Pamela Taylor MS, APRN/FNP-BC

Northern Illinois University

1. Participants will be able to describe who

responds best to interventions and is most likely to utilize protective behavior strategies.

2. Participants will be able to list personal characteristics that impact the use of protective behavior strategies

3. Participants will learn innovative interventions that are effective in teaching protective behavior strategies that they can then bring back and utilize on their campus.

Objectives

80% of college students consumed alcohol within the

past year

45% of these students participated in binge drinking within the last 30 days

600,000 students experience alcohol-related injuries a year

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015

Hingson, Aha & Weitzman, 2009

Alcohol Use Among College Students

College Students Consume More Alcohol Compared to their Peers who are not Attending College

Encounter physical or sexual assault

Vandalism

Violent crimes

Alcohol poisoning

Driving under the influence

Alcohol related health problem

Students Who Abuse Alcohol Are At Increased Risk To:

The Influence of Social Media & Television

Binge drinking (# of drinks over approx. 2 hours) Males > 5 drinks

Females > 4 drinks

20% of college students met diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence

The incidence of drinking behavior among college students has not changed over the last 20 years.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2007

A Public Health Concern

Drink only for positive reasons

Hydrate before and while drinking

Pace your consumption

Keep track of drinks and how much is in a standard drink

Use and be a non-drinking driver

Know the warning signs of alcohol poisoning

Drink an alcohol look-alike (non-alcoholic beer, punch, juice or water)

Protective Behavior Strategies (PBS)

Protective behavior strategies can be used to limit

alcohol consumption and decrease negative outcomes

Protective behavior strategies should be taught to college students

Teaching PBS to first-year students will reduce negative alcohol related outcomes

Research Reveals

College students see themselves as part of a temporary status that allows for the overuse of alcohol

There is a relationship between students’ alcohol use and perceived campus drinking norms

Students who associated heavy drinking with the student role were more susceptible to social influence of heavy alcohol consumption

Crawford & Novak, 2010

Beliefs & Current Trends in Alcohol use for First-Year College Students

Hazardous Drinking Among College Athletes

Nearly 1/3 of athletes reported at or above the hazardous drinking level

First-year athletes who identified as hazardous drinkers were more likely to drink in order to cope with sports-related stress, psychosocial consequences and drinking to experience the positive effects of alcohol

Athletes may be less truthful in their reporting due to concern of reprimand from their coach or athletic association

Wahesh, et al., 2013

Students continually overestimate the alcohol consumption and drinking behavior of other students

Students are directly influenced by the perceptions of their peers drinking behaviors

Interventions should be aimed not only at a certain population, but in different settings as well

Lewis, et. al, 2011

How Much, When & Where Do College Students Typically Consume Alcohol

Participants completed a weekly survey assessing alcohol consumption throughout an academic year

Patterns indicate that most drinking happens on weekends and with holidays

Students often drink more at the beginning of each semester and less during exam periods

Tremblay, et. al, 2010

How Much, When & Where Do College Students Typically Consume Alcohol

Data was collected from participants the summer before college enrollment

2/3 of participants identified as being current drinkers

Students in the sample reported having an average of 9 drinks per week

Found females were more likely to utilize PBS and have fewer negative consequences compares to males

Suftin et. al., 2009

The Use of Protective Behavior Strategies

Studied the relationship between PBS and drinking consequences among 1,043 undergraduate college students

Over ½ of the male and female respondents experiences at least one negative alcohol related outcome

Researchers found considerable gender differences similar to results of Suftin and associates

Delva et. al., 2004

The Use of Protective Behavior Strategies

Protective Behavior Strategies as a Mediator & Moderator Between Self-Regulation & Alcohol-

Related Consequences

Authors studied PBS and the relationship between self-regulation and alcohol-related consequences

Found PBS increased self-regulation

Those with higher self-regulation experienced fewer negative alcohol outcomes

Study suggests PBS may be most effective in those with poor self-regulation among college students

D’Lima et. al., 2012

Study examine 1,592 students and the relationship

between PBS on mediating the influence of drinking motives

In addition, researchers examined the hypothesis against subsamples of gender and race

Found Asians were consuming alcohol in less quantities compared to their Caucasian peers

