Sociology

1Pakistan AffairsWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs Day 2Sequence Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in the Sub-ContinentCauses of Downfall of the Muslim RuleThe Bhakti MovementDeen-e- IllahiRole of Sufis

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP3Revised Syllabus 2016Revised Syllabus Ideology of Pakistan ----- definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms -- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions- Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.Land and people of Pakistan-Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.Pakistan and Changing Regional ApparatusNuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International ConcernsRegional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of PakistanCivil-Military Relations in PakistanWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP5Revised Syllabus Pakistans Role in the RegionPalestine IssueChanging Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of PakistanPolitical Evolution Since 1971Pakistan and US War on TerrorForeign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11Evolution of Democratic System in PakistanEthnic Issues and National IntegrationHydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional ContextPakistans National InterestChallenges to SovereigntyPakistans Energy Problems and their EffectsPakistans Relations with Neighbors excluding IndiaPakistan and India Relations Since 1947Kashmir IssueWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP6Revised Syllabus Economic Challenges in PakistanNon-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State ActorsThe war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan, in the Post 2014 era.Proxy Wars: Role of External ElementsEconomic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health and Sanitation

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Draw This MapWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP8Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in the Sub-Continent

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP10After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500 AD, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms. During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first timeTraders sailed to ports on west coast in search of goods such as spicesOver time, traders settled in India, lived peacefully beside Hindus, BuddhistsThe Arrival of IslamNext Muslims to arrive not so peacefulEarly 700 AD, Muslim raiders including Mohd bin Qasim, invaded and conquered region of Sind, in what is now Pakistan 300 years later, Muslims poured into north India from AfghanistanBy 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim controlMuslim Raiders

Muslim Rule in India11Advent of IslamArab Traders in Malabar Region (Link between them and South East Asia)The first Indian mosque was built in 629 A.D, at the behest of Cheraman Perumal (later converted to Islam), who is also considered the first Indian Muslim. It was constructed in the district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar (Tabiin and 12 associates) In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam

Source: Elliot and Dowson in their book: The History of India as told by its own HistoriansWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP12

Malabar (Kerala)Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP13Cheraman PerumalKing of Chera Dynasty in Malabar

First Muslim Mosque of India

Cheraman to Tajuddin

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP14Invasions of Sub ContinentIn 644 AD, Balochistan (Part of Sistan) was captured by Suhail Ibn Adi under King Umers ruleAround 664 AD, during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah marched towards Multan in Southern Punjab (in modern day Pakistan). Muhallab's expeditions were not aimed at conquest, though they penetrated only as far as Multan, he returned with wealth and prisoners of war. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP15

Extent of Islamic WorldWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs 16Growth of Muslim SocietyIt took several centuries for Islam to spread across India and how it did so is a topic of intense debate. There are several schools of thought in this regard:

