Assignment: Translate Pāli Stanzas 44 to 53

of Nāgadīpāgamana of Mahāvaṃsa to English.

Lecturer: PhD. Ven. Vēgama Piyaratana

ven. Czech SaranaUniv. No.: BS/2009/48Subject: PG. 302 - Advanced Pāli Grammar and Unprescribed Texts Sri Lanka Buddhist and Pali University

Contents

1. Introduction - 2

2. Translation by ven. Czech Saraṇa - 3

3. Vocabulary - 4

4. Index 1 - Translation by Wilhelm Geiger (1912) - 6

5. Literature - 7

1

Introduction

Mahāvaṃsa, the Great Chronicle, is a historical poem written in the Pali language, of the kings of Sri Lanka. The first version of it covered the period from the coming of King Vijaya of the Rarh region of ancient Bengal) in 543 BCE to the reign of King Mahasena (334–361).The first printed edition and English translation of the Mahavamsa was published in 1837 by George Turnour, an historian and officer of the Ceylon Civil Service. A German translation of Mahavamsa was completed by Wilhelm Geiger in 1912. This was then translated into the English by Mabel Haynes Bode, and the English translation was revised by Geiger.1

Translating the Pāli language, not unlike in the case with other languages, is a work quite difficult, especially if we try to give perfect translation. Each language has its specific flow and sound, which makes it “untranslatable”. We may only attempt for translation of meaning, or we may try verbatim translation – both these translations have their drawbacks. Translation of meaning is an outcome of the translator's perception, how the translator himself understands the original. Verbatim translation may not be comprehensible and may lead to misunderstandings. Thus the translator has to decide for one of these or he may attempt to apply both methods.

This translation, that I have done, is an attempt to combine both the translation of meaning and verbatim translation. As I explained above, no translation can be perfect and we may find deficiencies in all the three translations given here. For convenience of the reader, I have given also the list of vocabulary, which I have prepared using two Pāli-English dictionaries (mentioned in literature at the end of this work) and thus the reader himself may decide how the translation may look like if another meanings of particular words were used.

Ven. Czech SaraṇaMīgoda, Sri Lanka, 2011

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa – retrieved 30th of March, 2011.

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2. Translation by ven. Czech Saraṇa

Mahāvaṃsa - Nāgadīpāgamaṇa - 44-53Pāli Translation from ven. Czech Saraṇa

44 Mahākāruṇiko satthā, sabbalokahite rato;Bodhito pañcame vasse, vasaṃ jetavane jino.

The most compassionate Master, devoted to the happiness of whole the world; in the fifth year of enlightenment the Conqueror dwelled in Jeta's grove.

45 Mahodarassa nāgassa, tathā cūḷodarassa ca;Mātulabhāgineyyānaṃ, maṇipallaṅkahetukaṃ.

The (celestial) cobra Mahodara and Cūlodara as well, the uncle and nephew, for the sake of the jewel-sofa,

46 Disvā sapārisajjānaṃ, saṅgāmaṃ paccupaṭṭhitaṃ;Sambuddho cittamāsassa, kāḷapakkhe uposathe.

Having seen the members of that assembly (and) the imminence of battle, the Perfectly-Enlightened One during the Citta month's new moon's day (dark side uposatha)

47 Pātoyeva samādāya, pavaraṃ pattacīvaraṃ;Anukampāya nāgānaṃ, nāgadīpamupāgami.

Just in the morning, receiving (His) noble bowl and robes, with compassion to the (celestial) cobras, arrived to the (celestial) cobras' island.

48 Mahodaro’pi so nāgo, tadā rājāmahiddhiko;Samudde nāgabhavane, dasaddhasatayojane.

Even he, the (celestial) cobra Mahodara, (was) at that time serpent king endowed with psychic powers, in the sea region of (celestial) cobras on half a thousand yojanas,

49 Kaṇiṭṭhikā tassa kaṇṇāvaḍḍhamānamhi pabbateNāgarājassa dinnā’si, tassa cūḷodaro suto.

His younger sister, on the Kaṇṇāvaḍḍhamāna rock was given (as a wife) to the king of (celestial) cobras, her son (was) Cūlodara,

50 Tassa mātā mahomātu, maṇipallaṅkamuttamaṃ;Datvā kālakatā nāgī, mātulena tathā hi so.

The great father of his mother, having given (to Cūlodara's mother) the excellent jewel-sofa, that (celestial) female-cobra (Cūlodara's mother) died, likewise the maternal uncle.

51 Ahosi bhāgineyyassa, saṅgāmo paccupaṭṭhito;Pabbateyyā’pi nāgā te, ahesuñhi mahiddhikā.

(Thus) there was imminent war of the sister's son. Indeed, those (celestial) cobras of great psychic powers were on that rock.

52 Samiddhisumano nāma, devo jetavane ṭhitaṃ;Rājāyatanamādāya, attano bhavanaṃ subhaṃ.

A god named Samiddhisumana in Jeta's grove took the Rājāyatana (king's position) “standing”/tree(?), his own pleasant dwelling-place.

53 Buddhānumatiyāyeva, chattākāraṃ jinopari;Dhārayanto upāgañchi, ṭhānaṃ taṃ pubbavuṭṭhakaṃ.

And with the consent of the Buddha, holding it as a parasol over the Conqueror, (they) arrived, to the place of his (Samiddhisumana's) formerly inhabited place.

