PAN-AFRICIANISM and National Identity in Africa

Educated in the United States.

leads of the Pan-African Congress. Linked educated

groups of Africans together. (activists, writers, artists) to fight for Independence in Africa.

1947 creates the Convention People’s Party.

Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana

Pan-Africanism common goals = the unity of Africanselimination of

colonialism and white supremacy from the continent.

However, the meaning of leadership, kinds of government, and regional interests differed

Independence 1958Nkrumah was made president by the British.

He then declares The Gold Coast colony independent in 1958.Renames it GHANA (refers back to ancient African

Kingdom).First Conference of Independent African States,

in Ghana.“United States of Africa.” model for the rest of African Independence

movements. Non-Alignment Movement1960 declares Ghana a Republic.

Nkrumah’s choices:“African Socialism”

Combination of modern growth and traditional values.

Seven Year Plan.Government controls

all economic markets monopolies on

crops.rural based

economies to industrialization.

How did Nkrumah help

create a new national

identity for Ghanaians?

Kwame Nkrumah’s Downfall1964 declares himself President for Life ->

dictatorship!While Nkrumah visits North Korea his military

stages a coup de tat forces Nkrumah into exile.

Dies in exile but buried in Ghana.Constitution written in 1993. Democracy

today.

The Very Confusing and Very Violent Story of Independence in the Congo

Patrice Lumumba Born into a small and non-

important tribe.WAS NOT educated in the

West.Leads the Congolese National

Movement Party.Takes part in All-African

People's Conference in Accra, Ghana. Buddies with Nkrumah.

June 23, 1960 Independence from the Belgians.

WAR!Three days after

independence part of the army rebels.

Lumumba is killed.Lots of war.the country renamed

Zaire.Lots of ethnic wars.Renamed Democratic

Republic of Congo2005: Constitution is

written.

HOW DO YOU THINK THE VAST NUMBER OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE CONGO AFFECTS THE FORMATION OF A NATIONAL IDENTITY?

Nelson Mandela and South Africa

Union of South Africa 1910Union of South Africa

1910.Self-governing part of

the British Empire.Made up of 4 British

Colonies.Constitution= power

to the Whites.

African National Congress 1912.Get rid of practices

based on race.Blacks want

representation in South African Parliament

1960s, the ANC and Pan-African Congress (PAC) were banned.

vs.

Apartheid: “separateness”

Independence =1961 Republic of South Africa.Continue to use

racist policies.Protest in

SharpevilleNelson Mandela

arrested and thrown in jail.

HOW DOES THIS SEPARATENESS EFFECT THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN SOUTH AFRICA?

http://youtu.be/Y9WB5nOnHIY

Apartheid

Propaganda against Apartheid in 1988.

Educated Tribal Elitejoined the African

National Congress. = Non-Violent Protests

Later proposes a violent branch of the ANC.Arrested in thrown into

prison for 27 years.

Nelson Mandela

1991 Apartheid is officially abolished.ANC allowed back.Mandela released from prison.

1993 Constitution written.Nelson Mandala is elected President.

nonracial elections were held on April, 19941997 New Constitution

dedicated to reforming the nation.Mandela steps down from power.

End of Apartheid…

parliamentary democracy constitutional power is shared between the

president and the Parliament.

South Africa Today