panndt2011 abstract book - nondestructive testing · 2011-10-02 · characterization of welding...

PANNDT20115th Pan American Conference for NDT

2-6 October 2011, Cancun, MexicoAbstract Book

Table of Content12011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1

Metallographic Replica as a Tool for Early Detection and Identification of Mechanisms Metallurgical Damage K. Pagola Metales, Instituto de Ensayo de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

22011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Influence of Surface Preparation Method on the Concrete Rebound Number obtained from Impact Hammer Test J. Brozovsky*, J. Zach *FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic

32011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Utilization of the ultrasound impulse method for determining mechanical characteristics for light thermal-insulating plasters J. Zach*, J. Brozovsky, J. Hroudova *Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic

42011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Determination of thermal technical properties of ceramics masonry components J. Zach*, J. Brozovsky, J. Hroudova *Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic

52011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Wavelet multivariate-denoising scheme for detection of fractures in concrete M. Molero*, L. Medina *Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Posgrado de Ingeniería, UNAM, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

62011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Research on Fast Location of Scattering Source in Ultrasonic Scattering CT Imaging using Virtual Phased Array J. Tang*, W. Song, Y. Guo *Software School of North University of China, Tai Yuan, China

72011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Internal Defect Detection of Dissimilar Weld Pipe Using Ultrasonic Infrared Thermography M. Choi*, H. Park, J. Park, S. Lee, W. Kim, B. Lee *safety measurment center, KRISS, Daejeon-si, Korea

82011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Characterization of Welding Defects in Radiographic Images by Neuro-Fuzzy System B. González-Guerra*, D. Pereira, C. Serrano *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

92011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Estudo da propagação das ondas de Lamb em chapas de alumínio com furos em diferentes profundidades. C. Farias*, I. Menezes, E. Filho, J. Dias, R. Paranhos, I. Silva *GPEND, Instituto Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

102011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Dependence of Ultrasonic Pulse Propagation Velocity on Free Water Content in Concrete Structure under Tropical Climate Conditions M. Rodriguez Physic, Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba

112011-10-03 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 1Design and Development of System Identification and Nondestructive Inspection of Bridges Network in Romania C. Cristian Claudiu Department of Bridges, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, Iasi, Romania

122011-10-03 09:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceEstimation of the Defect Dimensions with a GMR Eddy Current Sensor E. Ramírez Pacheco*, J. Espina Hernández, F. Caleyo, J. Hallen *SEPI Electronica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México DF, Mexico

132011-10-03 10:00 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceComparison of infrared thermography and shearography for non-destructive evaluation of composites materials by pulsed heating excitation F. Lopez*, J. Ferreira, V. de Paulo Nicolau, A. Albertazzi, D. Willemann *Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

142011-10-03 10:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceNMRI study on water absorption and migration in honeycomb sandwich panels J. Oliveira*, M. Gatti, A. Portela, J. Tarpani *Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil

152011-10-03 11:00 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceNMRI applied to core damage characterization and in the quantification of fluid content in honeycomb sandwich panels A. Portela*, J. Oliveira, M. Gatti, J. Tarpani *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil

162011-10-03 11:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceComparing nondestructive techniques to detect intruded solid, liquid and gaseous materials in honeycomb sandwich panels J. Tarpani*, M. Gatti *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil

172011-10-03 12:00 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceInfluence factors on the stress measurement in composites using Longitudinal Critically Refracted ultrasonic waves: effects of resin over material surface R. Leao*, P. Junior, T. Rodovalho, A. Rocha, A. Junior *Departamento de Projeto Mecanico, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

182011-10-03 12:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceUltrasonic Imaging Techniques for Quality Evaluation of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials and their Adhesive Joints E. Maeva, I. Seviaryna*, H. Wehbe, J. Erlewein *Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada

192011-10-03 15:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceHigh-Efficient Automated Ultrasonic Scan Imaging Technique For Large-Scale Aero-Composites Structures S. Liu NDT&E Center for Compsoites and Welds, Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing, China

202011-10-03 16:00 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceEvaluation of the wave speed for LCR waves in Composites T. Rodovalho*, R. Junqueira Leao, A. Luis Souza Rocha, P. Pereira Junior, A. Antunes dos Santos Junior *Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

212011-10-03 16:30 - Isla Mujeres: AerospaceAcoustic Emission Measurement on Carbon Fibre Composites M. Cerny Centre of Composites, Czech Technical University, Klokner Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic

222011-10-03 09:30 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingOn Line Analysis and Interpretation of Ultrasonic Images to Improve the Selectivity B. Bisiaux Research, Vallourec Research Aulnoye (VRA), Aulnoye-Aymeries, France

232011-10-03 10:00 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingPhased Array Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Based on Longitudinal Wave C. Zheng*, L. Yao, J. Wu, K. Tadashi *SIUI, Shantou, China

242011-10-03 10:30 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingCorrosion Mapping with Phased Array Ultrasonics M. Carte Business Developement, Olympus NDT, Houston, USA

252011-10-03 11:00 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingMonitoring of Corrosion Damage by ultrasonic testing of the Triga Mark III Reactor pool Aluminum Coating A. González Tecnologí de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

262011-10-03 11:30 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingEvaluation of adhesively bonded joints in automotive industry with ultrasonic matrix array transducer R. Maev, S. Titov*, A. Bogachenkov, B. Ghaffari, K. Lazarz *Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada

272011-10-03 12:00 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingSectorial Scan PAUT Combined with TOFD, a Robust Weld Inspection Technique in Lieu of RT L. Beaulieu-Charbonneau*, G. Maes, J. Berlanger *Zetec, Quebec, Canada

282011-10-03 12:30 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingUltrasonic Detection of Cracks A. Karpelson Inspection & Maintenance, Kinectrics, Toronto, Canada

