pain management in hepatic and renal dysfunctiondrtedwilliams.net/cop/766/766renalpain.pdfliver is...
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fReview the pharmacologic basis for medications used in pain managementd f d h h h ld bIdentify pain medications which should be avoided in patients with hepatic dysfunctiond f d h h h ld bIdentify pain medications which should be avoided in patients with renal dysfunction
hDetermine the most appropriate pain regimen if given a patient with hepatic and/or
l d frenal dysfunction
Chronic Lasting longer than 6 months
NociceptivePain coming from injured body tissues
NeuropathicPain involving damage to the nervous system
MixedCombination of nociceptive and neuropathic
Bope ET, et al. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:S1‐S12.
Symptom Patient
Disease Specific Tx
Patient
Relief Patient Education
Patient
Specialist Referral Psychology
Occupational and Physical Therapy
Bope ET, et al. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:S1‐S12.
Opioid
+/‐ non‐opioid3 Moderate-
Severe+/‐ adjuvant
Opioid2Mild-
Moderate+/‐ non‐opioid
+/‐ adjuvant
2 Moderate
Non‐opioid
+/‐ adjuvant1 Mild
+/ adjuvant
h f b l fLiver is the major site of metabolism for most opioidsOxidation is the major metabolic pathway for most Oxidation is the major metabolic pathway for most opioids
Reduced in hepatic dysfunctionReduced in hepatic dysfunction▪ Decreased drug clearance▪ Increased oral bioavailability (reduced 1st pass metabolism)
Gl id ti i f i idGlucuronidation occurs in a few opioidsGenerally managed by reducing dose or extending dosing intervalsdosing intervals
fAnalgesic therapy is commonly prescribed for people with renal disease
f h d l37‐50% of hemodialysis patients experience chronic pain of which 82% is moderate –severe painPain is often multi‐factorial ff hDifferentiate nociceptive versus neuropathic
pain
Davison SN, et al. J Palliat Med 2007;10:1277‐87.
Etiology Percentage
Osteoarthritis + osteoporosis 31%
Inflammatory arthritis 7%
Renal osteodystrophy 5%Renal osteodystrophy 5%
Peripheral polyneuropathy 13%
Carpel tunnel 2%
Peripheral vascular disease 9%
Osteomyelitis 2%
R l d di l i d %Related to dialysis procedure 14%
Not yet diagnosed 18%
Other (trauma, caicphylaxis, etc) 18%Other (trauma, caicphylaxis, etc) 18%
Many patients have more than 1 cause for their pain
Davison SN, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:1239‐47.
Analgesic and antipyreticMetabolized by the liverDose reduction or avoidance in liver disease
Does not require dosage adjustment in chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end‐state renal disease (ESRD)Non‐narcotic of choice for mild to moderate pain in patients with CKD
Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.HenrichWL, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;27:162‐165.
C i bl di i k Can increase bleeding risk Decrease platelet function and gastrointestinal mucosamucosa
Generally avoid in liver diseaseShould be used for precise indications and a Should be used for precise indications and a limited time in ESRD (ie, gout flare)Can exacerbate HTN and lead to edema Reversible reduction in GFRHighest risk in patients with CHF, cirrhosis, ld l d h d d d helderly, dehyrdated, or receiving diuretic therapy
Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.
h Ib fAcetaminophen325‐650 mg q4‐6 hrs prn d il
Ibuprofen400 mg q4‐6 hr prnMax dose: 3200 mg/24 1 gm 3‐4 x daily
Max dose: 4gm/24hrASA
Max dose: 3200 mg/24 hr
Naproxen BID ASA
325‐650 mg q4‐6 hrs prn500 mg q3hr prn
250‐500 mg BID prnMax dose: 1500 mg/24 hrg q p
1000 mg q6hr prnMax dose: 4 gm/24hr
Celecoxib200 mg/day or 100 mg BID BID
Katz WA, et al. American Journal of Therapeutics 2008;15:256‐64.
fIndicated for neuropathy painUndergoes primary hepatic metabolism
l d lAmitriptyline is converted to nortriptyline in the liver
l d d d d lLittle data to indicate dose reduction in renal dysfunction
h b d h lTCAs have been associated with acute liver failure (2‐10% increase in LFTs)
h d f d dIn hepatic dysfunction contraindicated
Indicated in neuropathic painInducer of hepatic enzymes
d h b lUndergoes primary hepatic metabolismLess than 1% excreted unchanged in the urine
d d hContraindicated in severe hepatic dysfunction
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.
fIndicated for neuropathic painPrimary renal excretion
d d hT ½ extended in ESRD (up to 132 hrs)Cleared by hemodialysis
d d l f lDose reduction required in renal failureSafe to use in hepatic dysfunction
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.
