Pages 467 - 488Pages 467 - 488

Ch. 14 – Acids, Bases, & SaltsCh. 14 – Acids, Bases, & Salts

PropertiesProperties

Taste Sour. Can sting skin if open (cut).

React with metals to produce H2 gas.

Disassociate in water to produce ions that conduct electricity. (ELECTROLYTE)

Acids cause indicators to change color.Blue litmus paper turns red!

PropertiesProperties

Taste Bitter. Feel slippery to touch. Do not react with metals. Disassociate in water to produce ions that

conduct electricity. (ELECTROLYTE) Bases cause indicators to change color.

Red litmus paper turns blue!

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•Arrhenius AcidsArrhenius Acids form hydrogen ions (H+)

• HCl (hydrochloric acid)HCl (hydrochloric acid)

• HNOHNO33 (nitric acid) (nitric acid)

• HCHC22HH33OO22 (acetic acid) (acetic acid)

• HH22SOSO44 (sulfuric acid) (sulfuric acid)

• HH22COCO33 (carbonic acid) (carbonic acid)

• HH33POPO44 (phosphoric acid) (phosphoric acid)

DefinitionsDefinitions

•Arrhenius BasesArrhenius Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)

• NaOH (sodium hydroxide)NaOH (sodium hydroxide)• KOH (potassium hydroxide)KOH (potassium hydroxide)

• Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 (magnesium hydroxide) (magnesium hydroxide)

• Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 (calcium hydroxide) (calcium hydroxide)

• Ba(OH)Ba(OH)22 (barium hydroxide) (barium hydroxide)

OH! It’s a base!

DefinitionsDefinitions

Always produce water & a salt.

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HCl + NaOH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H NaCl + H22OO

ACID + BASE ACID + BASE SALT + WATER SALT + WATER

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Brønsted-LowryBrønsted-Lowry

HCl + H2O Cl – + H3O+

•AcidsAcids are hydrogen ion (H+) donors.

•BasesBases are hydrogen ion (H+) acceptors.

baseacid

Brønsted-Lowry Acids & BasesBrønsted-Lowry Acids & BasesBrønsted-Lowry Acids & BasesBrønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

DefinitionsDefinitions

Types of Acids:Types of Acids:

• Monoprotic AcidsMonoprotic Acids – have 1 proton to donate.

• Diprotic AcidsDiprotic Acids – have 2 protons to donate.

• Triprotic AcidsTriprotic Acids – have 3 protons to donate.

HCl, HNO3, HF

H2SO4, H2CO3, H2S

H3PO4

Conjugate Acid – Base PairsConjugate Acid – Base Pairs

When a base gains a proton, it becomes its conjugate acid.When a base gains a proton, it becomes its conjugate acid. When an acid loses a proton, it becomes its conjugate base.When an acid loses a proton, it becomes its conjugate base.

HCl + H2O Cl – + H3O+

conjugate acidconjugate base

baseacid

Conjugate Acid – Base PairsConjugate Acid – Base Pairs

Pairs are joined together by the loss and gain of a proton.Pairs are joined together by the loss and gain of a proton. Acid & Base – Reactants side.Acid & Base – Reactants side. Conjugate Base & Conjugate Acid – Products side.Conjugate Base & Conjugate Acid – Products side.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

acidbase conjugateacid

conjugatebase

Conjugate Acid – Base PairsConjugate Acid – Base Pairs

Strength of Conjugate Acid-Base PairsStrength of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

The stronger the acid …

The weaker its conjugate base.

The weaker its conjugate acid.

The stronger the base …

What part does water play?What part does water play?

H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3–

AcidBase

What part does water play?What part does water play?

Water is amphoteric: can act as can act as

an acid or a an acid or a base.base.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Base Acid

Neutralize each other in what is called a Neutralization Reaction.

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Hydronium IonHydronium Ion

Produced when an acid dissociates in water and the water picks up the

hydrogen ion.

H3O+

H

HH H H

H

ClClO O

–+