292011-10-03 15:30 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingCapabilities and applications of the CIVA 10 modeling platform R. Fernandez*, F. Foucher *EXTENDE, Orsay, France

302011-10-03 16:00 - Xcaret 1: Ultrasonic TestingDiseño e Integración de Sistemas Automatizados de Inspección A. Carnero Turbomaquinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Mexico

312011-10-03 09:30 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringMonitoring Concrete Structures Through UPV Results and Image Analysis A. Lorenzi*, L. Silva Filho, L. Lorenzi, R. Shimomukay, C. Josué Argenta, C. Josué Argenta *LEME, PPGEC-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

322011-10-03 10:00 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringUsing a Large Scanning Electron Microscope to Examine Concrete with Specialty Fibers S. Palmquist*, E. Kintzel, K. Andrew *Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, USA

332011-10-03 10:30 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringDetermining moisture parameters in building materials J. Skramlik*, M. Novotny, K. Suhajda *Department of Building Constructions, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic

342011-10-03 11:00 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringUse of impact-echo in concrete plates with small thicknesses and different kind of cure S. Weber de Grabovski*, I. Padaratz, R. Pinto *Construção Civil, UFSC/UTFPR, Florianópolis, Brazil

352011-10-03 11:30 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringLaser-based system for remote non-destructive inspection of concrete structures. Laboratory and field tests. O. Kotyaev*, Y. Shimada *Institute for Laser Technology, Suita, Osaka-fu, Japan

362011-10-03 12:00 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringNon Destructive Testing as preventive measure for Tunel Emisor Oriente "TEO" I. Casasola López Inspección, Instituto Mexicano de Ensayos No Destructivos S.C., D.F., Mexico

372011-10-03 12:30 - Xcaret 2: Civil EngineeringResidual Strength Assessment of Concrete exposed to High Temperatures using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity A. Lorenzi*, L. Kirchhof, L. Pinto da Silva Filho *LEME, PPGEC-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

382011-10-03 15:30 - Xcaret 2: Optic & AcousticIn-situ monitoring of pitting corrosion of copper alloys by holographic interferometry K. Habib Materials Science Lab.,Department of Advanced Systems, KISR, Safat, KUWAIT

392011-10-03 16:00 - Xcaret 2: Optic & AcousticMethodology for the analysis of stresses in conrods using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry B. Vaz Mechanical Project, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil

402011-10-03 16:30 - Xcaret 2: Optic & AcousticOptical detection of laser-generated ultrasound by means of adaptive photodetectors P. Rodriguez-Montero Optica, INAOE, Puebla, Mexico

412011-10-04 08:30 - Gran Cancun 2: Guided WavesThe Guided Wave Testing method for screening of pipelines M. Lowe Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

422011-10-04 09:30 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingTime of Flight Measurements in Real-Time Ultrasound Signatures of Aluminum Spot Welds: An Image Processing Approach W. Perez Regalado*, A. Chertov, R. Maev *University of Windsor Electrical Engineering, The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, windsor, Canada

432011-10-04 10:00 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingAdvanced Ultrasonic Imaging for Automotive Spot Weld Quality Testing A. Denisov*, R. Maev, J. Erlewein, H. Roemmer *Tessonics Inc, Windsor, Canada

442011-10-04 10:30 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingIntegration of the Ultrasonic Real-Time Spot Weld Monitoring System W. Perez Regalado*, A. Chertov, R. Maev, V. Furlanetto *University of Windsor Electrical Engineering, The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, windsor, Canada

452011-10-04 11:00 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingDevelopment and validation of an automated NDE approach for testing welded joints in plastic pipes european project testpep. R. Rodriguez Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, Madrid, Spain

462011-10-04 11:30 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingUltrasonic Imaging Inspection of Projection Welds R. Maev, F. Seviaryn* *The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, Windsor, Canada

472011-10-04 12:00 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingDetermining Resistance Spot Weld Cross-Sections by Real-Time Ultrasonic Inspection of Steel Plates A. Karloff, A. Chertov*, R. Maev *Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, Windsor, Canada

482011-10-04 12:30 - Isla Mujeres: WeldingQualification Process and Inspection Validation of Computed Radiography Technique for DWDI Weld Inspection C. Marinho Ferreira CENPES, PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

492011-10-04 14:30 - Isla Mujeres: Materials CharacterizationHow Recent XRF Developments Impact Plant Based Alloy Material Testing K. Smith Olympus NDT, Waltham, USA

502011-10-04 15:00 - Isla Mujeres: Materials CharacterizationIn situ Metallography as non-destructive test for analyzing the microstructural damage in the petrochemical industry. J. Salgado Lopez*, J. Montes *TEcnologia de Materiales, Centro de Ingenieria y Desarrollo Industrial, Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico

512011-10-04 15:30 - Isla Mujeres: Materials CharacterizationEmployment of the complex impedance like not destructive Technology for the determination of the electrical conductivity in Ceramics Ferroelectrics of Bi4Ti3O12 M. Guadalupe*, F. Rubio-Marcos, J. Fernandez Lozano *Ensayos no Destructivos, Ciateq, Queretaro Queretaro, Mexico

522011-10-04 16:00 - Isla Mujeres: Materials CharacterizationElectromagnetic Testing of Various Heat Treated Steel Bars B. Brudar Physics, Faculty for industrial engineering, Novo mesto, Slovenia

532011-10-04 16:30 - Isla Mujeres: Materials CharacterizationSee Invisible – latest development for operational safety I. Einav STAR.IK Ltd Canada, Richmond Hill, Canada

