page no. general medicine 1 general surgery ... · diabetic keto-acidosis . bachelor level/bds...

Contents

General Medicine 1

General Surgery & Anaesthesiology 17

Oral Pathology 30

Forensic Dentistry 46

Page No.

General Med icine

1

2071/10

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as

far as practicable.

The figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Attempt all the questions.

1. How will you diagnose a case of diabetic mellitus and pre

diabetes? What are the stages of hypertension? Name four drugs

used to treat diabetes mellitus and hypertension. 6+6+4=16

2. Classify leukaemia. Describe the clinical presentation and physical

findings of leukaemia. 4+6+6=16

3. Write the common causes, clinical presentation and physical

findings of a case of acute sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. 4+6+6=16

4. What is known as the dangerous area of the face? Why is it called

so? How do you differentiate between upper and lower motor

neuron palsy of the 7th cranial nerve? Give an example of lower

motor nneuron palsy of 7th cranial nerve and its management.

How will you differentiate between upper and lower motor

neuron lesions. 2+3+2+5+4=16

5. Write short notes on: 4x4=16

a) Complication of Typhoid fever

b) Management of Ebola infection

c) Physical findings of chronic liver disease

d) DOTS and MDR-TB

Bachelor Level/BDS (THIRD Year)/ IOM Time: 3 hours

General Medicine XI Full Marks: 80

2

2070/10


far as practicable.



1. Define nephrotic syndrome, its causes and management. 4+4+8=16

2. Whfat is community acquired pneumonia? Write down its clinical

features and complications. How do you manage it? 4+4+4+4=16

3. What is congestive heart failure? Write down the clinical symptoms,

signs and its management. 4+4+4+4=16

4. A patient comes with epigastric pain, vomiting for 3 days. What are

the differential diagnosis and how will you investigate and manage?

4+6+6=16

5. Write short notes on:- 4x4=16

a) Hemoptysis

b) Paraplegia

c) Malaria

d) Anemia



3

2069/9

1. A young female of 25 years comes to dental clinic for toothache.

As she enters the room she falls down and you see that she has a

generalized convulsions with tongue bite.

a) What are the differential diagnosis? 2

b) What will be the line of management? 6

c) What investigations will you ask get to do? 4

d) What will be the long term management? 4

2. A patient of 64 years complaints of on and off blood in his

sputum since 3 days. He has been suffering from cough, chest

pain and fever with chills for last 5 days. His X-ray shows a

homogenous opacity in right mid zone.

a) What is your differential diagnosis? 4

b) What clinical findings will you ask get in this patient? 4

c) What further investigations will you ask him to do? 4

d) How will you treat this patient? 4

3. A 45 years old male with alcoholic history complains of yellowish

discoloration of eyes, swelling of abdomen & bleeding tendency.

a) What are the likely causes of bleeding tendency in this

patient? 2

b) How will you manage this patient? 6

c) What are the features of portal hypertension? 4

d) Give the differential diagnosis for swelling of abdomen in

this patient. 4

4. How will you diagnose a patient with Rheumatic fever? What are

the complications of mitral stenosis? How will you manage a

patient with mitral stenosis medically? What precautions will you

take in a patient with mitral stenosis before a dental extraction?

4+4+4+4=16


a) Haematuria

b) Drug reaction

c) Medical causes of gum bleeding

d) Clinical features of acute glomerulonephritis

4

2069

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as

practicable.



1. Define nephrotic syndrome, write down the causes of nephrotic

syndrome and how will you manage nephritic syndrome. 4+4+4=12

2. 48 year old female patient presented to dental OPD with the

history of gum bleeding for last 15 days, on examination she is pale

with massive splenomegaly. 4+4+4=12

a) What are the differential diagnoses?

b) How would you investigate?

c) How do you manage?

3. 50 year old male presented in medicine OPD with history of weight

loss, polydipsia, polyuria and polyphagia. 2+4+4=12

a) What is the diagnosis?

b) What are the complications related to it?

c) Write down the drugs used in this disease?

4. List causes of paraplegia. How will you differentiate upper motor

neuron lesion from lower motor neuron lesion clinically? 4+8=12

5. Discuss features of hyperthyroidism. How will you manage it?

6+4=10

6. Write down the clinical features of pneumonia. How would you

investigate and treat it? 4+4+4+=12


a) Haematemesis

b) Acute renal failure

c) Cushing’s syndrome



5

2068/4

1. A known case of cirrhosis of liver attended OPD with swelling of

abdomen and bleeding tendency. 3x4=12

a) What is the cause of bleeding tendency in cirrhosis?

b) How would you treat the case?

c) Outline the management of hepatic encephalopathy.

d) Write the complications of dental extraction in such patient.

2. Mrs. Sushila 23 years of female with the history of joint pain is

admitted with the complaints of breathlessness on exertion. On

examination the first heart sound is soft and there is mid diastolic

as well as pancystolic murmur in the mitral area. 2+4+2+2+2=12


b) What complications can occur?

c) What investigations would you advice to confirm the diagnosis?

d) What prophylactic treatment would you give before extraction

of her teeth?

e) How would you treat the case?

3. What is peptic ulcer disease? Give the causes for peptic ulcer

disease. How will you treat a case of peptic ulcer disease? What

precautions will you take in treating toothache in such patient?