Inspiration with Islamic teachingsForced conversions to Islam Inter-marriagesEconomic integrationSufismWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP17Growth of Muslim Society6. Imposition of Jizya and Dhimmitude (protected) favoring Muslim citizens, and the threat of naked force. Dhimmitude can only be understood in the context ofjihad, because it originates from this ideology. Infidels who submit without fighting to the Islamic armies, were granted a pledge of security. Peace and security for non-Muslims were recognized only after their submission. Protection status was provided through the Islamization of conquered lands.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP18Key Muslim PeriodsGhaznavi PeriodIn 1001, Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated Shahi Raja Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of GandharaAlso fought against the Ismaili Fatimids and obtained formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the Abbassid Khalifah, al-Qadir BillahDied in 1030 at the age of 59Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP20Muhammad Ghauri Muhammad Ghouri was a Turk-Afghan conqueror from the region of Ghor in AfghanistanIn 1160, the Ghourids conquered Ghazni from the GhaznevidsIn 1187, he conquered Lahore in alliance with a local Hindu ruler1191 and 1192, won Battle of Tarain vs Prithvi Raj ChohanDied in 1200 and Qutbuddin Aibak took ControlWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP21The Slave Dynasty (12111290)The Khalji (12901320)The Tughlaq (13201413)The Sayyid (141451)The Lodhi (14511526)Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP22The Slave Dynasty (12111290)Mamluk DynastyorGhulam Dynasty Qutb-ud-din Aybak (12061210).Aram Shah (12101211).Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-din Aybak.Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240), daughter of Iltutmish.Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish.Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruk-nud-din.Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of Iltutmish.Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (12861290), grandson of Balban and Nasir-ud-din.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP23Khalji Sultans of Delhi (1290-1320)Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP24Tughluq DynastyGhiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)(1394-1398)Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled the west from FirozabadNasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud din, controlled the east from DelhiWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP25MughalsBabar (1526-1530)Hamayun(15301539, 15551556)Akbar (15561605 )Jehangir (16051627 )Shah Jehan(16281658 )Aurungzeb (16581707 )Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP26Later MughalsBahadur Shah I1707-1712First of the Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in the territories under the empire's control and military power. After his reign, the emperor became a progressively insignificant figurehead.Jahandar Shah1712-1713He was merely a puppet in the hands of his Chief Minister Zulfikar Khan. The acts of Jahandar Shah brought down the prestige of the Mughal Empire.Furrukhsiyar1713-1719In 1717 he granted a free hand to the British East India Company granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal, and confirmed their position in India.Rafi Ul-Darjat Shah Jahan II Nikusiyar Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP27

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP28Later MughalsMuhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Shah1719-1720, 1720-1748Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.Ahmad Shah Bahadur1748-54 Alamgir II1754-1759 Shah Alam II1759-1806Suffered the invasion of Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761; granted the 'Nizami' of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the BEIC in 1765, formally accepted the protection of the BEIC in 1803.Akbar Shah II1806-1837Titular figurehead under British protectionBahadur Shah Zafar1837-1857Deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Great Mutiny.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP29

