paint formulation and process. how paint is made? · starting formulations . 34. vinyl resins for...

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Paint Formulation and

Process.

How Paint is made?

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Introduction

Surface coating industry is one of the most popularindustries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gainingground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied withclosed advance in surface coating technology. They areformulated for specific purposes: outside house paints andexterior varnishes are intended to give good service whenexposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulatedto give excellent coverage and good wash ability; andlacquers are formulated for rapid drying.


Varnish is one of the important parts of surface coatingindustry. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish orfilm primarily used in wood finishing but also for othermaterials. They are used to change the surface gloss,making the surface more matte or higher gloss, or toprovide the various areas of a painting with a more unifiedfinish. Varnishes are also applied over wood stains as afinal step to achieve a film for gloss and protection. Someproducts are marketed as a combined stain and varnish.



Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic compositionwhich after application to a substrate in a thin layeris converted to an opaque solid film. It is mostcommonly used to protect, colour or provide textureto objects. The paint industry volume in India hasbeen growing at 15% per annum for quite someyears now. As far as the future growth prospects areconcerned, the industry is expected to grow at 12 to13% annually over the next five years.



The technology is required to produce different typeof new paints and varnishes based on different typeof uses. The paint and coatings industry plays anintegral role in sustainability; coatings protect theobjects we depend on every day, preserve ourpossessions, so they last longer and provide for asustainable future. They are indispensable productsthat extend the useful life of everyday objects byacting as a protective barrier.



These newer products have enabled paintmanufacturers to improve the performanceproperties of their paints and coatings and sosatisfy the more stringent requirements of ourmodern industrial society. The future forindustrial paints, varnishes and lacquers is bright.In the next few years its value will go up graduallyin line with the global trend.



The major contents of the book are application ofpaints, fundamentals of paint, varnishes andlacquers, manufacturing of different type of paints,paint formulation, pigment dispersion, emulsionpaints, and so on.

The book deals with fundamentals of paints,Varnishes and lacquers, pigments, Oils used inpaints and varnishes, solvents, dryers,



plasticizers, additives for surface coating,various types of paint manufacturing etc.The book is very useful for newentrepreneurs, existing units, technocrats,technical institutions and for those whowants to diversify in the field of paintsmanufacturing.




Table of Contents

1. Application of PaintsPaint System SpecificationPreparation of PaintsEstablishment of the paint Manufacture UnitPigmentWhite PigmentsBlack PigmentsRed PigmentGreen Pigment



Blue PigmentSynthetic Ultramarine BlueYellow PigmentDrying Oils & DriersDrying OilsLinsed OilCastro Oil & Dehydrated Castro OilDehydrated Castro Oil (DCO)Tung Oil



Soyabean OilCashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)Other Less Important OilsRefiningof Drying OilsDiriers

2. Fundamentals of Paint, Varnishes & LacquersPaintVarnishes



LacquersSolventsWhite PigmentsRed PigmentsYellow and Brown Earth ColoursOrange and Yellow PigmentsGreen PigmentsBlue PigmentsBlack PigmentsExtenders



Oils Used In PaintsResins Used In Paints, Varnishes And LacquersSolvents Used In Paints, Varnishes and LacquersAddittives Used In Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers

3. Oils Used In Paints and VarnishesDrying OilsConjugated Oils



Semi Drying OilsNon-Drying OilsDerivatives of Drying OilsRefining of Oils

4. SolventsHydrocarbonsKetonesEstersGlycol Ethers



AlcoholsTerpenes

5. PlasticizersGeneral Properties of Plasticizers

6. Additives in surface Coatings

7. Formulary with Processes of Distempers,Whitewash, Putties & EmulsionWhite DistempeerSky Blue Distermper



Yellow DistermperWhite WashPuttiesNon-Freezing PuttyModified PuttyEmulsion Paints

8. FormulationsEnamelsLuminous PaintsPaint for Structural Steel



Mica Lustre PaintAluminum Priming for WoodWater Emulsion Paints for Exterior UseVarnishesLacques

9. LacquersCellulose ProductsEthyl CelluloseLacpuer Manufacture


Mertis of Cellulose LacquersAeroplane LacquerBook LacquerVarnishesDifferent kinds of VarnishesOil VarnishTurpentine VarnishSpirit VarnishWater VarnishOil Varnishes