2+2+4+4=12

4. How will you treat anaemia? Give various reasons for prolonged

bleeding after dental extraction. 4+6=10

5. Define diabetes mellitus. List the short term and long term

complication of diabetes mellitus. What is the importance of blood

sugar control before any dental procedure? 3+6+3=12

6. Discuss briefly the clinical features of hypothyroidism. How will you

treat the case? 10

7. Give the causes of haemoptysis. What are the clinical sign and

symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis? As a dentist what

precautions would you take in treating such patient? 3+6+3=12



6

2067/10


far as practicable.




a) Anaphylaxis

b) Precautions before dental extraction

c) Investigations for a case of anaemia

d) Medical causes for bleeding gum

2. Give the causes of chronic liver disease. Discuss the haematological

complications of cirrhosis of liver and its implications on dental

procedures. 5+6+5=16

3. Define chronic renal failure. List the causes of chronic renal failure.

How will a patient of renal failure present to a doctor? Outline the

management of chronic renal failure. 2+4+6+4=16

4. Give the causes of hemoptysis. How will you differentiate between

hemoptysis and haemetesis? What are the clinical signs and

symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis? What are the side effects of

pyrizinamide and INH? 4+2+6+4=16

5. Give the clinical sign and symptoms of rheumatic fever. What are

the complications of mitral stenosis and what will be the medical of

mitral stenosis. 8+4+4=16



7

2066/9


far as practicable.



1. A patient comes to you for tooth extraction. He has a diastolic

murmur on apical area. Enumerate the differential diagnosis. What

precautions would you take before proceeding for the extraction?

6+6=12

2. A patient comes with epigastric pain. He has sweating and blood

pressure management showed a systolic BP of 76mmHg. What is the

differential diagnosis? How would you manage the case? 8+8=16


a. Nephrotic syndrome

b. Investigations for a case of anaemia

c. Cerebral malaria

d. Enteric perforation

4. What are the complications of cirrhosis of liver? Discuss the

haematological complications and its implications on dental

procedure. 5+10=15


a. NSAID induced GI bleeding

b. Causes of acute renal failure

c. Unilateral leg swelling

6. Discuss briefly the clinical features of hypothyroidism. How will you

treat the case? 10



8

2065/8


far as practicable.



1. Write down the clinical features, investigations and differential

diagnosis of typhoid fever and outline the management. [4+4+4+4]

2. Define congestive heart failure. List the causes and clinical features

of Rt. Heart failure. How do you manage a case of mitral stenosis?

[4+4+4+4]

3. Define chronic renal failure. List the causes of chronic renal failure.

How will a patient of renal failure present to a dentist. Outline the

management of chronic renal failure. [4+4+4+4]

4. Define community acquired pneumonia. Write down the signs and

symptoms of community acquired pneumonia. Outline the

management of community acquired pneumonia. [4+4+4+4]

5. Write short notes on: [4+4+4+4]

Hemolytic anaemia

Anaphylaxis

Medical causes for bleeding gums

Diabetic keto-acidosis



9

2064/10


far as practicable.



1. Define diabetes mellitus. Describe the signs and symptoms of

diabetes type II when patient presents in late stage. List the group of

drugs used to control diabetes mellitus. 4+10+6=20

2. Describe the pathophysiological basis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Give the classical signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. List

the diseases causing hemoptysis. 4+6+6+4=20

3. Define chronic hepatitis. Give the causes of chronic liver diseases.

Give the signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease. How will you

manage hepatic encephalopathy? 2+4+8+6=20


a) Precautions before dental extraction

b) Endocarditis prophylaxis

c) Nephrotic syndrome

d) Drug reaction



10

2064/8


far as practicable.



1. What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis? Give

the causes of hemoptysis and how will you treat in case of

pulmonary tuberculosis. List the side effects of anti-tubercular drugs.

7+7+7+7=28


a) Mitral stenosis

b) Cirrhosis of liver

c) Acute glomerulonephritis

d) Long term complication of diabetes mellitus

3. What are the causes of paraplegia? How will you differentiate UMN

from LMN lesion? 8+8=16

4. Give the reasons of prolonged bleeding following dental extraction. 8



11

2064/7


far as practicable.



1. Define diabetes mellitus. List the short term and long term

complications of diabetes mellitus. How will you treat a case of

NIDDM? 4+8++8=20

2. Give the criteria to diagnose Rheumatic fever. What is Rheumatic

prophylaxis? Give the signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis. What

will be the complications of mitral stenosis? 2+2+3+3=10

3. Define cirrhosis of liver. What are the causes of cirrhosis of liver?

Give the signs and symptoms of decompensated liver cirrhosis. How

will you manage hepatic encephalopathy? 5+5+5+5=20

4. What are the causes of cerebrovascular accident? How will you

differentiate upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL) from lower motor

neuron lesion (LMNL)? 2+4+4=10


a) Chronic diarrhea

b) Pleural effusion

c) Iron deficiency anaemia

d) Complications of typhoid fever

e) Tubercular meningitis



12

2063/8

1. Mrs. Sushila 23 years of female with the history of joint pain is

admitted with the complaints of breathlessness on exertion. On

examination the first heart sound is soft and there is mid diastolic as

well as pancystolic murmur in the mitral area. 2+4+2+2+2=12


b) What complications can occur?

c) What investigations would you advice to confirm the

diagnosis?

d) What prophylactic treatment would you give before

extraction of her teeth?

e) How would you treat the case?

2. A 44 years old male attended the medical OPD with the complaints

of polyuria, increased thirst, increased appetite and weight loss.

2+2+4+4=12

a) What is the likely diagnosis?

b) What investigation would you do?

c) Name the complications.

d) List the name of oral drugs used in this case.

3. A 42 years old male with cirrhosis of liver attended medical OPD

with swelling of abdomen and bleeding tendency. 2+2+4+4=12

a) What is the likely cause of bleeding tendency?

b) How would you treat?

c) What are the features of portal hypertension?

d) Outline the management of hepatic encephalopathy.

4. Define nephrotic syndrome. Write down the clinical features and

treatment of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. 2+5+3=10

5. Write down the clinical features and management of pneumococcal

pneumonia. 5+5=10

6. Write down the clinical features and treatment of tuberculous

meningitis. 5+5=10

7. Write short notes on: 7+7=14

a) Megaloblastic anemia b) Addison’s disease

13

2063/8


far as practicable.