542011-10-04 09:30 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesGuided Wave Testing of Pipes: The Influence of the Shape Of Corrosion Defects on the Reflected Signals R. Carandente, P. Cawley, M. Lowe* *Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

552011-10-04 10:00 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesAnálise do espectro de frequência do modo S0 das ondas de Lamb em chapas de alumínio com furos circulares de diferentes diâmetros. M. Araújo, I. Menezes, C. Farias*, Y. Santos, E. Santos, M. Oliveira *GPEND, Instituto Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

562011-10-04 10:30 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesGeneration of focused ultrasonic guided waves for nondestructive testing of structures. R. Otero Pujol*, E. Moreno, B. Meza *Centro de Tecnología de Materiales, Fundación Instituto de Ingeniería, Caracas, Venezuela

572011-10-04 11:00 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesApplication of Design of Experiments to Evaluation the Propagation Speed of Lcr Waves C. Santos*, A. Santos, P. Júnior, A. Júnior *Department of Mechanical Design, UNICAMP - UNiversidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

582011-10-04 11:30 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesUltrasonic Tomography Using Lamb Wave Propagation Parameters A. Balvantin, A. Baltazar* *Programa de Robotica y Manufactura Avanzada, CINVESTAV, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico

592011-10-04 12:00 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesInspection of pipes using Guided Waves: state of the art A. Demma*, D. Alleyne *Guided Ultrasonics Limited, Brentford (London), United Kingdom

602011-10-04 12:30 - Xcaret 1: Guided WavesGuided Wave Testing of an Immersed Gas Pipeline V. Nuñez Ledesma Servicios Marinos Y Terrestres S.A. DE C.V., CD. Del Carmen, Mexico

612011-10-04 09:30 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationInspection of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Reactor Pressure Vessels in Spain J. Regidor*, J. Gadea, J. Peláez, P. Serrano Cadahía *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain

622011-10-04 10:00 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationImpact of Non-Destructive Testing Root Cause Analysis of a Wind Turbine Failure F. Vital Equipos Electromecánicos, Comisión Federal de Electricidad - LAPEM, Irapuato, Mexico

632011-10-04 10:30 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationApplying Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry for the Detection of Pinholes in Heat Exchanger Tubes D. Bobrow*, J. Clemente, J. Carillo *Sales, AcousticEye, Tel Aviv, Israel

642011-10-04 11:00 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationSystems for inspection and repair of WWER type steam generators A. Kovalyk*, P. Jablonicky, P. Pilat *Division for diagnostics of nuclear power components, VUJE, a.s., Trnava, Slovak Republic

652011-10-04 11:30 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationFrequency Shifting Signal Detection and Analysis of Boiler Tube Leaks G. Jung Engineering Center, Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Taejeon, Korea

662011-10-04 12:00 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationInspection of the Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) used in the Combined-Cycle Plants of Power Generation Industry J. Cisneros Soyuz Engineering & Inspection, Ecatepec, Mexico

672011-10-04 12:30 - Xcaret 2: Power GenerationDevelopment of a Turbine Defectology Database J. Regidor*, F. Godinez, M. Lomba *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain

682011-10-04 14:30 - Xcaret 2: Cultural HeritageThe conservation of outdoor bronze monuments: the Restoration Project for the Monumento ai Mille by Eugenio Baroni (1915) I. Marcelli*, M. Mercalli *Istituto Superiore Conservazione e Restauro, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome, Italy

692011-10-04 15:00 - Xcaret 2: Cultural HeritageNon-Destructive Testing Methods and Archeometry for the Study in Cultural Heritage A. Obrutsky*, C. Acosta, J. Scopelliti *Ensayos No Destructivos y Estructurales, Comision Nacional De Energia Atomica, San Martin, Argentina

702011-10-04 15:30 - Xcaret 2: Cultural HeritageAnalysis of thermodynamic balance in the conservation programme on outdoor bronze monuments. G. Fabretti*, I. Marcelli, M. Bottoni *Istituto Superiore Conservazione e Restauro, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome, Italy

712011-10-04 16:00 - Xcaret 2: Cultural HeritageDigital Radiography in Art: advanced applications using the digitalization of films in painting and the flat panels detectors for objects of different materials. Application in Art Centers of Spain F. García-Oliveros H. Director General, DIGIRAD SL Radiografía Digital, Las Rozas, Spain

722011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Evaluation of Impact Hammer Efficiency for Detection of Compression Strength of Honeycombed Masonry Units J. Brozovsky FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic

732011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Detection of Concrete Paving Block Strength through Non-destructive Methods J. Brozovsky*, J. Zach *FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic

742011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Detection by infrared thermography of the heat signature of diseases and defects in concrete structures of civil engineering M. Nahant CRISIA, Haute Ecole Robert Schuman (Cat. technique), ARLON, Belgium

752011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Principal Component and discriminant analysis as a supervised pattern recognition tool for analyzing heat treatment processes in steel by the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise A. Alvarez-Rosario*, R. Medina Aguas, C. Serna Giraldo, L. Rodrigues Padovese *Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo., São Paulo, Brazil

762011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Study of Electrical Conductivity in the Alloy of Aluminium AA5052 F. Fraudita Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

772011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Study of the Conductivy In Electrical API 5L X52 Steel Samples Submerged in a Hydrogenated Medium R. Ortiz D Escuela de Ingenieria Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

782011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Measurement of Elastic Properties and Coefficient of Attenuation of the Alloy of Aluminium AA6063-T6 Using Techniques of Ultrasonic A. Freitas*, A. Freitas *Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

792011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Non Destructive Evaluation of the Quality of the Coating (Cladding) With Stainless Steel Duplex SAF 2283lSI of Fan Blades of Turbines Made by Applying the Process of Welding GMAW - Pulsed and the GMAW Process - Pulsed With Thermal Pulsation D. Perez Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