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3. Vocabulary

• Mahākāruṇiko - of great compassion• satthā – Master, Teacher• sabbalokahite rato – devoted to/delighted in the happiness/blessing/welfare of whole the world• bodhito vasse – in the year of Enlightenment• pañcame – in fifth• vasaṃ – staying, dwelling; control, influence• jetavana – the Jeta's grove• jino – the Conqueror• mahodarassa nāgassa – of the nāga/ celestial cobra Mahodara (mahā, great/huger; udara, stomach/belly →

“Huge Stomach Cobra”)• tathā ca – likewise also• mātulābhāgineyyānaṃ – of maternal uncle and nephew• maṇipallaṅkahetukaṃ – for the sake of/due to/because of jewel/gem-sofa• disvā – having seen• sapārisajjānaṃ – members of assembly/council (acc.)• saṅgāma – battle• paccupaṭṭhita – was present/imminent/ready• sambuddho – the Perfectly Enlightened One• cittamāsassa – of the month Citta (citta+māsa)• kālapakkhe – in the dark side• uposatha – sacred day; from Vedic – 'day of preparation for sacrifice' (upa+vasati)• pāto – morning• yeva – even, just, also• samādāya – having accepted/received(?)• pavaraṃ – noble/excellent• pattacīvaraṃ – bowl and robes• anukampāya – with compassion• nāgānaṃ – for the nāgas/(celestial) cobras• nāgadīpaṃ – to the island of nāgas/(celestial) cobras• upāgami – arrived/came/reached (upa+ā+gami)• tadā – at that time• rājā mahiddhiko – a king endowed with psychic/miraculous powers• samudde – in sea• nāgabhavane – the realm/region of nāgas/(celestial) cobras• dasaḍḍhasatayojane – of half of a thousand yojanas (dasa+aḍḍha+sata+yojana - “half-ten hundred

yojanas”)• kaniṭṭhikā – younger sister• tassa – his/her• kaṇṇāvaḍḍhamānamhi pabbate – on the rock Kaṇṇāvaḍḍhamāna (kaṇṇā, hearings; vaḍḍha, increasing; māna,

measure → “rock that increases measure of hearing”)• dinnāsi – gave• Cūlodaro suto – son Cūlodara (cūla, small/minor; udara, stomach/belly → “son Small Stomach”)• suto – son• mātā – of mother

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• mahomātu – great father (maho, great; m; ātu, father)• uttamaṃ – excellent/best• datvā – having given• kālakato – dead• mātulena - of/by the maternal uncle• tato hi – likewise• bhāgineyyassa – of the nephew• pabbateyyā – at the rock itself• te ahesuṃ – they were• mahiddhikā – of great magical/psychic powers• samiddhisumano nāma devo – the god named Samiddhisumana (samiddhin, richly endowed with; sumana,

good mind/gladness → “Possessing Much Satisfaction”)• ṭhitaṃ rājāyatanaṃ – standing position of kings (?)• ādāya – gave• attano bhavanaṃ subhaṃ – his own pleasant dwelling• buddhānumatiyā – with the consent of the Buddha (Buddha+anumatiyā)• yeva – even/just/also• chattākāraṃ – as a parasol/umbrella/sunshade (chatta+ākāraṃ)• jinopari – above/around the Conqueror• dhārayanto – bringing/carrying/bearing• upāgañchi – arrived/came/reached• ṭhānaṃ taṃ – that place• pubbavutthakaṃ – previously inhabited (pubba, previously, before; vutthaka, lived, dwelled)

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4. Index 1 – Translation by Wilhelm Geiger (1912)2

44. Now the most compassionate Teacher, the Conqueror, rejoicing in the salvation of the whole world, when dwelling at Jetavana in the fifth year of his buddhahood,45. and 46. Saw that a war, caused by a gem-set throne, was like to come to pass between the nagas Mahodara and Culodara, uncle and nephew, and their followers; and he, the Sambuddha, on the uposathaday of the dark half of the month Citta, 47. in the early morning, took his sacred alms-bowl and his robes, and, from compassion for the nagas, sought the Nagadipa. 48. That same naga Mahodara was then a king, gifted with miraculous power, in a naga-kingdom in the ocean, that covered half a thousand yojanas. 49. His younger sister had been given (in marriage) to the naga-king on the Kannavaddhamana mountain; her son was Culodara. 50. His mother’s father had given to his mother a splendid throne of jewels, then the naga had died 51. And therefore this war of nephew with uncle was threatening; and also the nagas of the mountains were armed with miraculous power.52. The deva named Samiddhisumana took a rajayatana-tree standing in Jetavana, his own fair habitation, 53. and, holding it like a parasol over the Conqueror, he, with the Teacher’s leave, attended him to that spot where he had formerly dwelt.

2 “Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon”; Wilhelm Geiger; Web version by Rhajiv Ratnatunga, Pittsburg, PA, USA; 2002

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5. Literature

➢ website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa – retrieved on 30th of March, 2011.

➢ “The Pali-English Dictionary”; T. W. Rhys Davids, William Stede; Asian Educational Services, J. Jetley, New Delhi; 1997

➢ “Concise Pāli-English Dictionary”; Ambalaṅgoḍa Polvattē Buddhadatta; Motilal Banarsidas; 1989

➢ “Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon”; Wilhelm Geiger; Web version by Rhajiv Ratnatunga, Pittsburg, PA, USA; 2002

➢ program: Digital Pali Reader; ven. Yuttadhammo; version 0.942; 18th of December 2010

➢ program: Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyanā Tipiṭaka 4.0; version 4.0.0.15; text from Vipassana Research Institute; 1995

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