1. How will you diagnose a case of rheumatic fever? What are the

clinical features of mitral stenosis? Write down the antibiotic

prophylaxis against endocarditis. 3+5+2=10

2. How will a patient with tubercular meningitis present to you? What

investigations would you like to do? How will you treat a patient with

pyogenic meningitis? 4+2+4=10

3. Give the causes and clinical features of acute glomerulonephritis.

How will you manage a patient with post streptococcal

glomerulonephritis? 6+4=10

4. What is the mode of transmission of HIV infection? Give the clinical

features of acid peptic disease. What are the complications of

Hepatitis B virus infection? 2+5+3=10

5. A patent comes to you with a history of bleeding gum. Give the

differential diagnosis of this patient. What investigations would you

like to carry out? What precautions would you like to take in the

management of this patient? 3+3+4=10

6. How will patient suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis present to

you? What are the complications of emphysema? How will you

manage a patient of bronchial asthma? 4+2+4=10

7. Give the short term and long term complications of diabetes

mellitus. Give the clinical features and management of

hyperthyroidism. 5+5=10


a) Precautions before dental extraction

b) Drug allergy



14

2061/1

1. A known case of cirrhosis of liver attended OPD with swelling of

abdomen and bleeding tendency. 2+3+4+4=13

a) What is the cause of bleeding tendency in cirrhosis?

b) How would you treat the case?

c) List the features of portal hypertension in cirrhosis.

d) Outline the management of hepatic encephalopathy.

2. A patient was admitted with the complaints of breathlessness on

exertion. On examination of the precordium, the first heart sound is

loud & there is mid diastolic murmur in mitral area. 2+4+2+2+3=13


b) List the complications of mitral stenosis

c) What prophylaxis would you give for rheumatic fever?

d) What prophylaxis would you give for infective endocarditis?

e) How would you treat a case of pure mitral stenosis?

3. A 32 years old female attended the emergency with fever, headache

and vomiting of four days duration. 1+2+6+3=12


b) What are the other causes of meningitis?

c) How would you differentiate pyogenic from tuberculous

meningitis?

d) How would you treat a case of pyogenic meningitis?

4. A 22 years old man attended the OPD with polyuria. 3+3+3+3=12

a) What are the possible causes?

b) How would you diagnose a case of diabetes mellitus?

c) Name the complication of diabetes mellitus.

d) List the drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

5. Define nephrotic syndrome. Write the causes and give its

management. 15

6. Write down the clinical features and management of community

acquired pneumonia. 15



15

2060/1


far as practicable.



1. a) Give the criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. How will you

investigate a case of rheumatic fever? What are the complications of

the disease?

b) How will you prevent infective endocarditis? 4+5+3+4=16

2. Write down the clinical features of cirrhosis of liver. List the

investigations you would like to do. How would you treat the case?

8+4+4=16

3. Write down the clinical features of diabetes mellitus. What

investigation would you like to do? How would you treat a case of

NIDDM? 8+4+4=16


a) Meningitis

b) Leukemia



16

General Surgery&

Anaesthesiology

17

2071/10

Group ‘’ A’’ (General Surgery) – 64

1. Define shock. Describe various types of shock. How will you

manage a case of septic shock. 2+3+5=10

2. Differentiate between sinus and fistula. How will you manage a

case of trachea-oesophageal fistula? 4+4=8

3. Enumerate various causes for cervical lymphadenopathy. How

will you manage a case of tubercular lymphadenopathy?

5+5=10

4. List the various for parotid swelling. What are the cautions one

has to take when performing parotid surgeries? 4+6=10

5. Describe the types of wound. What is the typical characteristics

of healthy granulation tissue? 4+6=10


a) Retropharyngeal abscess

b) Chemical sterilization

c) Marjolin’s ulcer

d) Bell’s palsy

Group ‘’B’’ (Anaesthesiology) – 16

7. Define local anesthesia. What are the precautions to be taken

to prevent local anesthesia toxicity? 1+3=4

8. Make a list of general anesthetic inducing agents and

analgesics. 2+2=4

9. What do you mean by basic monitoring? How do you monitor

respiratory system? 2+2=4


a) Premedication

b) Recovery position

18

2070/10

Group ‘’ A’’ (General Surgery) – 64

1. Define sterilization and disinfection. Write in brief about

different types of sterilization. 8+4=12

2. Classify salivary glands tumors. Write briefly about

pleomorphic adenoma. 10

3. What are the indications & complications of tracheostomy?

4+6=10

4. According to cause describe the types of bleeding and how will

you manage the bleeding of a patient with diagnosed varicose

veins of lower limb? 6+6=12

5. Write short notes on:

(a) Sinus and fistula 6

(b) Keloid and hypertrophic scar 6

(c) Keloid and hypertrophic scar 6

(d) Deses and complications of xylocaine (plain and with

adrenaline) 4

Group ‘’B’’ (Anaesthesiology) – 1

6. a. Classify local anaesthetics and mention two examples in each

group. 1

b. How does the patient toxics from local anaesthetics? 1.5

c. How do you manage local anaesthetics toxicity? 1.5

7. Write down list of (a) emergency drugs (b) equipments that are

needed to be kept in dental outpatient clinics where

procedures are performed to tackle emergency conditions.

2+2=4

8. a) Lists the indication of endotracheal intubation. 1

b) Describe the different methods to confirm the proper

placement of endotracheal tube.

9. Write short notes on: a) Ketamine b) Entonox 2x2=4

19

2068/10


far as practicable.



