TRANSPORTION

Introduction: Transport sector plays a Significant role in the socio-economic developmentOf the country. An efficient transport system withModern infrastructure is considered an economicFactor of production. The development of a country’s transport system is a pre-requisite to its economic growth. Economic development requires a highly organized system of transport. . If we economically compare advanced countries with backward countries, we would find a better system of transport in advanced countries.

Definition :

The means used for carriage of goods and passengers from one place to another place known as transportation.

Modes of transport:• Roads• Railways• Seaways• Airways

Transport in Pakistan:

Transport in Pakistan is extensive and varied but still in developing stage and serving a population of 170 million people. Construction of new airport, roads were and railways have led to an employment boost in Pakistan.

Road transport in industrialized, developing and transition economics continues to grow at 1.5 to 2.0 times growth of GDP. This is significantly higher than the rate of growth of the government’s tax revenue making it increasingly difficult for governments to full-finance the needs of the road sector maintenance, upgrading, modernization of outdated networks and expansion through the consolidate fund. At the same times, countries all over the world are realizing that roads are big business. Governments are responding to this state of affairs in three main ways:

1. By tolling their express way network

2. By restructuring their road agencies to put them on a more commercial basis

3. By financing the balance of the untold network

Roads: Roads are the most important segment of infrastructure in any developing country. The rapid development and economic well-being is dependent on the road networks. The road network in Pakistan carries over 96 percent of inland

freight and 92 percent of passenger traffic and are undoubtedly the backbone of the economy. About 63% of our population lives in villages, the topography of the region which consist upon hilly mountainous areas, far flung agriculture lands and the productive resources are scattered all over the country. Roads provide easy and efficient means of transportation. The total road-network in Pakistan is about 263,415 kms. Consists of 9,324 kms. (3.53%) of National Highways and 2,280 kms of Motorways (0.87%).Strategic roads and Expressways contribute 262 kms and 100 kms respectively i.e. (0.10%). The rest of the road network contains provincial highways and the roads under respective local administration e.g. Cantonment Boards, Municipal Corporations, Local Development Authorities, etc. National highway authority: Transport sector in general and road infrastructure in particular has profound and enduring effect on the economic growth of Pakistan. NHA is contributing a vital role in improving the quality of Pakistan’s road network which entails in improving the quality and standard of life of the population.Pakistan is virtually bisected into two halves by River Indus. Eastern segment is historically well developed. To bring the Western segment at par with the Eastern, NHA is improving East-West connectivity through construction of numerous bridges across river Indus and also across rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. The present NHA network comprises of 33 national highways, motorways, expressways, strategic roads. Current length of this network is 12131 kms. NHA existing portfolio consists of 79 development projects costing Rs 557 billion. GOP allocated Rs. 50.7 billion for NHA’s development projects in PSDP 2012-13. The amount included

Rs. 26.1billion foreign currency and Rs. 24.6 billion in local currency components.Ongoing Projects

Some significant ongoing projects are:1. Faisalabad –Khanewal – Multan Motorway (M-4)2. Sehwan-Ratodero Additional Carriageway (N-55)3. Sukkur-Shikarpur-Jacobabad (N-65)4. Qila Saifullah – Zhob (N-50)5. Peshawar Northern Bypass (E-2)6. Khushalgarh Bridge (N-80)7. Qazi – Amri Bridge across River IndusCompleted Projects:

Some major completed projects include theFollowing:1. 6 Interchanges on Inner Ring Road Multan2. 4-lane Underpass at Wah Gate, Texila3. Multan – Muzaffargarh (N-70, ADB Assisted)4. Larkana-Naudero-Lakhi Road5. Sakrand-Benazirabad Dual Carriageway6. Hyderabad – Badin Road to Mir Wah SanjarChang Road7. Ghazi and Chuch Interchanges on Motorway (M-1)8. Pleri-Gabd Section of Makran Coastal Highway9. Hub-Uthal Section of National Highway (N-25)

S.NO Province Kms

1 Punjab 109

2 Sindh 148

3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 145

4 Balochistan 208

Total 610NHA has completed 8 major river bridges during the last five years. Five major bridges on river Indus and one each on rivers Ravi and Chenab are ongoing and five bridges are also planned to be constructed in near future. NHA has already constructed three segments of Trans-Pakistan Motorway network viz M-1 (Peshawar-Islamabad), M-2 (Islamabad-Lahore) and M-3 (Pindi Bhattian-Faisalabad) on a virgin corridor bringing remote areas on mainline and boosting economic activities. NHA is now constructing M-4 (Faisalabad-Khanewal-Multan).

