Pages 561-570 & 574-578

By Sam Rosenberg

Unit 4: Industrial Revolution

1700-1914, up until World War ITwo stages, 1700-1860 & 1860-1914Urban life and hygiene significantly improvedControversy over working conditions –

formation of unionsProductivity increased dramaticallyTransportation became much more widespread,

connecting the urban areas to the rural areasAgricultural and manufacturing breakthroughs

Overview of Industrial Revolution

Inventors: John Kay (“flying shuttle” 1733), James Hargreaves (spinning jenny 1764), Richard Arkwright (water frame 1769), Samuel Crompton (spinning mule 1779), Thomas Newcomen (steam pump 1712), Eli Whitney (cotton gin 1793), George Stephenson (Rocket, 1829)

Karl Marx: Called for a worker (proletariat) led revolution, believed workers should be in power; wrote Communist Manifesto, saw class struggle as perpetual, called for the creation of Unions (syndicats)

Emmeline Pankhurst: one of the leaders in women’s suffrage movements; formed some of the first organizations

Important People

1793 – invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney

1831 – Michael Thomas Sadler investigated the conditions of child labor in factories

1832 – Reform Act (Redistributed public land to be sold privately)

1833 – Factory Act (Forbade child labor)1833 – Slavery abolished in United Kingdom1819 – Peterloo Masacre 1834 – Poor Law (required limited assistance

for lower class for a sustainable life)

Important Events

Proletariat: the laborers who do the actual physical work of production; Marx believed they should lead a revolution to gain power

Bourgeoisie: Employers as well as other members of the middle class, professionals, artisans, and shop keepers; by Marx’s standards, those who do not live by the sale of their labor, as opposed to the proletariat

Liberals and Tories: two major political parties in Britain at the time

Women’s suffrage movements: sometimes violent demonstrations and organizations with the intention of achieving better rights for women including the right to vote

Important Terms/Themes

Problems coping with changeAlienation of factory workers from their workAlienation of workers from natureDominance of husband over wifeEconomic competition leading to

prioritization of personal goals

Marx and Engels’ Main Criticisms of Society