.

The Contribution of Socio-Economic Benefits to Economic Efficiency of Large-Scale

Infrastructure Projects

Vít Hromádka, Eva Vítková, Hana Záhorská, Dominik Bártů

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Email: hromadka.v@fce.vutbr.cz

Abstract- Methodology for economic efficiency calculation of transport infrastructure is based on CBA method, which takes into account relatively accurate values of revenues and expenditures throughout the whole evaluated period. According to Czech methodological guidelines, evaluated period always includes operation. In the last year of the evaluated period, residual value of the investment is added as positive cash flow. This study analyses a dataset of approximately 20 projects processed during 2013 and 2015. A Monte Carlo method has been applied for modelling and simulation of input variables and for the demonstration of outputs relevance. In addition, other benefits of project on regional development, attracting territory for the entrepreneur activity or reduction of unemployment will also be monitored. The main aim of this article is to perform a detailed analysis of the benefits of individual

savings categories of project users (operation of veh cost reduction from traffic noise and

vehicle emissions) on the overall effectiveness of the project documented by NPV, IRR and

BCR indicators.

The Illegal Risks with Competency and Independence in Auditing of Thai Local

Administration Internal Auditors

Arus Kongrungchok

Asst. Prof. Ph.D., Faculty of Management Science, Suratthani Rajabhat University,

Suratthani, Thailand.

Email: arus.kon@sru.ac.th; knop.poo@gmail.com

Patricia Stanton

Senior Lecturer Ph.D., Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle, New

South Wales, Australia.

Email: Patricia.Stanton@newcastle.edu.au Abstract- The primary objective of this study is to investigate why local administration

internal auditors fail to prevent, detect and deter illegal risks specifically fraud and corruption in South of Thailand. Then to ascertain the efficient competency and independence in auditing of local administration internal auditors are also, keep till, effective at the present yet. This study used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews for collecting data. Statistical techniques were employed to analyze the questionnaires while interview transcripts were analyzed by using content analysis with a phenomenological research approach. This study found that the competency of Southern Thai local administration internal auditors in preventing, detecting and deterring illegal risks is reduced by a lack of support from administrators who have withheld with their training for improving knowledge and experiences in illegal risk assessment processes especially fraud investigation and special audit. Similarly, the crucial procedures of forensic accounting and special audit for improving their knowledge and experiences interests of training although those procedures have concerned with assessing and auditing illegal risks. While the lack of internal auditing goals has been controlled by their administrators in auditing, this situation must be addressed before Southern Thai local administration internal auditing mechanisms and staff can work effectively.

Keywords: Competency; Independence; Illegal risks; Internal Auditors; Southern Thai Local Administration.

Adultery in the Age of Technology: Internet Infidelity in India

Professor (Dr.) Sanjeev P. Sahni & Ms. Garima Jain

Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat Narela Road, Haryana, India- 131001

Email: drspsahni@jgu.edu.in Abstract- It has been alleged that social pathologies are beginning to surface in cyberspace. The present study examined whether attribution-making process serve as a mechanism for a partner‘s-dyadic involvement extra with some else through internet. It extends insight into the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of internet infidelity. We investigated the reasons behind people‘s involvement in internet- infidelity or online sexual gratification through self-administered survey (n= 14,987) from almost all states in India. This study attempted to redress the question by comparing attributions, perception and attitude towards online acts of infidelity of the two set of participants: Perpetrators and Non Perpetrators of Online Infidelity. A factor analysis was carried out that yielded two components: Dispositional factors (which included 3 sub- factors: (a.) Strong Moral Values, (b.) Religious Principles, (c.) Not wanting to cheat on one‘s partner) and – Situational factors:(a.)Fear f of being caught, (b.) Lack of knowledge, (c.) Internet Inaccessibility). Predictor variables were entered into Logistic Regression with presence of age, sexual orientation, gender, education, relationship status, family type, occupation as the dependent variable. Research results indicated that men and women who were involved in internet infidelity perceived situational factors as leading causes behind disengagement of people in online infidelity. It is further proposed that the likelihood of the males in internet infidelity is higher than females.