Group “A” (General Surgery) - 64

1. How do you assess the nutrition status of a patient and describe

briefly about the nutritional requirement? 10

2. What is the difference between a wound and ulcer? Classify wound

and describe their management in short. 2+8=10

3. Describe briefly the treatment of cellulitis, deep seated abscess and

Ludwig’s angina. 2+4+4=10

4. Classify tetanus and describe briefly about their management. 10

5. Describe the stages of tubercular lymphadenopathy. How will you

manage a case of cold abscess? 6+4=10

6. Write short notes on: 3.5x4=14

a) Branchial cyst

b) Thyroglossal cyst

c) Sinus and fistula

d) Carbuncle

Group”B” (Anaesthesiology) - 16

7. Enumerate the different steps of general anaesthesia procedure. 4

8. Make a step-by-step algorhythm of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR) in an adult. 4

9. What is the mechanism of action of local anaesthesia? Mention

about the precaution to be taken to prevent toxicity of local

anaesthetics. 2+2=4


a) Basic monitoring during dental surgery

b) Recovery position of patient


General Surgery + Anaesthesiology XII Full Marks: 80

20

2068/4


far as practicable.




1. Define surgical site infection (SSI). Write in brief about the types of

SSI. 5+5=10

2. What are the various types of blood products? Mention the

complications of blood transfusion. 5+5=10


a) Fistula

b) Carbuncle

c) Gangrene

d) Necrotizing fasciitis

4. Write the differential diagnosis of neck swelling. Describe in brief the

‘Hiltons method” of draining an abscess. 5+5=10

5. Classify wounds according to susceptibility to infection. Enumerate

the factors that cause delay in wound healing. 5+5=10

6. Define ‘asepsis’, ‘anti sepsis’ ‘disinfection’ and ‘sterilization’. How

7. Why do you give premedication? What are the roles of

premedication in outpatient dental anaesthesia? 2+2=4

8. Classify local anaesthetics? Mention about the precaution to be

taken to prevent toxicity of local anaesthetics. 2+2=4

9. Define basic life support with steps and list the life saving

(emergency) drugs in common use. 3+1=4


a) Dental chair anaesthesia




can you apply universal precaution in surgical practice? 8+6=14


21

2067/10


far as practicable.



1. Describe the development of face and discuss the management of a

child with complete cleft lip and palate. 10

2. Classify surgical wound. How will you manage a patient with

Marjolin’s ulcer? 2+8=10

3. Define hemorrhage and mention the types of hemorrhage. How will

you manage an arterial bleed? 10

4. Define and classify shock. Briefly describe the management of septic

shock. 10


a) Functions of skin

b) Cold abscess

c) Hilton’s method of abscess drainage

d) Melanoma

e) Sinus and fistula

f) Wedge biopsy


6. Why do you give premedication? What are the different types of

premedication do you know? What are the roles of premedication in

outpatient dental anaesthesia 1+2+1=4

7. What is meant by natural airway? List the equipment used for airway

management. 1+3=4

8. How do you prevent: 2+2=4

a) Toxicity of local anaesthetic agents

b) Complications of blood transfusion






22

2066/9


far as practicable.




1. Define sterilization and disinfection. Write in brief about the

different types of sterilization. 8+4=12

2. Classify salivary gland tumors. Write briefly about the pleomorphic

adenoma. 10

3. What are the indications and contraindications of tracheostomy.

4+6=10


a. Sinus and fistula 3+3=6

b. Basal cell carcinoma 10

5. Describe the difference between keloid and hypertrophic scars. 6

6. Write the clinical presentation and management of acute bacterial

sialadenitis of the parotid gland. 10


7. Sketch a cuffed endotracheal tube. Label different parts of it. 1+3=4

8. What do you understand by the term general anaesthesia? What are

the different groups of commonly used general anaesthetic drugs?

Enumerate two examples of each of them. 1+2+1=4

9. What is the mechanism of action of local anaesthesia? Mention

about the precaution to be taken to prevent toxicity of local

anaesthetics. 2+2=4






23

2064/10


far as practicable.



Group “A” (General Surgery) – 64

1. What are the indications of tracheostomy? 10

2. Classify and describe surgical wounds. 10

3. Classify hemorrhage. What are the methods to control the primary

hemorrhage? 10

4. What are the differences between benign and malignant tumors?

Enlist the modalities of treatment of malignancy. 10

5. Mention various causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Describe

various investigations for diagnosis in cases of cervical

lymphadenopathy. 12

7. What is meant by natural airway? List the equipments used for

airway management. 4

8. What is meant by induction of anesthesia? Classify inducing agents

and write in detail about any one inducing agent. 4

9. What is hypoxia? Mention different methods of oxygen delivery. 4

10. How do you prevent: 4

a) Toxicity of local anesthetic agents.

b) Complication of blood transfusion.



6. What is shock? Explain different types of shock. 12


24

2064/1


far as practicable.




1. Describe the stages of tetanus. How will you manage in your setup?10

2. What are the types of hemorrhage and briefly describe the

management of hemorrhage. 10

3. Define different types of skin grafts and flaps. 10

4. Define and classify shock. Briefly describe the management of

hypovolemic shock. 10

5. What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection and

mention the types of both. 10

6. Write short notes on: 4x3.5=14

a) Glasgow coma scale

b) Cellulitis

c) Biopsy

d) Universal precaution


7. Define local anesthetic agents. List properties of ideal local

anesthetic agent. 1+3=4


premedication in outpatient dental anesthesia? 1+3=4

9. What is ketamine? Enumerate its action on respiratory system and

cardiovascular system. 1+1.5+1.5=4

10. A patient had undergone an operation for fracture mandible under

general anesthesia. Enumerate the different steps of general

anesthesia procedure. 4



25

2063/8


far as practicable.




1. Define disinfection. Describe various methods of disinfection. 8

2. What are the various types of blood products? What are the

indications for their uses? 8

3. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Give examples

of benign and malignant tumors. 8

4. How will you differentiate and manage arterial, venous and capillary

bleeding? 8

5. Define sinus and fistula. Give examples. 8

6. Give a short account of the embryological development of cleft lip. 8

7. What are the premalignant conditions of the oral cavity? 8


a) Branchial cyst

b) Thyroglossal cyst


9. What do you understand by anaphylactic shock? How do you

manage a case of anaphylactic shock? 1+3=4

10. Define basic life support and list the lifesaving (emergency) drugs in

common use. 2+2=4

11. How is dental anesthesia different from other anesthesia? List the

equipments required for airway management. 2+2=4

12. Classify local anesthetics. Mention the precautions to be taken to

prevent toxicity of local anesthetics. 2+2=4



26

2062/1


far as practicable.