Metrobus at Lahore: To provide safe, efficient and comfortable urban transportation system in major cities of Punjab; Government of the Punjab has established Punjab Metrobus Authority (PMA) for construction, operation and maintenance of mass transit system with the technical support of

M/s Ulasim a Turkish based Company. The Metrobus System Line-1 from Gajjumata to Shahdara, in Lahore, is the first initiative of PMA. Metro Bus Service has been started from February2013 which facilitate the passengers on 27 stations. The project cost is Rs.30 billion, 45 articulated buses are running on the 27 kms long corridor starting from Gajjumata to Shahdara. About 1500 persons got direct jobs and 1, 20,000 passenger are using Metrobuses every day.

Railways: An efficient transportation system plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. The government vision for economic growth and poverty reduction requires massive investment and development of infrastructure for sustainable economic growth. Pakistan Railways has a definite edge over roads for long haul and mass scale traffic movement both for passengers and freight in addition to providing a safe, economical, and environment friendly mode of transport. Throughout world history, rail traffic has played an important part in the development and economic prosperity of nations. Railways are a valuable source of employment while generating large amounts of revenue to the benefit of the economy. An effective railway system facilitates commerce and trade, reduces transportation costs (monetary and non-monetary), and promotes rural development and national integration while reducing the burden on commuters. Pakistan Railways was the primary mode of transportation in the country till the seventies. However, owing primarily to a diversion of already scarce resources towards the expansion of the road network, the performance and

condition of Pakistan Railway declined and its share of inland traffic reduced from 41 percent to 10 percent for passenger and 73 percent to 4 percent for freight traffic. Pakistan Railways has introduced 9 new train services in order to facilitate passengers as well as freight customers. Pakistan Railways has introduced 9 new train services in order to facilitate passengers as well asFreight customers.

S.No Trains Section Date of Commencement

i) Thar Express Karachi-Zero Point

18-02-2006

ii Margala Express Lahore-Rawalpindi

22-05-2006

iii Marvi Express Mirpurkhas-Khokhropar

07-06-2006

iv) Sindh Express Lahore-Karachi 24-07-2006

v) Buraq Express Rawalpindi-Karachi

14-08-2006

vi) Peshawar Express Peshawar-Rawalpindi

15-12-2006

vii) Pakistan Express Rawalpindi-Karachi

16-12-2006

viii) ) Jinnah Express Karachi-Rawalpindi

08-01-2007

ix Sir Syed express Rawalpindi . 08-01-2007

The PDSP allocations for the Railway sector were increased from Rs 3. Billion during 2000-01 to Rs 11.642 billion in 2007-

08. Major development schemes include track renewal of 240 KM of rails and 220 KMs of sleepers planned for main line from Karachi- Khanpur. Additionally, 20 units of locomotives in CKD condition received from China will be manufactured at the Pakistan Locomotive Factory in Risalpur. This will complete the scheme for Procurement. Manufacture of 69 DE locomotives. The scheme for recomissioning of 55 DE locomotives will be completed in the year 2007-08 as well. 655 CKD wagons received from China will be manufactured at Pakistan Railway Workshop in Moghalpura thus completing the scheme for Procurement/Manufacture of 1300 high capacity wagons. Rehabilitation of 400 old coaches is underway with 130 coaches expected to be rehabilitated in this fiscal year. Another on-goingDevelopment project is the next phase in the doubling of tracks from Khanewal- Lahore (246 KM). In addition to these development projects, the following feasibility studies have also been sanctioned to explore future prospects and initiatives:

• High Speed Double Track between Lahore andRawalpindi.• Rail link from Havelian to Pak-China Border.• Doubling of track and realignment betweenShahdara-Rawalpindi.• Doubling and Realignment of track betweenGolra Sharif-Peshawar.PROBLEMS OF RAILWAYS:

1. The trains are generally late and passengers are finding inconvenience. Pakistan’s Railway is operating on single track system while double track system is limited.

2. There is an act shortage of locomotives and the rolling stock in possession of railways is odd and outdated.

3. Railway organization is over staffed, which is a financial burden and effects position of railways.

4. Pilfrage of goods in transit has become a common feature. Due to dishonesty railways has to pay compensation in thousands.

