panel 4: electrical storage supercapacitors · which supercap technology offer the best compromise...
TRANSCRIPT
Panel 4:
ELECTRICAL STORAGE
SUPERCAPACITORS
Daniella Pacheco Catalán
State of the art
• Which supercap technology offer the best compromise of economy, development
level, reliability?
• Are they commercially available or they are ad hoc developments?
• Are there environmental friendly materials that make the technology attractive from the
point of view of disposal and recycling?
• How the performance and health of supercaps are assessed?
http://www.mpoweruk.com/performance.htm .
Which supercap technology offer the best
compromise of economy, development
level, reliability?
Manufacter V C (F) ESR (mΩ) W h kg-1 W kg -1
Maxwell 2.7 2800 0.48 4.45 900
Apowercap 2.7 590 0.9 5 2618
Nesscap 2.7 1800 0.55 3.6 975
Nesscap 2.7 5085 0.24 4.3 958
Asahi Glass (PC) 2.7 1375 2.5 4.9 390
Panasonic (PC) 2.5 1200 1 2.3 514
LS Cable 2.8 3200 0.25 3.7 1400
BatScap 2.7 1680 0.2 4.2 2050
Power Sys (PC) 2.7 1350 1.5 4.9 650
• Organic electrolyte 2.7 V window• Limited specific energy
Table II. Comercial supercaps based on activated carbon
Supercapacitors
Types of Supercapacitors
Composite
hybrid
Asymmetric Type
battery
Polymer -Carbon composite materials
Wang, G., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2012). Chemical Society Reviews, 41(2), 797-828.
Table 1 Specific capacitance of CPs-based composites
CPs-based composite Specific capacitance/F g- 1
Electrolyte Voltage window/V Current load or scan rate Reference
Ppy-20wt%MWNTs/ 320 (Type I I) 1.0 M H2SO
4 0–0.6 5 m V s
1 163
PANI-20 wt% MWNTs 670 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M H2SO
4 0.8–0.4 2 m V s
1
344 (Type II) 0–0.6
Ppy-20 wt% MWNTs 506 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M H2SO
4 0.6–0.2 5 m V s
1
PEDOT-Ppy (5: 1) 230 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M LiClO4 0.4–0.6 (vs. SCE) 2 m V s 1
168
Ppy-CNTs//PmeT-CNTs 87 (Type II) 1.0 M LiClO4 0–1.0 0.62 A g 1
169
PPy-65 wt% carbon 433 (3-Electrode) 6.0 M KOH 1.0–0(vs. Hg|HgO) 1 m V s 1
170
Ppy-graphene 165 (Type I) 1.0 M NaCl 0–1.0 1 A g 1
171
Ppy-MCNTs 427 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M Na2SO4 0.4–0.6 (vs. Ag|AgCl) 5 m V s 1
172
Ppy-29.22 wt% mica 197 (3-Electrode) 0.5 M Na2SO
4 0.2–0.8 (vs. SCE) 10 mA cm
2 173
Ppy-67.36 wt% mica 103 (3-Electrode)
Ppy-RuO2 302 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M H2SO4 0.2–0.7 (vs. Hg|HgO) 0.5 mA cm 2
174
Ppy-MnO2 602 (3-Electrode) 0.5 M Na2SO4 0.5–0.5 (vs. Ag|AgCl) 50 mV s 1
151
PANI-Ti 740 (3-Electrode) 0.5 M H2SO4 0.2–0.8 (vs. Ag|Ag) 3 A g 1
175
PANI-80wt% graphene 158 (3-Electrode) 2.0 M H2SO
4 0–0.8 (vs. AgCl|Ag) 0.1 A g
1 176
MPANI/CNTs 1030 (3-Electrode) 1.0 M H2SO4 0.2–0.7 (vs. SCE) 5.9 A g 1
164
PANI-Si 409 (3-Electrode) 0.5 M H2SO4 0–0.8 (vs. AgCl|Ag) 40 mA cm 2
177
PEDOT-MCNTs (70 : 30) 120 (Type II) 1.0 M H2SO
4 2 mV s
1 146
Note: PPy: polypyrrole; PANI: polyaniline; PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PTh: poly(thiophene); PMeT: poly(3-methylthiophene);
PFPT: poly[3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene]; AN: acetonitrile; TEABF4: tetraethylammonium terafluoroborate; PC: propylene carbonate; 3-
electrode: standard 3-electrode cell; SCE: saturated calomel electrode; AC: activated carbon.
• Simulation results show that the system control
strategy and the power manager proposed in this
work are able to cover the typical load profile
requirements of a small house in Cancun, Mexico
under the tested weather conditions.
• Balanced power flow through different energy
sources and load demand.