Research concluded that PBS would be effective across both races and especially in the female population

LeBrie et. al., 2011

Protective Behavior Strategies Mediate the Effect of Drinking Motives

Utilized 1,782 participants-56% female and 76.3% Caucasian

Researchers included the moderating effect of mental health with the use of PBS to reduce negative alcohol outcomes

Study found a greater utilization of PBS was associated with lower alcohol consumption and a decrease in negative outcomes

An increase in mental health distress was correlated with a rise in alcohol-related consequences

Kenny & LaBrie, 2013

Protective Behavior Strategies Mediate the Effect of Drinking Motives

Interdisciplinary Approach

College nurses College counselors Coaches Athletic trainers Resident advisors Dean of students Faculty Campus police Greek organizations Local hospital Local bar owners

Objective # 1: Describe who responds best to interventions and is most likely to utilize protective

behavior strategies

Female

Asian > Caucasian

Students with poor self-regulation

Novice drinkers or First year students

Objective # 2: List personal characteristics that impact the use of protective behavior strategies

Parental influence

Previous alcohol use

Environment

Genetics

Social groups

Accessibility

Objective # 3: Learn innovative interventions that are effective in teaching protective behavior strategies

Social media

Live response system

Apps

Text messaging

Computer delivered interventions

There is social pressure & anxiety when attending college

Teaching protective behavior strategies can reduce negative alcohol related outcomes

It is imperative to utilize PBS in order to help fight against the 1,800 college students who die each year due to alcohol related injuries

Hingson, Aha & Weitzman, 2009

Conclusion

Borsari, B. Murphy & J. G., Barnett, N. P. (2007). Predictors of alcohol use during the first year Of college: Implications for prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2062-2086. Crawford, L.A. & Novak, K. B. (2010). Beliefs about alcohol and the college experience as moderators of the effects of perceived drinking norms on student alcohol use. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 52 (3), 69-86. Delva, J., Smith, M. P., Howell, R. L., Harrison, D. F., Wilke, D.Y. & Jackson, L. (2004). A study of the relationship between protective behaviors and drinking consequences among college students. Journal of American College Health, 53(1), 19-26. D’Lima, G. M., Pearson, M. R. & Kelley, M. L. (2012). Protective behavioral strategies as a mediator and moderator of the relationship between self-regulation and alcohol-related consequences in first-year college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 330-337. Greenbaum, P.E., DelBoca, F. K. & Darkes, J., et al. Variation in the drinking trajectories of freshman college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 229-238. Hingson, R., Zha, W. & Weitzman, E. R (2009). Magnitutde of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbitiy among U.S. college students ages 18-24. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 16, 12-20. Kenny, S. R. & LaBrie, J. W. (2013). Use of protective behavioral strategies and reduced alcohol risk: Examining the moderating effects of mental health, gender and race. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 997-1009.

References

LaBrie, J. W., Lac, A, Kenney, S. R. & Mirza,T. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 354-361. Lewis, M. A., Litt, D. M., Blayney, J. A., Lostutter, T. W, Granato, H. Kilmer, J. R. & Lee, C. M. (2011). They drink how much and where? Normative perceptions by drinking contexts and their association to college students’ alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 844-853. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and College Drinking (NIAAA) (2007). What colleges need to know now: An update on college drinking research. Retrieved from http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications Suftin, E.L., Light, L. S., Wagoner, K. G., McCoy, T. P., Thompson, M. P., Rhodes, S. D. & Spitler, H. D. (2009). Protective behaviors and high-risk drinking among entering college freshman. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 610-619. Tremblay, P.F., Graham, K., Wells, S., Harris, R., Pulford, R. & Roberts, S. (2010). When do first-year college students drink most during the academic year? An internet-based study of daily and weekly drinking. Journal of American College Health, 58 (5), 401-411. Wahesh, E., Milroy, J., Lewis, T. F., Orsini, M.M. & Wyrick, D. L. (2013). Hazardous drinking by first-year college athletes: The differential roles of drinking motives, alcohol consequences and season status. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 57(2), 66-84. Walters, S.T. & Neighbors, C. (2005). Feedback interventions for college alcohol misuse: What, why and for whom? Addictive Behavior, 30, 1168-1182.

References