5. Corruption and misutilisation of funds have also affected the development projects.

6. The wages paid to workers are low. Majority of workers form hand to mouth.

7. Inadequate facilities have been provided to passengers.

8. There is a shortage of funds to increase the number of locomotives, to start development projects and to provide facilities to passengers.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA): Civil aviation plays an important role in the development of a country’s economy by providing fast and efficient access between different parts of the country as well as different destinations around the world. Private participation on this front has been encouraged through concessions and incentives for development of airports and airlines to increase the availability of air transport services both domestically and internationally. It is important to construct and

maintain airports in the country to facilitate economic activity in an increasingly globalized world. The construction of the new Islamabad international airport (NIIA) is expected to play a major role in the national aviation sector. The airport will be developed byThe Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) on a self-finance basis with an estimated cost of Rs. 30 billion on 3200 acres of land, and is expected to be completed by December 2010. The project hasBeen designed with all the essential facilities to handle an annual traffic of 9 million passengers as well as 100,000 metric tons of cargo.

PIA: Efficient, swift and developed transportation system accelerated the rate of economic development. Like other means of transport Air transport has got importance and development of air transport has become the need of the hour. Air transport has played a role of reducing distances Modern Air transport system has brought radical change in economic political, social and cultural relations between the various countries of the world.

It is also providing facility to thousands of pilgrimage to perform Umrah and Hajj. In case of natural calamities it is facilitating the supply of food and medicines. It has become popular and need of the hour for businessmen, trades executives and tourists.

In 1955 PIA was established with the merger of orient airways, PIA’s fleet consisted of 47 aircraft of different.

Ports and shipping:

1. Karachi port Trust: Karachi port has made a steady and continuous process in its various sectors to boost the national economy. It has established an annual cargo handling record of over 26.0692 million with zero waiting time of vessels in 2001-02.

The KPT is committed to provide facilities at par with the modern age requirement.

2. Port Qasim:The performance of port Qasim Authority has been impressive during July-March 2002-03. A cargo volume of 12032 million tons was handled during the period under review, as against 9.44 million tons during the corresponding period of last year, showing an increase of 30.5 %

3. PAKISTAN NATIONAL SHIPPING CORPORATION (PNSC):The Government of Pakistan nationalized shipping in January, 1947, with the takeover of 0 % private shipping companies and one subsidiary of a private limited company. Two boards of management were appointed, one for the management of taken over companies, Pakistan Shipping Corporation and the other for the National Shipping Corporation, which was already in the public sector.

Pakistan National Shipping Corporation owned 22 vessels, with a net weight of 352,716 tons. The Corporations operated its linear services from Pakistan to USA. Canada/East Coast, U.K South Asia and Bangladesh.

The Corporation operated its liner services with owned vessels, bulk shipment of wheat, fertilizer, rock phosphates and iron ore/coal were handled largely through foreign shipping companies.

The PNSC is the National Flag Carrier of Pakistan. Its main objective is to maintain a commercially viable sea link between Pakistan and its major trading partners. It also helps in maintaining and stabilizing freight rates charged by the other 4. Gawadar Port

Gwadar Port was inaugurated on the 20th March, 2007 and started commercial operations from March2008. Government has decided to import all bulkcargo comprising of Urea, Wheat and Coal through Gwadar Port. During the period July-March 2012-13 Urea 341.0 tonnes was handled. The total cargo handled at the port up till now is 5.0 million tonnes Detail of Ship arrived and Cargo handled is given inthe following table: carriers and provides a strategic link in the case of emergencies.

Introduction: Communication plays an important role in the economic and cultural development of a country. Pakistan enjoys good international telecommunications links via satellite.

Definition: The means which are used to transfer information from one place to other place is called as communication.

Means of communication

Pakistan has following means of communication.

Postal service Radio Television Telecommunication Information Technology

Postal Service

Pakistan Post is in the process of computerizing and re-engineering of its services to ensure that best possible quality services are available to the customers. Various measures have been taken to streamline the Post Office System on modern lines

and emphasis is given on the use of Information Technology. The Post office is a Federal Government entity which provides postal facilities through a network of 12828 (2178 urban and 10650 rural) post offices across the country. The department is providing various traditional postal services to the consumers at a reasonable price. It also provides the facility of life insurance, payment of military pensions, collection of motor vehicle tax, renewal of arms and driving licenses etc.

RadioPakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) has played a pivotal role in promoting national interest by providing information, entertainment and education to audiences at home and abroad in 35 languages (19 regional, 1 sub-regional, 16 foreign) from 24 Radio Stations and 5 FM Stations.

Television First television station was introduced in Pakistan by a private television company, in November 26, 1964. In June 1967, it was converted into private limited company named as Pakistan Television Corporation Limited, with prime objectives to establish a Television Network in Pakistan for the provision of broadcasting news, documentaries, education and entertainment. There are two channels in the country namely PTV Home and PTV News. There are also operating 22 private TV channels across the country.