Espinosa-Trujillo, M. J., Flota-Bañuelos, M., Pacheco-Catalán, D., Smit, M. A., & Verde-Gómez, Y. (2015). Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, 7(2), 023125.
Electronic availability to couple
supercap based systems with other
technologies
Opportunities of Mexico:
Use of agricultural waste for carbon based
electrode materials
Wei L; Yushin G, Nano Energy, 4, 552-565, 2012.
Carbon precursor Activation method SBET (m2 g-1)
Coconut shell KOH 1660
Eucalyptus wood KOH 2970
Bamboo KOH 1290
Cellulose KOH 2460
Potato starch KOH 2340
Banana fiber ZnCl2 1100
Corn grain KOH 3200
Sugar cane bagasse ZnCl2 1790
Sunflower seed shell KOH 2510
Coffee ground ZnCl2 1020
Wheat straw KOH 2316
Rice husk NaOH 1890
Rice husk KOH 1390
México• Agave residual • Sugar cane bagasse• Residual woody
biomass of biorefinery.• 76 MTon of fruits and
vegetables residuals
Mexico opportunities
• Dra. Ana Karina Cuentas Gallegos- IER
Synthesis of materials for supercapacitors. Environmental materials for supercapacitors
• Dra. Daniella Esperanza Pacheco Catalán- CICY
Synthesis of composites and hybrid materials for supercapacitors. Obtaining and synthesis of carbon materials (graphene family and carbon). Application of supercapacitors.
• Dr. Abraham Claudio Sánchez- CENIDET
Analysis and design of energy management in ultracapacitors connected in series; energy management for electric vehicles.
• Dr. Jorge Gabriel Vázquez Arenas- UAM Iztapalapa
Macroscopic continuous modeling of electrochemical systems; synthesis and characterization of materials for energy storage systems.
• Dr. Raúl Lucio Porto- UANL
Development of energy storage and conversion systems; Synthesis of nanomaterials
Scientific and technological challenges for
the improvement of the three supercap
technologies.
• Development level and TRL of voltage and current balancing systems in supercaps banks?
• How improve the per cell voltage?
• Investigation in the electrolyte field,
• Which novel materials offer promising characteristics for their use in electrodes.
• Is there a way to control the manufacture process in order to guaranty voltage distribution?
• Which components represent the higher scientific and technological challenges to improve current technology?
• What are the limitations? (Processes, design, bank integration, useful life, others?)
• Maximum voltage levels (per cell, per stack, total capacitance?)
Today
Future
Per
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Dev
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EmergentAdvanced
State of technology
• UPS.
• voltage stabilizers.
• frequency support.
• wind generators pitch control.
• high torque start of electric machines.
• intermittences smoothing.
Other applications
Types of electrolyte
Solids: conducting polymers (Nafion® membranes)
Liquid: Organics, acids, alkali, ionic liquids
Gel: Polymeric matrix with inorganic salts
Electrolytes
• Seek for low resistivity Electrolytes
• Non hazardous
• Look up for low densities to avoid pore clogging
Electrolyte Density Resistivity Cell
(g cm-3) (Ω-cm) Voltage
KOH 1.29 1.9 1
Sulfuric acid 1.2 1.35 1
Propylene carbonate 1.2 52 2.5-3
Acetonitrile 0.78 18 2.5-3
Ionic liquid 1.3 125(25°C) 4
Properties of various electrolytes.
Simon P, Burke A. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 2008;
CICY-UQROO-UADY
Obtaining by pyrolysis
Biorefinery
CICY-IER UNAM
Bagasse18 168 Ton/year
1L mezcal/ 6 kg de bagasse
Agave angustifolia
Samplea
Specific Capacitance
(F.g-1)
Ctrl600 2
KOH600 38
NaOH600 12
MixOH600 19
Ctrl700 7
KOH700 54
NaOH700 41
MixOH700 31
Ctrl800 9
KOH800 78
NaOH800 83
MixOH800 35a 50 mV/s
Supercapacitor market segmentation
• The supercapacitor market was segmented by Industry ARC in 5 sub markets:
1. By material: Electrode, Separator, Electrolyte .
2. By End-Product: Power and Energy products and transportation.
3. By Technology: Organic electrolyte or Aqueous electrolyte.
4. By Application: Transportation, Energy or Power managment.
5. By Region: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and ROW
http://industryarc.com/Report/212/Global-Supercapacitor-Market-analysis-report.html
Supercapacitor market estimation
• According to industryARC, The supercapacitor market is estimated to register a compound annual growth rat of around 35.4% for the period 2015-2020 and is projected to reach around $2 million USD by 2020.
• Consumer electronics and automotive segment will be the highest revenue generating segments during this period.
• North America is the leading region for supercapacitor in 2014 with 47% market revenue followed by Europe with 26% market revenue.