APAPAPAPRenal▪ EstCrCl 10‐50 ml/min: Administer q6hr▪ EstCrCl < 10 ml/min: Administer q8hr
Hepatic▪ Avoid if possible▪ < 2 gm/24hr
TCAsRenal▪ Not dialyzable
Hepatic▪ Contraindicated
C b iCarbamazepineRenal▪ No dosing change
Hepatic▪ Contraindicated in severe dysfunction
GapapentinRenal▪ EstCrCl ≥60 ml/min: 300‐1200 mg 3 times/day ▪ EstCrCl >30‐59 ml/min: 200‐700 mg twice/day ▪ EstCrCl >15‐29 ml/min: 200‐700 mg/day ▪ EstCrCl < 15 mL/minute: 100‐300 mg/day
Hepaticp▪ No dosing change
P i i f b li i h li Primary site of metabolism is the liver GlucoronidatonP i i l b li i hi l id Principle metabolite is morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G) – no opioid agonist activityMorphine‐6‐glucuronide is a metabolite highly Morphine‐6‐glucuronide is a metabolite highly cleared through kidneys
Extrahepatic metabolism contributes to 40% pof total body clearanceAbout 10% of morphine excreted unchanged i h iin the urine
Tegeder I, et al. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37:17‐40.
f fT ½ of M6G can be prolonged from 2.1 hrs up to 27 hrs in ESRD
l d ll l hOral doses will cause more accumulation than parenterally administered doses
b l b dMetabolites can be removed via hemofiltration (47‐100%) and hemodialysis(24‐84%) in ESRD
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.
fSemi‐synthetic derivative of morphineMetabolized to hydromorphone‐3‐l dglucuronide (H3G)
H3G can accumulate in renal failure (4 fold increase)May be safe in renal dysfunctionDose reduce and extend dosing interval
Undergoes 1st pass metabolism Increased bioavailability in hepatic disease
fNot the best choice for acute painUtility in controlling chronic pain
h b l b l fHigh bioavailability of 80%20% renally excreted as unchanged
l d fIn renal dysfunctionInitiate lower starting dose
Contraindicated in hepatic dysfunction
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.
Subject to high hepatic extraction ratioDecreased clearance in altered hepatic blood flow
No active metabolitesIdeal agent for use in renal failureException is presence of uremia▪ Prolonged clearance (requires ½ of usual dose)
f l l k l lHepatic failure is likely to impair clearanceRequires dose reduction
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.
Metabolized in liver to active metabolite (O‐demethyl tramadol) which is excreted renally
dT ½ is increased x 2 in CKD patients (10 hours)
f dReports of respiratory depression in CKD patients
d d hAvoid concomitant administration with SSRIs
Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.
Mainly metabolized in liver10% metabolized to morphine
f l d dCase reports of prolonged CNS depression in ESRD
h dUse with caution in ESRD (reported T ½ up to 27 hrs)
d d h lNot recommended to use in hepatic or renal dysfunction
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.
Greater potency than codeine Commonly combined with APAP
b d l dCombo products limit dose titration APAP and risk of hepatoxicityLimit APAP to 2gm/day max in liver disease
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.
Metabolized to noroxycodone and oxymorphone
h d h dLess than 10% excreted unchanged in urineT ½ prolonged in ESRD
l d fIn renal dysfunctionInitiate low dose and titrate cautiously
Decreased metabolism in liver diseaseInitiate low dose and titrate cautiously
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.
“B th” “By mouth” Give orally whenever possible
“By the clock” By the clock Schedule doses over 24 hrs on a regular basis
“By the ladder” WHO analgesic ladder
“For the individual”The “right” dose is the dose that relieves pain without The right dose is the dose that relieves pain without causing unacceptable side effects
Attention to detailP i h ti A RPain changes over time; Assess; Reassess
Davison SN, et al. Geriatrics 2007;62:17‐23.
Not Recommended Use with Caution Safest in Liver Disease
Methadone Morphine Fentanyl
Codeine Oxycodone
Hydromorphone
Tramadol
Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.Tegeder I, et al. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37:17‐40.
Not Recommended Use with Caution Safest in Renal Disease
Meperidine Hydromorphone Fentanyl
Codeine Oxycodone Methadone
Morphine Oxymorphone
Propoxyphene Tramadol
Kurella M, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:217‐228.Murphy EJ, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:311‐322.Davison SN, et al. J Palliat Med 2007;10:1277‐87.
M hiMorphineRenal (Avoid if possible)▪ EstCrCl 10‐ 50 ml/min: 75 % normal dose▪ EstCrCl < 10 ml/min: 50% normal dose
Hepatic▪ Severe dysfunction reduce dose
OxycodoneRenal▪ Severe dysfunction reduce dose
Hepatic▪ Severe dysfunction reduce dose
H d hHydromorphoneRenal ▪ Severe dysfunction reduce dose
Hepatic▪ Severe dysfunction reduce dose
Codeine Renal (Avoid if possible)▪ EstCrCl 10‐ 50 ml/min: 75 % normal dose▪ EstCrCl < 10 ml/min: 50% normal dose
Hepatic ▪ Contraindicated in severe dysfunction
F t lFentanylRenal▪ No adjustment needed
Hepatic▪ No adjustment needed
MethadoneRenal▪ EstCrCrl < 10 ml/min: 50‐75% normal dose
Hepaticp▪ Contraindicated in severe dysfunction
M idiMeperidineRenal▪ Contraindicated
Hepatic▪ Reduce dose in severe dysfunction
PropoxypheneRenal (Avoid if possible)▪ Contraindicated if EstCrCl < 10 ml/min
Hepaticp▪ Reduce dose in severe dysfunction
T d lTramadolRenal▪ EstCrCl < 30 m/min: 50‐100 mg po q12h (max 200 mg/day of IR formulation▪ ER formulation contraindicated if EstCrCl < 30 ml/min
Hepatic▪ Cirrhosis: 50 mg po q12h (IR formulation)▪ ER formulation contraindicated in severe (Child‐Pugh Class C) hepatic
dysfunction.