802011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Characterization by Non-Destructive Testing of the Effects of High Temperatures on the Mechanical Strength of Concrete J. León, R. Torres, B. González-Guerra* *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

812011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Study of the Behaviour of the Signals Obtained from an Ultrasonic Test of Contact in the Alloy of Aluminium AA 5052 Homogenized C. Flores Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

822011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Structural Damage Detection By Non-Destructive Testing Techniques and Genetic Algorithms R. Torres, B. González-Guerra*, J. León *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

832011-10-05 09:30 - Foyer Gran Cancun: Poster 2Visualization of mechanical strength on Nano-Scaled thin film by Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy I. Park*, C. Miyasaka, T. Park, D. Kwak, Y. Cho *Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University of Technology, Seoul, Korea

842011-10-05 08:30 - Gran Cancun 2: RadiographyLeakage Test by Radiotrazed of a Marine LPG-Duct E. Robles Piedras*, G. Molina, E. de la Cruz Sánchez, J. Benítez Salinas, J. de la Torre Orozco *Departamento de Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

852011-10-05 09:30 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectInfluence of the frequency bandwidth on the parameters of the magnetic Barkhausen noise signal measurements in an API 5L steel P. Martínez Ortiz*, J. Hernández, F. Cereijo, J. Hallen *SEPI-Electrónica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., Mexico

862011-10-05 10:00 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectAnalysis of AISI-SAE 420 tempering steel by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise R. Medina Aguas*, C. Serna Giraldo, L. Padovese *Ingeniería Metalúrgica Y De Materiales, Universidad De Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

872011-10-05 10:30 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectCharacterization of Fatigue Damage in Carbon Steels Using the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis S. Silva Jr.*, C. Lopes, D. Alencar, P. Vida Gomes, D. Bianchi Scaldaferri *Structural Integrity, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

882011-10-05 11:00 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectNon-destructive determination of surface residual stresses in shot peened steels by the magnetic barkhausen noise technique C. Gür*, S. Savas *Metallurgical & Materials Eng. Dept., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

892011-10-05 11:30 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectNon-Destructive Determination of Texture in Laminated Steel Plates by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise M. Alberteris Mecânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

902011-10-05 12:00 - Isla Mujeres: Barkhaussen EffectDetection of the Riser failure under applied static load using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise J. Perez-Benitez*, L. Padovese *Engenharia mecanica, Universidad de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

912011-10-05 14:30 - Isla Mujeres: GenericUltrasound in Convective Flux in Gases, Axial Tomography and Cartesian Scanning C. Gonzalez*, R. Reyna *Dpto. de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

922011-10-05 15:00 - Isla Mujeres: GenericDetermination of mean grain size of various marbles from Turkey by ultrasonic, attenuation and polarize microscopy methods V. Özkan*, Ý. Sarpün, S. Tuncel *Physics, Science, MUS, Turkey

932011-10-05 15:30 - Isla Mujeres: GenericMercury Vapor Ban B. Ordóñez Sales, Magnaflux, Glenview, USA

942011-10-05 09:30 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryIn-Service Flare Inspection by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) C. Marinho Ferreira CENPES, PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

952011-10-05 10:00 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryInspection and Repair of Cryogenic Tanks for Storage LP Gas and Ammonia E. de la Cruz Sánchez Investigación Científica, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

962011-10-05 10:30 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryCorrelation of Acoustic Emission with the Corrosion of Aluminum 6063 alloy in 5% NaCl M. González Núñez Mistras Group, Princeton Junction, USA

972011-10-05 11:00 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryCharacterization of Indications Detected in Situ By Non-Destructive Testing in Pipeline and Facilities J. Grajales Ramos*, Á. Graniel, J. González Velázquez *Supervisión de Campo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico

982011-10-05 11:30 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryPipeline External Corrosion Assessment with 3D Optical Scanners P. Allard CREAFORM, Lévis, Canada

992011-10-05 12:00 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryImpact of the Characterization of the Indications Detected in Pipeline of 24 Inch D.N. J. Grajales Ramos*, Y. Rodriguez Villagomez, C. Cano Gurrión *Supervisión de Campo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico

1002011-10-05 12:30 - Xcaret 1: Petrochemical IndustryNew Approach in Automatic Detection of Defects Propagation in Pipelines R. Silva*, C. Pinto, L. Calôba, S. Soares, T. Clarke *Inspecion and Integrity, Welding Technology Centre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1012011-10-05 14:30 - Xcaret 1: Pressure VesselsMechanical integrity of Spherical Containers for Liquefied Gas Distribution. F. Merino Caballero*, E. de la Cruz Sánchez, E. Robles Piedras *Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

1022011-10-05 15:00 - Xcaret 1: Pressure VesselsInspection by END of Pressure Vessels for Cryogenic use and Residual Life Calculation E. Robles Piedras*, E. de la Cruz Sánchez, L. Díaz Pérez, A. González Martínez *Departamento de Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

1032011-10-05 15:30 - Xcaret 1: Pressure VesselsApplication of the Fitness For Service Methodology in the Case of an Acid Gas Discharge Separator A. Pérez Sarmiento*, J. Lara Magallanes, J. García Ortiz *Subgerencia de Integridad Mecánica, Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales, S.A. de C.V., Cd. del Carmen, Mexico

1042011-10-05 16:00 - Xcaret 1: Pressure VesselsThe Solution for Quantitative Continuous Wall Thinning Measurements in High Temperature Field Applications A. Rehman*, M. Karagouz *Application Center - Canada, Applus RTD, Edmonton, Canada