Keywords: Internet Infidelity, Attribution, Perpetrators, Situational factors.

Military Trials as a Surviving Mechanism for Dictatorship

Dina M. Yousri

Economics Department, Faculty of Management Technology

German University in Cairo - GUC

New Cairo City - Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, Egypt

E-mail: dina.elsayed@guc.edu.eg Abstract- Over the past four decades, the systematic study of state repression has developed

significantly. The development of this work, conversely, has been uneven. Different scholars tend to highlight diverse aspects of the topic, accordingly a significant progress has been made in specific areas but others have left behind. Dictators exercise repression with expected benefit- to increase the chances of staying in office- and believing that benefit exceeds the incurred cost. Losing power may entail unpleasant consequences such as exile, being brought to trial, or being killed. In this review, I attempt to quantify the intensity and use of Military courts against political oppositions through creating an index with four level score measure and to test whether military courts as a mean of repression prolonged the stay of dictators and prevented the irregular modes of dictator‘s ex Keywords: Repression, Military court, Power maximization, Dictatorship, Political Opposition, Autocracy, Democracy, Human Rights Violations, Coup, Revolution. JLE classification: K00, H10, D70, D78

Evaluation of elements of financial risk of Albanian SMEs: A case study –SMEs in

Gjirokastra region

Msc. Lorenc KOÇIU Economic Department, ―Eqrem Çabej‖.Gjirokastra,UniversityAlbania E-mail:

kociulorenc@yahoo.com

Msc. Armand HYSI Economic Department, ―Eqrem Çabej‖.Gjirokastra,UniversityAlbania E-mail:

info@brilanthotel.com Abstract- The idea for this work came as a result of the identification of a lack of competence

and experience for the identification and control of financial risk in Albanian entities,

especially Albanian SMEs. For this reason, in the analysis are taken financial statements, as a source extremely important in providing appropriate information and abundant. Financial

statements are available and useful for the economic entity and for third parties, because

through them provide relevant information for effective decision-making. The objective of financial statements is to give a true and fair view of the financial position, financial

performance, cash flows and changes of the state of the equity. In relation to financial risk is not a unified definition of literature. But this is not a problem, the problem is actually the

definition of overall risk. In theory, there are two concepts associated with risk; (1) first describes the concept of risk from a negative perspective, viewing it as a threat to the loss, and

(2) according to the second concept, risk is treated as a neutral concept, that he is not only a threat but also an opportunity. In this paper, we will try to give a more accurate view of how

entities have an opportunity to identify financial risks and how to control it. To conclude successfully this paper is done the descriptive analysis of financial statements of 50 SMEs.

According to these financial statements are calculated the financial ratios, which identify the

capital structure risk, the liquidity risk and insolvency risk which are elements of financial risk.

Keywords: financial statements, financial risk, financial ratios, capital structure, SME.

Investigating the role of organizational politics in human resource management: effects

on performance appraisal and downsizing decisions

Ibrahim Elshaer

Lecturer of Management Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Suez Canal University-

Egypt

Email: Elshaeribrahim1979@yahoo.com

Smar Kamel

Lecturer of tourism Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Suez Canal University-Egypt Abstract- Organizational politics (OP) has received a great deal of attention in the

management literature due to its popularity, mystery, and potential advantages for those how

can use it. It involves the use of power and social networks within an organization to promote

interests and gain potential benefits. Its implication for human resource (HR) management decisions is heretofore one of its least studied aspects, and awaits further investigation.