1. Define and classify shock. Briefly describe the treatment of

hypovolemic shock. 10

2. Write the clinical presentation and management of acute bacterial

sialadenitis of the parotid gland. 10

3. What are the indications of tracheotomy? Enumerate the

complications f the procedure. 10

4. Classify salivary tumors. Write briefly about pleomorphic adenoma. 10

5. Describe in brief the complications of blood transfusion. 10

6. What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection and

mention the types in both. 10

7. What do you understand by universal precautions? 10


8. Sketch a cuffed endotracheal tube. Label different parts of it. 1+3=4

9. Enumerate the effects of ketamine on CNS and CVS. 2+2=4

10. What do you understand by the term general anesthesia? What are

the different groups of commonly used general anesthetic drugs?

Enumerate two examples of each of them. 1+2+1=4

11. How do you define local anesthesia? Enumerate the ideal

characteristics of an ideal anesthetic agent. 1+3=4



27

2061/1


far as practicable.




1. Enumerate the types of shock and describe the principle in the

management of shock. 10

2. Short notes on: 5x2=10

a) Abscess

b) Cellulitis

c) Carbuncle

d) Fistula

e) sinus

3. Explain detail in the types of hemorrhage and its management. 10



5. Classify salivary gland tumors. Write briefly about pleomorphic

adenoma. 10

6. Describe the differential diagnosis of neck swelling and its

management. 14


7. Classify local anesthetic agents and describe the properties of ideal

local anesthetic agent. 2+2=4

8. Describe a step-by-step guide to CPR in an adult. 4

9. Enumerate the types of premedication and describe the reason for

giving it. 2+2=4

10. Describe the action of ketamine on central nervous system and

cardiovascular system. 2+2=4



28

2060


far as practicable.




1. What are the types of surgical wounds? Give examples. 8

2. Describe the indications and hazards of blood transfusion. 8



4. Classify salivary gland tumor. Write briefly about pleomorphic

adenoma. 8

5. Describe the clinical features and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.8

6. What are the complications of tracheostomy? 8

7. How will you manage a case of carcinoma of tongue? 8


a) Thyroglossal cyst.

b) Ranula


9. What do you understand by the term general anesthesia?

Enumerate different steps of general anesthesia procedure. 1+3=4


premedication in outpatient dental anesthesia? 1+3=4

11. What is sodium thiopentone? Enumerate its action on central

nervous system and cardiovascular system. 1+1.5+1.5=4

12. A patient had undergone an operation for fracture of mandible

under general anesthesia. What are the post operative complications

of general anesthesia? 4



29

Oral Pathology

30

2071/10


far as practicable.



1. List the various developmental disturbances of teeth. Describe in

brief about any three developmental disturbances related to shape

of the tooth. 3+3+3+3=12

2. Define dental caries. Mention the etiological factors of dental caries.

List various theory related to dental caries. Describe in detail about

MIiller’s theory of dental caries. 2+2+3+5=12

3. Describe in detail about the clinical, histopathological features of

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. How do you grade the

mucoepidermoid carcinoma? 3+5+4=12

4. Define cyst. Classify odontogenic cyst. Mention the clinical,

radiological and histological features of keratocystic odontogenic

tumor (KCOT). 1+2+3+2+4=12

5. Define Osteosarcoma. Mention the etiological factors and write in

detail about clinical, radiological and histopathological features of

osteosarcoma. 1+2+2+3+4=12


a. Histopathology of OSMF

b. Oral manifestation of Vitamin C deficiency

c. Down’s Syndrome

d. Angioedema


Oral Pathology XIII Full Marks: 80

31

2070/10


far as practicable.



1. Define cyst. List the developmental cysts of oral region. Discuss in

brief the Globulomaxillary cyst with well labelled diagram. 2+6+4=12

2. Discuss pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological features of

Primary herpetic stomatitis. How do you diagnose the lesion?

3+3+3+3=12

3. Define Osteosarcoma. Discuss clinical, histopathological and

radiographic feature of osteosarcoma. 1+3+4+4=12

4. Define and classify malignant melanoma. Write the etiology and

histopathological features of malignant melanoma with labelled

diagram. 1+3+4+4=12

5. Define a wound healing. What are the factors affecting wound

healing? Discuss the complications of wound healing. 2+5+5=12


a) McCune-Albright syndrome

b) Histopathologic features of Warthin’s Tumor

c) Acanthomatous ameloblastoma

d) Oral manifestation of leukemia



32

2069/9


far as practicable.



1. Define Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Write in detail the etiology

and clinical features of OSMF. Draw a neat well labeled diagram

of histopathologic features of OSMF. 2+3+3+4=12

2. Define a cyst Classify Odontogenic cysts of the Jaw. Write the

radiologic types of Odontogenic keratocyst. Draw a neat well

labeled diagram of histopathologic feature of Odontogenic

keratocyst. 2+4+3+3=12

3. Classify salivary gland tumours. Write the clinical feature and

draw a neat well labeled diagram of histopathologic feature of

pleomorphic adenoma.

4. Define apthous ulcer. Classify apthous ulcer. Write the etiology,

clinical features and histopathologic feature of apthous ulcer.

1+4+3+2+2=12

5. Define Hemangioma. Classify hemangioma. Draw a neat well

labeled diagram of histopathologic feature of capillary and

cavernous hemangioma. Write four syndromes associated with

hemangioma. 2+3+5+2=12


a) Histopathologic feature of Pemphigus Vulgaris

b) Histopathologic feature of Fibrous Dysplasia

c) Dysplasis

d) Regional Odontodysplasia



33

2068/2


far as practicable.