1052011-10-05 09:30 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyMethodology of work applying advanced technologies on digital radiography for inspection of welds in construction and preventive maintenance of pipelines and valves using systems of computerized radiography (CR) with phosphor plates (IP) F. García-Oliveros H. Director General, DIGIRAD SL Radiografía Digital, Las Rozas, Spain

1062011-10-05 10:00 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyInspection of Composite Pipelines Using Computed Radiography D. Oliveira*, R. Lopes, S. Soares *COPPE, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1072011-10-05 10:30 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyIntercomparison of gamma ray scattering, gammatography and gamma ray tomography techniques for fluids interface level and density determination S. Ramu Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India

1082011-10-05 11:00 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyGuidelines and Application Procedures for API-RP 578 Positive Material Identification (PMI) Using XRF and OES Technologies D. Mears Analytical Training Consultants (ATC), Kingwood, USA

1092011-10-05 11:30 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyX-ray radiography-based methodology to distinguish entrapped vapors/liquids from solid repair resin in honeycomb sandwich panels R. Brisighello*, M. Gatti, J. Tarpani *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil

1102011-10-05 12:00 - Xcaret 2: RadiographyConventional and digital X-ray radiography techniques applied to damage imaging of hybrid fiber/metal laminate riveted joints after hygrothermal conditioning and subsequent fatigue loading F. Teixeira*, R. Oliveira, M. Gatti, J. Tarpani *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil

1112011-10-06 08:30 - Gran Cancun 2: Training & CertificationWhat is broken in the fields of qualification, certification and accreditation? And what are the solutions? J. Thompson International Affairs, British Institute of NDT, Northampton, United Kingdom

1122011-10-06 09:30 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyDetecting Corrosion in Metal Elements of Ammunition by IR Thermography Methods W. Swiderski Military Institute of Armament Technology, ZIELONKA, Poland

1132011-10-06 10:00 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyInfrared vision applications for the nondestructive testing of materials C. Ibarra Castanedo*, A. Bendada, X. Maldague *Electrical engineering, Laval University, Computer vision and systems laboratory, Quebec, Canada

1142011-10-06 10:30 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyApplication of Thermal Nondestructive Testing Method to Oil Conduits Control S. Belattar*, N. Laaidi *Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco

1152011-10-06 11:00 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyMaximum thermal contrast Frequency of the Surface Crack Detection Using Inductive Thermography M. Nöthen*, Y. Jia, N. Meyendorf *Fraunhofer IZFP Dresden, Dresden, Germany

1162011-10-06 11:30 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyDetermination of material homogeneity using infrared thermography B. Milovanovic Department of materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

1172011-10-06 12:00 - Isla Mujeres: ThermographyOn the Nondestructive Testing for the Vibration Machinery through Infrared Thermography W. Kim*, J. Seo, H. Han, N. Choi, D. Hong *Div. of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea

1182011-10-06 09:30 - Xcaret 1: Turbines & Rotatory EquipmentAcoustic emission monitoring of journal bearings: The effect of transverse loading, viscosity and spindle (rotary) speed M. Esmaili crandfield university, tehran, Iran

1192011-10-06 10:00 - Xcaret 1: Turbines & Rotatory EquipmentTribological tools in the optimization of scheduled maintenance of internal combustion engines. C. Mantero*, L. Della Mea, R. Mussini, P. Raimonda, R. Mosquera *Instituto de Ensayo de Materiales, Facultad de Ingenieria- Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

1202011-10-06 10:30 - Xcaret 1: Turbines & Rotatory EquipmentDiseño, Integración y Automatización de una Sistema para la Inspección de Discos y Ranuras de Sujeción de Álabes de Rotores de Turbinas A. Carnero Turbomaquinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Mexico

1212011-10-06 11:00 - Xcaret 1: Turbines & Rotatory EquipmentSimulación de Inspección Ultrasónica de Componentes de Turbinas -Buena Práctica para el Desarrollo de Procedimientos de Inspección Efectivos- A. Carnero Turbomaquinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Mexico

1222011-10-06 09:30 - Xcaret 2: Training & CertificationTrends in NDT Training & Certification L. Cote*, P. Yuen, J. Zirnhelt *c/o Mohawk College, Canadian Institute for NDE (CINDE), Hamilton, Canada

1232011-10-06 10:00 - Xcaret 2: Training & CertificationQualification Program of Inspection Procedures according to the Spanish Methodology, CEX-120 J. Regidor*, J. Sánchez Barroso, J. Gadea, J. Peláez *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain

1242011-10-06 10:30 - Xcaret 2: Training & CertificationNDT Training at the Spanish Society of Non Destructive Testing A. Soto Vicepresidente de Formación Y Ensayos, Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, Madrid, Spain

1252011-10-06 11:00 - Xcaret 2: Training & CertificationPast, present and future, of the certification of NDT personnel in Spain R. Rodriguez*, J. Sanz, F. Gómez *Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, Madrid, Spain

1262011-10-06 11:30 - Xcaret 2: Training & CertificationState of Art of the Certification Process the Personnel at NDT In Mexico F. Roa Asociacion Mexicana De Ensayos No Destructivos A.C., Nezahualcoyotl, Mexico


2-6 October 2011, Cancun, Mexico

2011-10-03 09:30 Room: Foyer Gran CancunSession: Poster 1

Metallographic Replica as a Tool for Early Detection and Identification of Mechanisms Metallurgical Damage

Karen PAGOLA*, *Metales, Instituto de Ensayo de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguaye-mail: [email protected], phone: +598 - 2711 0744, fax: +598 - 2711 7435

Abstract:Many are the mechanisms of damage that can occur in industrial equipment. This paper shows a brief description of a watertube steam generator with commonly list materials used in each component and analyzes speciall metallurgical damage in this type of generators. Three case studies are presented. The first case is the occurrence of twinned ferrite grains in a pipe belonging to a torsional combustion chamber, resulting from thermal stress caused by an incident of lack of water on the steam generator. The second case is a section of pipe connecting the economizer to the dome that provides corrosion. Finally we analyze the microstructural evolution of various sections of the main steam distribution pipe line, which has carbide precipitation and coalescence, and migration of ferrite grain boundaries, both potentially indications of creep damage. All this shows that the metallographic replica is a very useful tool in detecting, identifying and monitoring metallurgical damage.