Therefore, it is our intention to investigate certain relations between organizational politics and the validity of HR decisions in addition to the expected dysfunctional consequences. The

study is undertaken on two HR management practices- Performance appraisal (measured by the distributive justice scale) and downsizing- depending on data gathered from the hotel

industry in Egypt; a developing Non-Western country, in which Political practices of HR management are common in public and private organizations. Data was obtained from a

survey of 600 employees in the Egyptian hotel industry. A total of 500 responses were

attained. 100 uncompleted questionnaires were excluded leaving 400 usable with response rate of around 80%. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the causal

relationship between the research variables. The analysis of the current study date reveals that organizational politics is negatively linked to the perception of distributive justice of

performance appraisal, additionally, the perception of distributive justice in performance appraisal is positively linked to the perception of validity in the downsizing decisions and

finally the perception of OP is negatively linked to the perception of downsizing decisions validity. This study makes three important contributions. First although there have been

several studies on OP, the majority of these studies have focused on examining its effect on

employees attitude in workplace. This empirical study helps in identifying the influence of OP on the effectiveness and success of HR decisions and accordingly the organizational

system. Second, it draws attention to OP as an important phenomenon that influence HR management in hospitality industry, since empirical evidences concerning OP in the

hospitality management literature are meager. Third, this study contributes to the existing downsizing literature by examining OP and low distributive justice as challenges of the

effectiveness of the downsizing process. Finally, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no empirical study in the tourism and hospitality management literature has examined the effect

of OP and distributive justice on the workplace using data gathered from the hotel industry in

Egypt; a developing non-Western setting.

Early Socialization and Interaction for Promoting Unity among Malaysian Trainee

Teachers

1Abdul Razaq Ahmad

2 Najamuddin Hj. Bachora

12

Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia Abstract- This study aims to identify the influence of early socialization on the level of tendency for interaction towards unity among trainee teachers of the Institute of Teacher Education in Sabah and Sarawak States, Malaysia. Early socialization in this study refers to the influences of family, school, peers and the mass media. Meanwhile, the interaction aspects refer to the tendency to interact in different environments at the institutes among students of different ethnicities which are during join curricular activities, co-curricular, residential colleges and their daily activities as well as browsing the institute‘s website. However, unity refers to appreciation of the values for unity as the impact of tendency to interact with students of other ethnic groups. The sample consists of 299third semester students of the foundation program for Bachelor of Teaching and eighth semester students of Bachelor of Teaching Degree Program. Data was collected by using questionnaires adapted from several previous studies. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were performed. Descriptive statistics involved means and percentages, while inferential statistics used a structural equation model (SEM). The results showed a high level of tendency for interaction and unity among students of different ethnics. SEM analysis showed that the tendency to interact was influenced by early socialization, yet no relationship with the values appreciation for unity was found. Therefore, more efforts need to be made so that stronger interaction and appreciation will successfully be formed among trainees of different ethnic groups. This should be improved before the trainees are placed as teachers in schools.

Keywords: interaction, diversity, solidarity, unity, trainee teachers.

The Impacts of Various Learning Supports on Students’ Academic Achievement Based

on Gender: The Role of Students’ Engagement as the Intermediator Factor

Anisa Saleha1

Ruslin Amir2

Zalizan Mohd Jelas3

Abdul Razaq Ahmad4

Hutkemri5

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia Abstract- The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of learning supports, students’ engagement and achievement in school based on different gender. This study also examined how engagement serves its intermediator role to gender, learning supports and academic achievement. This study used a cross-sectional model involving the relationship of gender with students’ engagement in the school, learning supports and academic achievement. The study involved 1,467 male and female students aged 14 to 16 years from the schools in urban and rural areas. Students ‘engagement in School and Learning Support Instrument (Lam et al., 2012) was used for data collection. The result of pilot study revealed that the Cronbach Apha value for the instrument was high. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was conducted to identify the role of students’ engagement as a moderator between genders and learning support on academic achievement. The results showed that students’ engagement in the school is a moderator for gender and academic achievement. Students’ engagement in the school is also a moderator for teachers, parent and peer supports in determining academic achievement of the female students. These findings reinforce the Role Theory and also findings on contribution of students ‘engagement in school and learning supports to improve students ‘achievement.

Keywords: students ‘engagement in the school, teacher support, parental support, peer

support, intermediator analysis, academic achievement.