1. Enumerate the developmental anomalies of teeth and jaw. Write in

detail about amelogenesis imperfecta. 5+7=12

2. Classify vesicobullous lesion. Write briefly on etiology, clinical

features, histological features and treatment of Lichen planus.

4+2+2+2+2=12

3. Define inflammation. Enumerate the space infection of orofacial

region. Write in detail on spread of infection from mandibular

posterior teeth. 2+3+7=12

4. Enumerate the Benign non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity.

Write the etiology and histopathology of oral squamous cell

carcinoma. 6+6=12

5. Define ionization. Enumerate properties of X-ray. Write in detail on

production of X-ray. 2+5+5=12


a) Migratory glossitis

b) Wound healing

c) Oral Candidiasis

d) Pindborg’s tumor



34

2068/2


far as practicable.



1. Enumerate developmental disorders of oral and maxillofacial region.

Write in detail on the developmental disorders of teeth. 4+8=12

2. Define dental caries. Enumerate pulpal and periapical diseases.

Write in detail on Radicular cyst. 2+4+6=12

3. Classify odontogenic tumors. Define ameloblastoma. Write in detail

the pathogenesis, histopathological features and management of

ameloblastoma. 4+2+6=12

4. Classify vesicobullous lesions. Write briefly on the etiology, clinical

features, histological features & treatment of lichen planus. 4+8=12

5. Enumerate the benign non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity.

Write the etiology and histopathology of oral squamous cell

carcinoma. 6+6=12


a) Biopsy

b) Paget’s disease

c) Carcinoma in Situ

d) Bilateral sialadenitis



35

2067/10


far as practicable.



1. Classify odontogenic tumor. Discuss ameloblastoma in detail. 10

2. Discuss premalignant lesions of oral cavity. Write in detail on

histopathological features of carcinoma in situ. 10


a) Apert syndrome

b) Globulomaxillary cyst

c) Gemination

d) Acidogenic theory

4. Classify soft tissue tumors of oral cavity. Distinguish between

peripheral and central giant cell granuloma. 10

5. Classify odontogenic cyst. Discuss dentigerous cyst in detail. 10


a) Recurrent apthous ulcer

b) Xerostomia

c) Cleidocranial dysplasia

d) Herpes simplex



36

2067/4


far as practicable.



1. Define tumor. Classify tumors of salivary gland. Write in detail on


2. Define leukoplakia. Enumerate white lesion of oral cavity. Write in

detail on clinical features, histological features treatment and

differential diagnosis of leukoplakia. 10


a. Median rhomboid glossitis

b. Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

c. Dentigerous cyst

d. Oral submucous fibrosis

4. Enumerate bone disease of oral cavity. Write in detail on fibrous

dysplasia. 10

5. Enumerate diseases of periodontium. Write in detail on localized

juvenile periodontitis. 10


a. Oral manifestations of leukemia

b. Lichen planus

c. Histological features of ameloblastoma

d. Erythema multiforme



37

2066/9


far as practicable.





2. Define dental caries. Enumerate periapical lesion. Write in detail on

radicular cyst. 10


a. Median rhomboid glossitis

b. Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

c. Residual cyst

d. Pindborg’s tumor

4. Enumerate bone disease of oral cavity. Write in detail on fibrous

dysplasia. 10

5. Enumerate diseases of periodontium. Write in detail on plaque

induced gingival disease. 10


a. Oral manifestations of leukemia

b. Lichen planus

c. Ameloblastoma

d. Oral Candidiasis



38

2065/8


far as practicable.



1. Classify vesicobullous lesions. Write briefly on the etiology, clinical

features, histological features & treatment of lichen planus. 10

2. Define cyst. Classify cyst of odontogenic origin. Write in detail on

dentigerous cyst. 10


a. Migratory glossitis

b. Periapical cyst

c. Paget’s disease

d. Oral submucous fibrosis



5. Define inflammation. Enumerate the space infection of orofacial

region. Write in detail on spread of infection from mandibular

posterior teeth. 10


a. Focal infection

b. Theories of calculus formation

c. Factors affecting the healing of oral wound

d. Histological features of Ameloblastoma



39

2064/10


far as practicable.



Section “A”

1. Classify vesicobullous lesion. Write briefly on etiology, clinical

features, histological features and treatment of pemphigus. 10

2. Classify white lesions of oral cavity. Describe etiology, clinical

features, histological features and treatment of leukoplakia. 10

3. Write short notes: 5x4=20

a) Hairy tongue

b) Median rhomboid glossitis

c) Apthous ulcer

d) Pyogenic granuloma

e) Laboratory investigation of anemia.

Section “B”

4. Define cyst. Classify cyst of odontogenic origin. Describe in detail on

odontogenic keratocyst. 10

5. Define tumor. Describe detail on pleomorphic adenoma. 10

6. Short notes: 5x4=20

a) Herpetic gingivostomatitis

b) Peripheral ossifying fibroma

c) ANUG

d) Hemophilia

e) Trigeminal neuralgia



40

2064/8


far as practicable.



Section “B”

1. Describe the etiology, clinical features, radiological and histological

features of ameloblastoma. 10

2. Define ulcer. Classify ulcers of the oral cavity. Write the clinical

features and management of erythema multiforme. 10


a) Dens in dente

b) Pleomorphic adenoma

c) Verrucous carcinoma

d) Bell’s palsy

e) Lichen planus



41

2064/01


far as practicable.



Section “A”

1. Define and enumerate the developmental disorders of oral and

maxillofacial region. 10

2. Write in detail on developmental disorders of teeth. 10

3. Enumerate mucocutaneous diseases. Write in detail on lichen

planus. 10


a) Ameloblastoma

b) Verrucous carcinoma

c) Pleomorphic adenoma

d) Cleidocranial dysplasia.