Keywords: Other Methods, metalografía, daño, réplica

NDT.net - www.ndt.net Page 1




Influence of Surface Preparation Method on the Concrete Rebound Number obtained from Impact Hammer Test

Jiri BROZOVSKY*, Jiri ZACH, *FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, 602000 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147513, fax: +420541147502

Abstract:For concrete strength detection in structures different testing procedures are being used. For nondestructive testing of concrete strength built in the construction the most used impact hammers in technical practice are those of Schmidt system. The hammer rebound value on concrete is influenced by number of factors, these includes the treatment of the test area. In the article there are presented testing results of concrete by rebound hammer type Schmidt N and L made on the test surface treated by two different ways (according to CSN 73 1373 and EN 12504-2). Hardness test methods are indirect methods of determining the strength of concrete, i.e. compressive strength of concrete is determined from the calibration relationship between parameter of non-destructive testing and strength of concrete. The basic factors affecting the hammer rebound value are: test area treatment, concrete composition, concrete humidity, hammer position, age of concrete, carbonation. Test area preparation according to EN 12504-2 Using the abrasive stone, grind heavily textured or soft surfaces, or surfaces with loose mortar, until they are smooth. Smooth-formed or trowelled surfaces may be tested without grinding. Remove any water present on the surface of the concrete. Areas exhibiting honeycombing, scaling, rough texture, or high porosity should be avoided. Test area preparation according to CSN 73 1373 - the test area is cleared of carbonated concrete layers and is dry grinded so that the concrete structure is visible. There was demonstrated single valued effect of the test area treatment method on hammer rebound values. Test surface preparation according to EN 12504-2 is simpler though, but for this type of testing is not optimal.

Keywords: Other Methods,





Utilization of the ultrasound impulse method for determining mechanical characteristics for light thermal-insulating plasters

Jiri ZACH*, Jiri BROZOVSKY, Jitka HROUDOVA, *Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 60200 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147516, fax: +420541147502

Abstract:When developing plaster mixtures it is important to know the development of the mechanical properties of the developed materials depending on time. Knowledge of the increase of the strength and modulus of elasticity is important from the viewpoint of the application of plaster systems in practice. This primarily concerns the determination of the minimum time for maturing plasters from the viewpoint of the surface treatment application and also from the viewpoint of the production of plasters with more layers. In the case of the ultrasound impulse method, on the basis of the knowledge of the speed of ultrasound waves, it is possible to determine the expected values of the compressive strength of the materials and value of the modulus of elasticity. The advantage when using the ultrasound impulse method is that it concerns a non-destructive method during which there is no damage to the test sample. In this manner it is possible to decrease the necessary volume of testing bodies when executing (rationalization of testing work) and it is highly advantageous that the measurement is taken during the whole time on the same test set which excludes the influence of anomalies between the individual testing bodies within further sample test sets.

Keywords:





Determination of thermal technical properties of ceramics masonry components

Jiri ZACH*, Jiri BROZOVSKY, Jitka HROUDOVA, *Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 60200 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147516, fax: +420541147502

Abstract:Specification of the thermal properties of masonry constructions is possible in practice using two basic methods: by measuring a fragment of the actual construction or by mathematical calculation according to the related technical standards. The design stating thermal resistance is more favourable in practice, for example, when designing new products or in the case of changing the properties of individual masonry components (while keeping the geometry and internal arrangement) for the existing masonry systems. The basic material parameter in the respective case is thermal conductivity of brick clinker which is necessary to be measured in the laboratory for the respective products. The article addresses the possibilities of determining the thermal conductivity of the ceramics clinker on actual samples of ceramic shaped units for ceramics clinker using the non-destructive non-stationary hot wire method and the possibilities of applying the results of research work into construction practice.

Keywords:





Wavelet multivariate-denoising scheme for detection of fractures in concrete

Miguel MOLERO*, Lucía MEDINA, *Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Posgrado de Ingeniería, UNAM, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: (005255) 622 8222 ext 44718

Abstract:Ultrasonic signals coming from a dispersive heterogeneous material, such as concrete, contain information about its microstructure, and flaws or defects. Several digital filtering techniques have been used for flaws detection in various types of materials. In particular, the wavelet transform is able to analise signals in the time-scale domain, where the detail wavelet coefficients can be manipulated to filter the echoes representing the material microstructure and, able to discriminate the ones coming from flaws. For that matter, a principal component analysis is used to establish a threshold value to determine the wavelet coefficients containing the flaw information. The method above was applied to numerically acquired data simulating ultrasonic signals at different position of the concrete material, carried out by the Elastodynamic Finite Integration technique. Each set considers cracks with different sizes and orientations embedded in concrete material. The results show that the information given by the principal component at specific wavelet levels removes redundancy and highlight echoes coming from fractures using a small set of signals only

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), wavelets, concrete, ultrasonic flaw detection, denoising





Research on Fast Location of Scattering Source in Ultrasonic Scattering CT Imaging using Virtual Phased Array

Jing TANG*, Wen Ai SONG, Yu Ji GUO, *Software School of North University of China, 030051 Tai Yuan, Chinae-mail: [email protected], phone: 86-13934229045

Abstract:The article presents a space-time compression method which makes ultrasonic array signal set (wave train) received by virtual phased array transform to a two-dimensional gray image coordinated on time-position, then the image projects on time axis, gets one-dimensional gray image. According to studying the characteristics of one-dimensional gray projection, we identify the existence of scattering interface rapidly and confirm the coarse position of signals that scattering surface produce on time axis.