Telecommunication

The Telegraph and Telephone department was converted into Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation on 15th December 1990 for better telecommunication system in the country. On 1st January 1996, the corporation was recognized by establishing the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), the National Telecommunication Operation (NTC) and Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL). PTCL has issued 60,000 telephone connections to its customers. 6 Mobile companies are operating their network in Pakistan under PTA. There are at least six crore people are using mobile phone in Pakistan. Telecommunication sector of Pakistan is seeing exorbitant growth in Pakistan. The sector is said to be growing at a fast pace yearly. Mobile subscribers are more than 100 million as of Oct 2010. In fact Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in the South Asian region. According to the PTA, Mobilink continues to lead the market with 31.4 million subscribers, followed by Telenor (24.01 million), Ufone (20.18 million), Warid Telecom (17.16 million) and Zong (7.78 million).

TELECOM INDICATORS

1 Total Teledensity

2 Annual Cellular Mobile Subscribers

3 Annual Cellular Mobile Teledensity

4 Annual Fixed Local Loop Subscribers

5 Annual Fixed Local Loop Teledensity

6 Annual Wireless Local Loop Subscribers

7 Annual Wireless Local Loop Teledensity

8 Broadband Subscribers

9 Card Payphones

10 Telecom Contribution to National Exchequer

11 Foreign Direct Investment in Telecom

12 Telecom Revenues

13 Telecom Investment

TOTAL TELEDENSITYAt the end of March 2013, total teledensity in the country increased to 71.95 percent, showing a growth of 2.4 percent over the same period last year.

Total Teledensity

(Fixed + WLL + Mobile)

Years Total Teledensity (%)

2011-12 72.0

2012-13 74.9

CELLULAR MOBILE SUBSCRIBERSThere were 121.13 million mobile subscribers at the end of March 2013 compared to 118.32 million subscribers last year depicting a growth over last year. Out of 121.0 million mobile subscribers, 119.2 million are pre-paid (98.40%) and 1.8 million post- paid (1.60%). The percentage of pre-paid in total subscribers has increased over the years.

Annual Cellular Subscribers

Mobilink Ufone Zong Telenor Warid Total

2011-12

35,953,434 23,897,261 16,836,983 29,963,722 13,499,835 120,151,235

2012-13

37,121,871 24,547,986 21,177,156 32,183,920 12,706,353 127,737,286

Fixed local loop and wireless local loop The total local loop subscriber base including fixed and wireless stood at 6.16 million at the end of March 2013. The LL industry has grown by 1.5% during the last year after successive decline in the last two fiscal years. In the Fixed Local Loop (FLL) sector. FLL subscribers were 3.03 million and WLL subscribers were 3.13 million. The positive growth in subscribers achieved during the reported period is a result of strong performance of PTCL, Wateen and World Call mainly in the WLL sector. However, the overall affect of the subscriber addition on the teledensity figures was minimal because of subsequent population increase.

BROADBANDBroadband in Pakistan is an example of a competitive, technologically advanced, well regulated and consumer friendly market.Government of Pakistan has extended full support to telecom sector especially broadband, by spending Rs. 22 billion on rural telecom development through USF7. Some of the fruits of this spending include 7400 kms of fiber optics laid in far flung areas. Moreover, government has plan to allocate Rs. 17 Billion in next year budget for stretching the broadband services kept a technology neutral licensing regime thereby facilitating influx of latest broadband technologies such as WiMAX, EvDO, VDSL2, in addition to existing infrastructure of DSL, HFC, FTTH, Satellite etc.

TELECOM CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL EXCHEQUERTelecom sector has been contributing significantly to the national exchequer in terms of taxes, regulatory fee, activation tax and other charges. During 2012, the sector has contributed a record amount Rs. 133 billion compared to Rs. 117 billion last year. Major share of this growth has been through Federal Excise Duty (FED) and other taxes. Telecom sector has been overburdened with heavy taxes and telecom companies are contributing almost 30 percent of their revenues under FED and withholding tax. General Sales Tax (GST) on telecom services is deducted under FED @19.5% whereas normally prevailing GST rate on services in the economy is 16%.