Section “B”

5. Define tumor. Enumerate different histological types of

ameloblastoma. Write in detail on clinical, radiographic, histological

features, treatment and complication of ameloblastoma. 10

6. Enumerate the bone diseases. Write in detail on osteogenesis

imperfect. 10


a) Erythema multiforme

b) Pleomorphic adenoma

c) Cleft lip and palate

d) Leukoplakia



42

2063/1


far as practicable.



Group “B” (Oral Pathology)

1. Define and classify cyst. Write in detail on odontogenic keratocyst.10

2. Enumerate bone disease. Write in detail on osteogenesis imperfect.

10


a) Lichen planus

b) Oral Candidiasis

c) Oral submucous fibrosis

d) Cleidocranial dysplasia

2062/1


far as practicable.




1. Write in detail about amelogenesis imperfect. 10

2. Enumerate various bacterial, viral and fungal diseases. Explain

infection from Herpes virus in detail. 10

3. Define premalignant lesions and conditions. Write in detail about

leukoplakia. 10


a) Pemphigus

b) Sjogren’s syndrome





43

2061/1


far as practicable.




1. Classify cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region. Write about

ameloblastoma. 10

2. Enumerate benign non-odontogenic tumors. Write the etiology and

histopathology of leukoplakia. 10

3. Short answers on (any FOUR): 4x5=20

a) Histopathology of lichen planus

b) Histopathology of pleomorphic adenoma

c) Amelogenesis imperfect

d) List malignant non odontogenic epithelial tumors. Write

about fibroma.

e) Histopathology of oral submucous fibrosis.



44

2060


far as practicable.




1. Classify odontogenic tumors. Write the etiology, clinical features and

histopathology of ameloblastoma. 8

2. Define premalignant lesion and condition with examples. Write

etiology, clinical features and histopathology of leukoplakia. 8

3. Write short answer (any SIX): 6x4=24

a) Enumerate developmental disturbances affecting size of

teeth. Write about germination.

b) Histopathology of dentinal caries

c) Write about radiological picture and histopathology of

dentigerous cyst.

d) Write the histopathology of pleomorphic adenoma.

e) Write the oral manifestations and histopathology of

pemphigus vulgaris.

f) Write about pink tooth.

g) Write the oral manifestations and histopathology of Paget’s

disease of bone.



45

Forensic Dentistry

46

2071/10


far as practicable.



1. Define death. Describe differences between cellular death and

somatic death. Enumerate all post mortem changes. Describe the

process of putrefaction. 1+2+3+4=10

2. What is injury? Describe coupe and contre-coupe injuries.

Differentiate between incised wound and laceration. 2+4+4=10

3. What do you understand when someone says identification.

Describe the importance of dental doctor in the process of

identification. Describe in detail the process of age estimation

from dental examination. 1+4+5=10

4. Describe poison. Classify poison. Describe the principles of general

management of poisoning. 2+4+4=10

5. Describe the formation of Nepal Medical Council. List the function

of the council. Describe the actions taken against a doctor by the

council. 4+4+2=10

6. Define hanging. Differentiate between strangulation and hanging.

List the internal and external finding in a case of drowning.

2+4+4=10

7. Define Rape. Describe the process of examination of a victim of

sexual assault. 3+7=10

8. Define the following: 2x5=10

a) Contre-coup injury

b) Cause of death

c) Infanticide

d) Manner of death

e) Rigor mortis


Forensic Dentistry XIV Full Marks: 80

47

2070/10


far as practicable.



1. Define Death. Enumerate the post mortem changes. Describe post

mortem staining. 10

2. Define Injury. Give the differences between an incised injury and

lacerated injury. 10

3. What is identification? Describe the role of a dental doctor in

mass disaster. 10

4. Define poison. Describe the signs and symptoms and treatment in

case of organo-phosphate poisoning. What are the samples to be

collected during post mortem examination? 10

5. Describe the formation of Nepal Medical Council. Describe its

functions. What are disciplinary actions that the council can take

against the doctor? 10

6. Define Torture. List the methods commonly used for physical

torture. What are the complications of physical torture? 10

7. What is hanging? Describe the external and internal post mortem

findings in case of hanging. 10

8. Discuss the defense of a doctor in a case of negligence. 10



48

2069


far as practicable.



1. Define ‘identification’. Enumerate the factors that help in

identification. Discuss the role of dental examination in

identification.

2. Define ‘poison’. What are the different routes that a poison can

be introduced into the body? Describe the general principles of

treatment of a case of poisoning?

3. What is ‘medical negligence’? What are the possible defenses of

a doctor against medical negligence?

4. Describe the procedure of examination of an adult female victim

of an alleged sexual assault?

5. Enumerate the different types of victims of ‘road traffic

accidents. Describe the mechanism of injury production in a

pedestrian hit from behind by a Maruti car at a speed of 60

km/hr.

6. Briefly discuss death, clinical death and cellular death.

7. Why must a medico-legal autopsy be performed?

8. Describe the steps of the autopsy examination of the head,

mentioning the findings that one should be looking for during the

examination.

9. Enumerate ALL the different post-mortem changes up to the

stage of complete skeletonzation. Discuss livor mortis.

10. Briefly explain what you understand by each of the following

eight terms: (a) cause of death, (b) hanging, (c) infanticide, (d)

café coronary, (e) autoerotic asphyxia death, (f) Tardieu spots, (g)

cardiac tamponade, and (h) manslaughter.



49

2068/10


far as practicable.



1. Enumerate the post mortem changes. Describe rigor mortis. 4+8=12

2. Define injury. List blunt force injuries. Describe contusion. 2+2+8=12

3. What is death declaration and death certificate? Describe changes in

the eye after death. 3+3+6=12

4. Define medical ethics. What are the rights and duties of a medical

practitioner? How does Nepal Medical Council regulate ethical

practice I Nepal? 2+5+5=12

5. Define identification. List the factors that help in identification. How

does examination of teeth help in identification? 2+4+6=12


a) Rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm

b) Incised wound and lacerated wound

c) Rape

d) Medical negligence



50

2067/10


far as practicable.