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Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP31Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleCauses of Downfall of the Muslim RuleI. Weak Successors of AurangzebAfter the death of Aurangzeb, his incapable and weak successors had not the stamina of holding his vast empire. There began a war of Succession among his sons. After 1707 A.D. most of the Mughal rulers had indulged in luxury and indolence. They were brought up in worldly comforts and could not stand hardship. The rulers like Muhammad Shah Rangila loved singing and dancing more than affairs of empire.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP33Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleWeak Central Government A strong central government is must for strong sultanate. When the central government becomes weak there arises rebellions in the country. When the Muslim rulers lost their control on the central government, Marathas of Decan, Sikhs of Punjab and Jats of Agra and Delhi exploited the situation. They set up several independent states in their respective areas.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP34Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleNo Rules for SuccessionMughals had no set rules for succession. Whenever a ruler died, there appeared many royal princes to claim for the right to succession. There was a war among them. The victorious prince would slay his opponents and succeed to the throne. The nobles and army would, therefore, divide into many groups. This gave a strong blow to the prestige and power of the government. Many experienced generals were slain. The succession war that took place among the sons of the Shah Jehan caused a great damage to the good-will of the Mughal dynasty.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP35Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleLack of ResourcesDue to the weakness of the Mughal rulers, the provinces of Bengal, Gujrat, Deccan and Oudh became autonomous and independent. As a result, the financial resources of the government became less and the government treasure became empty. In the last days of the Mughal rule, the emperors were the pensioners of the British administration. Due to the lack of financial resources, it had become difficult to raise huge army for defense.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP36Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleV. Backward in Education During the period of Muslim rule the education system completely depended on the religious institutions which were run by the trusts. The British confiscated these trusts. As a result, the Muslims lagged behind in the field of education. They neither cooperated with the conquerors nor did they want to learn English language which was the fate way to modern sciences. This backwardness boldly affected their economic and political life. As a result Hindus occupied high positions in government offices and left the Muslims behind in every walk of life.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP37Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleLuxurious LifeThe wealth and prolonging of the Mughal rule made the Mughal princes fond of luxurious life. At the royal court, the jesters and musicians were preferred to the brave and the warrior soldiers. When the nobles saw that the flatterers enjoyed more respect and were honored with prizes as compared to anybody else they also got temptation to choose the same course.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP38Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleVII. Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar Akbar was monarch marked with grandeurs. He made a number of conquests and set up an effective administration in his vast empire. He was however, so liberal that he married Hindu women and appointed Hindu on key posts. Thus Hindus became influential and they began to exercise their powers in state affairs. Akbar also introduced a new religion Deen-i-Ilahi which led him to take such measures as were against the tenets of Islamic faith. This policy caused a great harm to his vast empire and led it on the way to decline. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP39Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleWeak Military Force The Muslim rulers could not perceive the call of the time. They did not give importance to develop modern weapons and latest techniques of warfare. The Muslim soldiers depended on arrows and lances which were not enough to meet the new challenges. The generals lost courage. They became so easy-loving that they went in litters to the battle field, and were accompanied by servants and women. During the sixteenth century when the European nations reached India, they took advantage of the weakness of the Muslim army and took possession of their territories. Decline in the military force is an important cause of the decline of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP40Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleIX. Lack of Naval Power The Muslim rulers of the subcontinent gave no importance to navy whereas the European countries had developed their fleets which established their supremacy over the coastal countries. They could easily conquer the new territory by applying naval force. The Muslims had no navy to defend their coastal territories. In the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean the circumstances reached the stage that the pilgrims had to seek permission from the Portuguese before proceeding for pilgrimage. The Portuguese openly warned the Muslims that they would wreak vengeance on them at sea if the later caused any harm to them.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP41Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleForeign Invasions During the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangila, India was attacked by Nadir Shah of Iran. This attack proved a severe blow to the Mughal Kingdom. The massacre carried out by the invaders in Delhi shattered the economy of the country and the Mughal Emperor altogether lost his dignity. Later, the Marathas paralyzed even the remaining power of Mughals. Even in these critical circumstances, the courtiers continued their conspiracies. The invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali destroyed even the remaining prestige of the Mughal Kingdom. The Third Battle of Panipat though destroyed the power of Marathas, yet it only provided the British with an opportunity to make their position strong in the Subcontinent. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP42Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleInternal Conspiracies The incompetent successors of Aurangzeb made the Royal court an area of conspiracies. The ministers and nobles were made about key posts and monopoly on state affairs. This struggle badly upset the whole administration. Jealousy and hypocrisy ruled the country. The nobles quarreled among themselves for power. Such a state of affairs turned the country too weak to survive.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP43Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleXII. Loss of the Spirit of JehadThe spirit of Jehad has always been the main spring of Islamic Government. Akbar caused this spirit by preferring Hindu to Muslims. After Akbar, the requirement of fresh blood to the army from the martial races of Central Asia had been stopped. The local recruits loved life of ease. The Mughal princes were indulged in luxuries. The army became indolent. This factor weakened the Muslim army and was no longer able to defend the country.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP44Causes of Downfall of the Muslim RuleForeign IntriguesThe English who had come as traders took full advantage of the internal anarchy. They conspired with Meer Jafar and became the masters of Bengal. The gold of Bengal made their success possible in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan. In Mysore, they won over Meer Sadiq to betray Tipu Sultan. They used their advance military power as well as intriguing tricks to weaken the Muslim government and succeeded in their imperialistic designs. After the failure of the Independence War (1857), they put an end to the Muslim rule and brought the whole continent under their possession.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP45South Asia in 18th CenturyWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP46

Write UpWhat are the basic reasons of the downfall of Muslim Rule in India.

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP47The Bhakti Movement

The Bhakti Movement Started in Tamil NaduWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP49The Bhakti Movement During the 14th17th centuries, a great Bhakti movement swept through central and northern India, initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or saints.The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints.The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule and the Muslim rulers were pressing the public to convert from Hindu to Islam.