Preparation of Oil VarnishesGum RunningAddition of Drying OilsThinningMaturingDifferent kinds of Oil VarnishesExterior VarnishInterior Decorators VarnishRubbing VarnishPolishing Varnish



Flat VarnishGold SizeBlack VarnishFormulase of Oil VarnishesSpirit Varnish or LacquerResinsSolventsPlasticizersAlcohol VarnishTurpentine Varnishes



Formulas for Preparing Spirit VarnishesFrench VarnishVarnish Prepared from Synthetic ResinsSpar VarnishProcess

10. Paint Manufacturing Different Types of Paints and Various FormulationsPremixingGrinding OperationTinting Operation



Oil Based PaintsModern Gloss FinishesHeat Resisting PaintsFlame Retardant PaintsPlastic PaintsFloor PaintsFlat PaintsAluminium PaintWrinkle FinishesHammer Fnishes



Marine CoatingsIntroductionShip PaintsHull PaintsTop Sides FinishBoot Topping PaintsAntifouling PaintsAnti-Corrosive PaintsRoad Marking PaintsChemical Resistant Coattings



Shythetic Enamel PaintsBittumionous CoattingsHigh Solids FinishesCuring Agent :Graphite and Graphite Paints

11. PrimersPrimer for MetalsTypes of PrimersBlast PrimersMetallic Zince Primers



Red Oxide/Zinc Chrome PrimersLead Based PrimerWash PrimerPrimers for woodLeadless Primers :Aluminium PrimerEmulsion PrimersWall Primers & Sealers



12. Major Defects Which Occurs in Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers AlligatoringBleedingBlisteringBloomingBlushingBrush DragBrush MarkingChalking



Checking

Cissing

Cracking

Effloresence

Fading

Floating

Flooding

Gas Checking

Loss of Gloss

Lifting

Leaching

Orange Pell

Pinholing

Sagging



13. Powder CoatingsThermoplastic CoatingsPVC CoatingsThermosetting Coating PowdersEpoxy Powder CoatingsFormulation of Powder CoatingsFluidized bed CoatingElectrosatic Fludized Bed CoatingsElectrostatic Spray Coating



14. Drying Oils : Their Origin, Manufactture and PropertiesGeneral HistoryTypes of Drying OilsManufacturing and Refining MethodsSolvent ExtractionThe composition of Drying OilsFuture Developments



15. Pigments-General Classification and DescriptionDefinition of PaintPurposes of Pigments in PaintHiding Power of PaintExtender PigmentsPigment Manufacturing

16. White Hiding Pigment



17. Organic Toners and Mineral PigmentsColor BlendingMetallic PigmentsBlacksEarth ColorsInorganic BluesOrganic BluesBrownsGreensOrganic GreensMarron PigmentOrangesRedsVioletsYellows



18. Rosin and Rosin Derivatives

19. Alkyd Resin Technology

20. Miscellaneous Resins in Protective CoatingsPetroleum ResinsTTerpene ResinsCoumarone-Indene ResinsMaleic ResinsChlorinated Resins



21. Solvent-type ResinsBrush LacquersAcknowledgmentEthyl CelluloseParlonVinyl ResinsPolystyrene and Styrene ResinsAcrylate and Methacrylate ResinsAllyl ResinsPliolite



Silicone Resins

22. Hydrocarbon ThinnersMeasures of SolvencyCompositionViscosity ReductionTests for PurityVolatilityConclusion



23. Formulation of the "Volatiles" in Nitrocellulose Lacquers Solvents and DiluentsLatent SolventsThinners

24. The application of Metallic Soaps as Driers, Fungicides, Suspending Agents and Flatting AgenstTheories on the Mechanism of the Action of DriersEfficiency of Driers



Effect of VehicleMetallic Soaps as FungicidesMetallic Soaps and Suspending AgentsMetallic Soaps as Flatting Agents

25. The Testing of Raw MaterialsReasons for Testing Raw MaterialsCompleteness of TestingSolventsDrying OilsConclusion



26. Resin and Varnish ManufactureTung OilOiticica OilPerilla and Linseed OilsOther OilsOil-Resin Combinations

27. Industrial FinishesClassificationManufacturing Methods for Industrial Finishes



28. Trade Sales PaintsShingle StainSpar VarnishExterior EnamelsGaulking CompoundsAsphalt and Coal-tar PaintWall Primer and SealersWall finish CoatsEnamel UndercoatersEnamel Finish CoatsVarnishes