Rationalization of telecom taxes can positively contribute to the telecom sector growth and telecom contribution in the economy.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTForeign Direct Investment (FDI) in telecom has also shown similar patterns of overall investment in the sector. During 2006 to 2010, telecom sector attracted over US$ 6 billion FDI in the country, which was almost 30 percent of the total FDI in the country. During the last two years, overall FDI in the country has reduced significantly. According to State Bank of Pakistan, total FDI in Pakistan was US$ 853.7 million during July-April 2013, whereas net inflows of FDI in telecom remained negative during the year on account of capital outflow by some companies. Overall slow economic growth has also contributed in the low investment in telecom. With the expected launch of 3G/4G services in the country during 2013, it is expected that the cellular mobile sector will attract significant investment in the next two years.

TELECOM REVENUEAnnual revenue of the telecom sector have reached to Rs. 411.4 billion during 2012, registering a growth of 13 percent over the last year. This is a significant increase in revenues compared to slow revenue growth in the last two years where total telecom revenue growth remained in single digit i.e. 5.4 percent in 2011 and 3.1 percent in 2010. Revenues of Telecom sector during Jul-

Mar 2013 have reached to Rs. 323.0 billion registering a growth of 2.92 percent.

TELECOM INVESTMENTTelecom sector of Pakistan has attracted substantial investments after the deregulation. During the last seven years, more than US$ 12 billion have been invested in the telecom infrastructure and new technologies. Currently, over 92 percent of our population has access to telecom services, which has been possible due to expansion of telecom infrastructure all over the country by telecom operators. As operators have established their basic infrastructures, necessary expansion, and done the technology adoption. Therefore, telecom investment which was to the tune of US$ 4 billion in 2007 has now reduced to US$ 251 million during July-March 2013.

Information Technology IT has assumed unprecedented importance in the global economy. Government has accorded a very high priority to this sector. IT is one of the key determinants of competitiveness and growth of economy. For promotion of IT, above than 400 cities have been provided internet facility. Pakistan has established Software Technology Park at Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. Currently, in 2006-07 Pakistan has earned 50 million dollars from software industry. The Ministry of Science and Technology has approved different projects which will be implemented in the next few years.

Electronic Media in Pakistan Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) is a statutory body established in March 2002 through an Ordinance to facilitate and regulate growth of Electronic Media in the private sector. The law was further revamped as PEMRA Amendment Act 2007. PEMRA is primarily mandated for licensing and regulating the establishment and operation of all broadcast media (satellite TV & FM radio) and distribution services (Cable TV, DTH, IPTV, Mobile TV etc.) in Pakistan.

PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION LIMITEDPTV is gradually extending its signal to remote and economically backward areas of the country in order to uplift the socio-economic conditions. PTV is operating 6 multiple terrestrial channels in the country i.e. PTV home, PTV News, PTV Bolan, PTV National, PTV Global and PTV Sports. Beside

this a TV Channel has been established in Azad Jammu and Kashmir with one TV Centre, and with four Rebroadcast Centers at Kotli, Rawala Kot, Bagh and Bhimber. In Pakistan an English television channel was required since a long to create greater understanding of Pakistan’s point of view in the world. PTV has launched English News Channel in January 2013.

PAKISTAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION

Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBS) is the largest state-owned media organization of the country. It operates with 64 AM/FM Radio Stations/Channels, spreading all over the country

with its daily broadcasts of about 940 hours programmes and 124 news bulletins of 746 minutes in 29 languages.

PBC is providing following major services:

124, News bulletins are placed on air daily.These include National, Regional, External and Local News bulletins.

Saraiki News Bulletin has launched on 8thNFebruary 2012 by the then Prime Minster of Pakistan. Four local bulletins were also launched from Abbottabad.

PBC monitors news talk shows and comments of 14 radio and 10 satellite TV channels including foreign broadcasts. This monitoring report is sent to VVIPs, sensitive organizations and top officials through e-mail.

National Broadcasting Service is a dedicated current affairs channel of PBC. This gives live coverage to breaking news, discussions and analytical programmes on important national and international issues for 17 hours a day.

Planet FM-94 (English Channel) launched in Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore, covers the aspiration of the young generation. This channel entertains the diplomatic society and foreign missions in Pakistan.

South Asia Broadcasting Services is broadcasting programmes in five languages Mitali (Bangla), Hindi,

Nepali, Sinhali and Tamil with the objectives of promoting peace and brotherhood among the SAARC countries.

PBC External Services, Broadcasts programme for 8 hours daily in 11 foreign languages covering countries; Afghanistan, Iran, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sir Lanka.

Problem in communication sector in PakistanThe problems in communication sector are following

Lack of Investment

Lack of Innovation

Under developed Means

Poor customer services

Highly Competitive Market

Corruption