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The Bhakti MovementThe history of the movement goes back to the time of great reformer Shankaracharya (700-800 AD) who gave Hinduism a solid philosophical background. The movement became popular in the middle ages. Kabirs teachings had great influence in the Punjab, but actually the movement in the Punjab was led by Guru Nanak and his nine successors. The message was spread among the people of the Punjab for ten generations. This intense and organized propaganda of the Bhakti cult by the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a community of Bhaktas known as the Sikhs. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP52The Bhakti Movement Beyond the confines of such formal schools and movements, however, the development of Bhakti as a major form of Hindu practice started to have an indelible stamp on the faith.Generally a liberal movement, its denouncement of caste offered recourse for Hindus from the orthodox Brahaminical systems. According to its teachings, Both Ram and Rehman are one. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP53Deen-e- Illahi16th Century

Mughal EmpireWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP55Introduction The Deen-i Ilh i.e. "Religion of God was a syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great in 1582 AD. He intending to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects.The elements were drawn from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP56Teachings of Deen-e- IllahiAkbar promoted tolerance of other faiths. In fact, not only did he tolerate them, he encouraged debate on philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation of the Ibdat Khna ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575. He had already repealed the Jizya (tax on non-Muslims) in 1568.From the discussions he led at the Ibdat Khna, Akbar concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. This inspired him to create the Dn-i Ilh in 1582. Various pious Muslims, among them the Qadi of Bengal and the seminal Sufi personality Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, responded by declaring this to be blasphemy to Islam.

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP57Teachings of Deen-e- IllahiDeen-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God.Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly hierarchy in this religion.He increased the marriage; minimum age for boys to 16 and girls to 14.No marriages among cousins as they are like brothers and sisters.Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP58Role of Sufis

SufismTwo origins of the word sufi have been suggested. Commonly, the lexical root of the word is traced to afa which in Arabic means "purity". Another origin is f "wool" in Arabic, referring to the simple cloaks the early Muslim ascetics wore. The two were combined by the Sufi al-Rudhabari who said, "The Sufi is the one who wears wool on top of purityAccording to the medieval scholar Ab Rayn al-Brn, the word sufi is derived from the Greek word sofia, meaning wisdom.

Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP60Prominent Orders of SufisFour prominent Sufi orders around 11th-12th centuryChistia OrderSuharwardya OrderNaqshbandia OrderQadri Order

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Role of SufisContrary to the spiritual mission of Sufism, the cult was primarily introduced in India for spread of Islam with a view to help the Muslim rulers for political domination.By and large the spiritual successors of mystic Islamic saints enjoyed the royal favor of Muslim rulers and gave moral support to the atrocious Muslim invaders and looked other way to ignore the growing social conflict.They also guided the State in political affairs with their experience of regular interaction with common people.They also endeavored to neutralize the negative effects of the Bhakti Movement. Wednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP62Criticism against SufismMonasticism Monasticism, which they innovated; We did not prescribe it for them". (Holy Quran 57:27)Anti-Materialistic strainThere is much emphasis on physical laws of the universe within the Quran, urging believers to study and understand the "signs" of God in the physical world (Holy Quran 2:164) iii. Sufism as a method of bypassing the rules of Islam (Sharia) in order to attain salvation directlyiv. Much Sufi poetry refers to intoxicationWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP63Criticism against Sufism"Neo-Sufism" and Universal Sufism" denote forms of Sufism that do not require adherence to Shariah or a Muslim faith. The Universal Sufism movement was founded by Inayat Khan, teaches the essential unity of all faiths, and accepts members of all creeds. Evolution of bidaats like marriages with Holy Quran, Taaveez, bowing down in front of graves and rulers, etc.Disillusionment of the Muslims of South AsiaReligionization of politicsWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP64DiscussionIn the West, there is a separation between the religion and the State. However, the contemporary history of South Asia reveals that the State has always used religion to advance its interests. Which line of action is more preferred- the former or the latter. Also exemplify your response.Former LatterWednesday, June 17, 2015Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP65

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66Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSPWednesday, June 17, 201566Please contact for QueriesAsmatullah Junejo (PSP)0300-7064608asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

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