Floor Paints and EnamelsMiscellaneous

29. Water and Emulsion Paints

30. Aminoplast ResinsChemistry and CompositionCommercial Practice and CompositionFunctional Use and MechanismFormulation

31. Phenolic Resins



32. Epoxy ResinsPhysical and Chemical Charac Teristics of Epoxy ResinsTwo-Package or Amine-Cured Epoxy CoatingsEpoxy EstersHigh-Performance Baking FinishesOther Types of Epoxy Coatings

33. Acrylic ResinsTypes of Acrylic ResinsProperties of Acrylic ResinsPolymerization of Acrylic MonomersApplications of Acrylic PolymersStarting Formulations



34. Vinyl Resins for CoatingsPolymerization MethodsVinyl Chloride Solution ResinsVinyl Dispersion ResinsPolyvinyl Acetal ResinsPolyvinyl Acetate

35. Urethane CoatingsRaw MaterialsCoating Vehicle IntermediatesChemistry



Classificationof CoatingsDrying Oil Modifide UrethanesPrepolymersBlocked IsocyanatesTwo-Package Urethane Coatings Astm-4Polyester/Polyisocyanate Two-Component Systems, Astm-5Comparision of Uretthane Coatings with Competitive CoatingsImproved Color StabilityLower-Cost UrethanesConclusion



36. Oxygenated SolventsEster SolventsKetone SolventsGlycol Ether SolventsAlcoholsOther SolventsSolvent PropertiesFormulation of Solvents Systems

37. White PigmentsOpacityThe reactive white Pigments



The nonreactive white Pigments

38. Coloued PigmentsChrome YellowsZince YellowsStrontium YellowNickel Titanate YellowNickel Azo YellowCadmium YellowYellow lron OxideHansa YellowsBenzidine Yellows



Vat YellowsChrome OrangeMolybdate OrangeCadmium Orange"Mercadium" OrangeBenzidine OrangeDinitraniline OrangeVatDay OrangesChrome GreensChromium oxideHydrated Chromium OxideCopper Phthalocyanine Green



Organic Green TonersIron BluesCopper Phthalocyanine bluesUltramarine BlueOrganic Blue TonersIndanthrone BlueCarbazole Dioxazine VioletOrganic Violet TonerMineral VioletQuinacridone VioletLitholsPara Reds



Toluidine RedsLithol RubineChlorinated Para RedQuinacridone Reds and MaroonsRed Iron OxideCadmium Red and Maroons"Mercadium" Reds and MaroonsRed LeadThioindigo Reds and MaroonsArylide MaroonsSiennas, Ochers and UmbersCarbon Blacks, Lampblacks and Bone BlacksTinting Properties of Colored Pigments



39. Paint FormulationArt

Science

Raw Materials

Manufacture

Cost

Performance

Principles

Pigments Volume Concentration

Critical Pigment Volume Concentration

Pigment

Vehicle

Solvents and Driers

Formulation Example

Computer



40. Pigment DispersionDefinition

Method.

Equipment

Mill Base Formulation

Setting Up a Laboratory Formula

Equipment setups and Limitations

Tank Configuration

Premixers

Conclusions

41. Emulsion PaintsIngredients of An Emulsion Paint

Emulision Formation

Stability of Emulsions



42. Maintenance PaintsPaint Types and Selection

Coating Types

Description By Generic Types

Principles of Effective Maintenance Painting

Substrate Materialss

Effect of Exposure

Paint System and Application

43. Aluminum Pigments and PaintsHistory

Methods of Manufacture

Properties and Characteristics of The Pigment



Aluminium Pigments Products

Testing Aluminum Pigments

Aluminum Paints

Application Methods

44. Aerosol CoatingsDefinition

Description

Components

Paint Formulation

45. Paint and Varnish RemoversPaint Removal

Solvent Paint and Varnish Removers

Nochlorinated Solvent Paint Removers



46. Machinery & Equipments for Paint & Varnish IndustryTriple Roil MillSand GrinderColloid MillAmalgamator or Horizontal MixerAttrition MillRoll MillCone Blender MixerDrum Type MixerPlanetary Paste MixerPortable Stirrer




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