Keywords:





Internal Defect Detection of Dissimilar Weld Pipe Using Ultrasonic Infrared Thermography

ManYong CHOI*, Heesang PARK, Junghak PARK, Seungsuk LEE, WonTae KIM, Booyoung LEE, *safety measurment center, KRISS, 305-340 Daejeon-si, Koreae-mail: [email protected], phone: 0428685251

Abstract:This study detected internal defects of pipes using the Ultrasonic Infrared Thermography Method and the Lock-In Image Treatment Method among infrared thermography method. An ultrasonic wave generator of 20 kHz oscillation frequency was made utilizing this characteristic and the experiment was conducted with 420 Watt output. For the test specimen, whether defects exist or not was determined by the Ultrasonic Thermography Testing using pipes made by dissimilarly welding STS304 and Inconel 600, and the defects were verified through the Liquid Penetration Testing. According to the experiment result, the defects existing at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the STS pipes after the weld zone were detected even when inducing ultrasonic waves to the parts of the pipe where the material is Inconel 600 at the pipe weld zone of different materials. By using the Lock in Ultrasound Infrared Thermography Method, the internal defects of dissimilar metal weld joints of pipes used at nuclear power plants could get detected, and the locations and shapes of detects could get determined

Keywords: Infrared Testing (IRT), Dissimilar metal weld joint, Ultrasonic, Lock in, Infrared Thermography(IRT)





Characterization of Welding Defects in Radiographic Images by Neuro-Fuzzy System

Belzyt Carolina GONZáLEZ-GUERRA*, Demian PEREIRA, Carlos SERRANO, *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1053 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: +58 212 6050270

Abstract:In this paper we describe a system to characterization of discontinuities in steel welds divided into two main stages. In the first stage performed image processing using a self-organized map of Kohonnen (SOM) obtaining the input pattern that, once filtered and segmented region of interest, it feeds the next stage. The second stage consists of a Neuro-Fuzzy network for classification of at least 5 types of defects in welding. At this stage we chose a set of images for training the network and another set of radiographic images for experimentation. The results were compared with the application of other general networks.

Keywords: radiographics images, END, welding defects, Neuro-Fuzzy, non-destructive testings





Estudo da propagação das ondas de Lamb em chapas de alumínio com furos em diferentes profundidades.

Claudia Teresa Teles FARIAS*, Irineu de Jesus MENEZES, Eduardo Furtado de Simas FILHO, Josiane de Castro DIAS, Raimundo S. PARANHOS, Ivan Costa da SILVA, *GPEND, Instituto Federal da Bahia, 40301-015 Salvador, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 0055-7120129423

Abstract:Na avaliação não destrutiva ultrassônica, a utilização das ondas de Lamb tem como principal vantagem a propagação a longas distâncias através de toda a espessura de chapas. Em contrapartida a interpretação dos sinais não é tarefa trivial devido ao caráter multimodo e características dispersivas destas ondas. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo experimental dos modos de propagação das ondas de Lamb ao interagir com furos circulares em chapas de alumínio com 1mm de espessura contendo furos circulares de diferentes profundidades. Através da seleção de frequência e ângulo de incidência foi gerado o modo de propagação S0. O ensaio ultrassônico por imersão foi realizado na configuração transmissão recepção. Foram avaliadas as amplitudes dos sinais ultrassônicos em relação as distâncias dos sensores nas regiões com e sem defeitos tanto no domínio do tempo quanto no domínio da frequência. Os resultados são promissores para utilização desta técnica como ferramenta de auxílio na detecção de descontinuidade em placas.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Ondas Guiadas de Lamb, Ensaios Ultrassônicos por Imersão, Detecção de defeitos., Ensaios não destrutivos





Dependence of Ultrasonic Pulse Propagation Velocity on Free Water Content in Concrete Structure under Tropical Climate Conditions

Manuel RODRIGUEZ*, *Physic, Universidad Central de Las Villas, 54 830 Santa Clara, Cubae-mail: [email protected], phone: 28 1109

Abstract:Abstract One of the fundamental applications of the ultrasonic pulse velocity method (UPV) to the study of concrete consists in the estimation of the mechanical properties. The precision on the estimation of theses properties may be dependent on the incidence of several factors, one of them is the free water content absorbed by the sample of concrete under working conditions. In this paper it is shown that the modeling of the dependence between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the content of free water in the hardened concrete requires the non linear approach. In fact, we propose two models, one of them being a non linear mathematical model fitting the experimental data points, and the other of them being a simple physical model structured by considering the concrete material as composed as heterogeneous medium. Besides, it is discussed under which condition the linear approach for modelling proposed by other authors can be used.

Keywords: ultrasonic pulse velocity, water content, concrete, modeling





Design and Development of System Identification and Nondestructive Inspection of Bridges Network in Romania

Comisu CRISTIAN CLAUDIU*, *Department of Bridges, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romaniae-mail: [email protected], phone: +40 745 065 003, fax: +40 232 245 501