The questions are of equal value.


1. What is the nature of injuries that one can find in case of a fatal

child abuse?

2. What is medical negligence? What are the elements needed to

establish medical negligence? What are the defences of a doctor

against medical negligence case?

3. What are the legal conditions to procure abortion in Nepal?

4. Define identification. What are the factors needed to establish

identity of a person. How does examination of teeth help in

identification?

5. Describe the mechanism of injury production in a pedestrian when

hit from behind by a car at the speed of 50km/hr.

6. Describe the process of death investigation in Nepal.

7. Define poison. Describe the general principles of treatment in a

case of poisoning.


a) Hydrostatic test

b) Rigor mortis

c) Age estimation in living

d) Bite marks



51

2066/9


far as practicable.



1. Discuss ‘rigor mortis’, ‘livor mortis’, ‘algor mortis’ and

mummification. (2.5x4=10)

2. Describe the mechanism of production of the different injuries in a

driver not wearing any seat belts in a vehicle without an airbag

mechanism in a frontal collision at a speed of 50km/hr. (10)

3. Differentiate between ‘an incised wound and a laceration’, coup and

countercoup cerebral contusions’, ‘hanging and strangulation’ and

‘clinical death and cellular death’. (2.5x4=10)

4. Write short notes on ‘mixed dentition’, ‘hydrostatic test’, ‘general

principles of treatment of poison’ and ‘contusions’. (2.5x4=10)

5. Discuss ‘criminal abortion’ and ‘child abuse’. (5+5=10)

6. Define ‘rape’. Describe the procedure for examination and collection

of evidence from an alleged victim of sexual assault. (2.5+7.5=10)

7. Discuss how dental examination is used in identification. Explain how

dental age estimation is done in children, adolescent and adults.

(5+5=10)

8. What is medical negligence? Mention the defenses of a doctor in a

case of medical negligence can possibly resort to. Describe the

formation of Nepal Medical Council (NMC). What are the functions

of the NMC? (2.5x4=10)



52

2065/8


far as practicable.



1. Describe the process of death investigation in Nepal.

2. Define Death. Enumerate the post mortem changes. Describe post

mortem staining.

3. Define injury. Describe coup and contre coup injuries.

4. Describe the mechanism of injury production in a pedestrian when

hit from behind by a car at the speed of 50km/hr.

5. What is identification? Describe how you will estimate the age of a

living person.

6. Define rape. Describe the procedure for examination and collection

of evidence from a victim of sexual assault.

7. What is abortion? What are the different methods used for

criminal abortions? What are the complications of criminal

abortion?


a. Rigor mortis

b. Bite marks

c. Contusion

d. Hydrostatic test



53

2064/10


far as practicable.



1. What is medical negligence? What are the defenses of doctor against

negligence? (5+5=10)

2. Define rape. Describe the procedure of examination and collection of

evidences from a victim of alleged rape. (5+5=10)

3. Give the Legal and Medical definition of Injury. List the differences

between an incised wound and a laceration. (2+2+6=10

4. Describe how death investigation is done in Nepal. 10

5. Define “Death”. Enumerate post mortem changes. Describe rigor

mortis. (2+2+6=10)

6. Define identification. What are the factors needed to establish the

identity. How does the examination of teeth help in the

identification? (2+4+4=10)

7. What is ‘infanticide’? Discuss the acts of Omission and Commission

in relation to infanticide. (2+4+4=10)

8. Write short notes on: (5+5=10)

a) Bite marks

b) Contusion



54

2064/1


far as practicable.



Group “A” (Forensic Dentistry)

1. Define injury. List the types of mechanical injuries. 4

2. What is medical negligence? What are the defenses of doctor against

negligence? 4

3. Define death. Enumerate the changes seen on a dead body. Define

death certificate. 4

4. What is informed consent? Write the findings of individual on

examination of teeth. 4


Forensic Dentistry XIV [Old Course] Full Marks: 80

55

2063/1


far as practicable.




1. Define death. Enumerate the changes seen on a dead body after

death. Describe rigor mortis. 1+1+2=4

2. What is medical negligence? What are the defenses of a doctor

against negligence? 2+2=4

3. Define injury. List the different mechanical injuries. 2+2=4

4. What is infanticide? What are acts of Omission and Commission?

How would you estimate the maturity of the infant? 1+1+2=4


Forensic Dentistry XIV[Old Course] Full Marks: 80

56

2062/1


far as practicable.




1. Describe various injuries seen on the body of victim of child abuse. 4

2. Define medical ethics. What are the rights and duties of a medical

practitioner? Discuss privileged communication. 1+1+1+1=4

3. Define injury. List the various types of injuries you know. Discuss

about contusion. 1+1+2=4

4. What do you understand by identification? List the factors necessary

for identification. Discuss how positive identification can be

established by examination of teeth? 1+1+2=4


Forensic Dentistry XIV [Old Course] Full Marks: 80

57

2061/1


far as practicable.




1. Describe the sequence of decomposition. 4

2. Describe the act of Omission and the act of Commission in a case of

infanticide. 2+2=4

3. Enumerate the different types of mechanical injuries. Describe

contusion. 2+2=4

4. What is identification? Discuss how the examination of teeth will

help in establishing the positive identity of a person. 4


Forensic Dentistry XIV[Old Course] Full Marks: 80

58

2060/10


Attempt any FOUR

1. What is consent? What are the different types of consent? What are

the situations where consent is required in medical and dental

practice? 1+1+2=4

2. What is identification? What medico-legal information can you

obtain from examination of a skull? 2+2=4

3. Describe the different types of injuries in a case of child abuse. 4

4. Describe the procedure of examination and write a medico-legal

report. 4

5. What are the different situations where bite marks are seen on the

human body and how will you proceed with the investigation? 2+2=4

59

page no. general medicine 1 general surgery ... · diabetic keto-acidosis . bachelor level/bds...

Documents