Abstract:Design and development of system identification (SI) and nondestructive inspection (NI) for modeling of damages and prediction of service life of bridges network in Romania has received considerable attention in recent years. The scope of this monitoring system in Romania is the establishment of the moment in which the degradation process starts to manifest on the transportation structure. The SI and NI are called “integrated” because it enables the monitoring of the entire transportation substructure, road and railway. The system is called “active” because it reacts when surpassing certain warning levels previously established, and it starts a protection process of the transportation substructure against the aggression of the degradation process. In order to be able to identify the warning levels, the monitoring process must be equipped with a data base including mathematic models for each degradation process, and also an evaluative characteristic process. In the moment in which the monitoring systems signals the surpassing of an alert level regarding a degradation process, the “process of structural identification” will begin. This process consists of the application of 3 successive phases: dynamical testing, identification of the dynamical characteristics and calibration of a mathematical 3D-FE model built from finite elements. The use of system identification and Nondestructive Inspection for structural health monitoring of bridges network in Romania involves the optimized administration of the financial resources dedicated to the bridges maintenance and repair. This work has been undertaken as a part of a project founded by the research program CEEX 309/2006 – “Mobile lab for dynamic testing and diagnosis of bridges for highways”, CNCSIS – Romania. System Identification, Nondestructive Inspection, Bridges Network, Monitoring Systems, Dynamic Testing

Keywords: Other Methods, Personnel Training and Certification, Bridges Network, Nondestructive Inspection, System Identification, Monitoring Systems, Dynamic Testing




2011-10-03 09:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Aerospace

Estimation of the Defect Dimensions with a GMR Eddy Current Sensor

Eduardo RAMíREZ PACHECO*, José Hiram ESPINA HERNáNDEZ, Francisco CALEYO, José Manuel HALLEN, *SEPI Electronica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 07300 México DF, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 5729600 Ext.54622

Abstract:This paper presents an experimental system to detect defects in aluminum by eddy currents using a GMR sensor. In three plates of aluminum were constructed defects of 0.6, 1 and 1.4 mm of the width and depths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, the defects were scanned with the sensing axis perpendicular to the defect length in ten times. The parameters DV and DX were extracted from output voltage signal. Results of this work show that the output voltage of the GMR sensor depends of the width and the depth of the defect. DX dependS only on width when the depth of defect is equal or greater than 4 mm. Fitting functions were proposed for the experimental values of DV and DX, these functions show the relationship between the physical dimensions of the defects and parameters DX and DV. Also studied the dependence of DV with the filling factor of the excitation coil.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), giant magnetoresistive sensor, non-destructive evaluation, Eddy currents, defect dimensions





Comparison of infrared thermography and shearography for non-destructive evaluation of composites materials by pulsed heating excitation

Fernando LOPEZ*, João Paulo FERREIRA, Vicente DE PAULO NICOLAU, Armando ALBERTAZZI, Daniel WILLEMANN, *Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 48 Florianópolis, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 3721 9277

Abstract:Non-Destructive Tests (NDT) are techniques and inspection methods used to evaluate the presence of defects within the material without affect its physical integrity. Among the main NDT methods, Infrared Thermography (ITR) and Shearography (SHR) are positioned as two of the most attractive and promissory techniques, especially in the evaluation of defects in composites materials. Infrared Thermography and Shearography are both, non-contact and optical techniques, based on the analysis of the temperature and strain pattern respectively, after the application of a external stimulation over the material's surface. In this article is reviewed the fundamentals of both inspection methods, depth inversion techniques, as well as data processing and its application to the inspection in composites materials by using pulsed-heating stimulation. Advantages and limitation of those complementary techniques are also discussed.

Keywords: infrared thermography, shearography, composites materials





NMRI study on water absorption and migration in honeycomb sandwich panels

Juliano Rossi OLIVEIRA*, Maria Cristina GATTI, Alexandre Machado PORTELA, José Ricardo TARPANI, *Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade de São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +0551291468709

Abstract:Honeycomb sandwich panels are widely employed as aircraft structural construction materials and permanently exposed to highly moisturized environments so that vapors and liquids can be absorbed and percolate their cellular internal structure giving rise to a number of problems. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms by which they ingress and permeate structural sandwich panels in order to reduce their entry rate and/or to accelerate their removal. In this sense, several experiments involving honeycomb sandwich panels have been performed using pristine and impact damaged specimens subjected to hot water and salt-water saturated environments, with periodical nondestructive inspection carried out via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques. The results so far obtained are very auspicious in terms of qualification and quantification of water intrusion and evaporation mechanisms in this class of structural composite materials. The use of artificial neural network strategies to better understand the above mentioned phenomena has also been object of research in this study.

Keywords: Other Methods, Honeycomb panel, Water ingression, NMRI





NMRI applied to core damage characterization and in the quantification of fluid content in honeycomb sandwich panels

Alexandre Machado PORTELA*, Juliano Rossi OLIVEIRA, Maria Cristina GATTI, José Ricardo TARPANI, *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, 13566-590 Sao Carlos, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: + 55 16 3373 9591, fax: + 55 16 3373 9590

Abstract:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) was employed for characterizing core crush damage in meta-aramid honeycombs of structural panels, as well as for quantifying fluid content in the inner cellular structure of these composite materials. The study aimed at verifying the ability of this promising nondestructive testing to possible future adoption in periodic inspection programs of high-demanding aeronautical components and structures. Results are very encouraging, and show that, under certain circumstances, NMRI has a great potential to indicate, localize and quantify internal damage in honeycomb sandwich-panel structures. It has also been discovered that this modality of NMR technique is able to indicate, identify and quantify different kind of fluids, like water and deicing agent, entrapped within structural sandwich panels. The use of artificial neural network strategies to identify and quantify those substances in the core of structural sandwich panels has also been object of research in this study.

Keywords: Other Methods, Honeycomb panel, Impact damage, Fluid ingression, NMRI





Comparing nondestructive techniques to detect intruded solid, liquid and gaseous materials in honeycomb sandwich panels

José Ricardo TARPANI*, Maria Cristina GATTI, *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, 13566-590 Sao Carlos, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +55 16 3373 9591, fax: +55 16 3373 9590

Abstract:Honeycomb sandwich panels are widely employed as aircraft construction materials in primary and secondary structures. Damage and defects are to be identified and quantified in order the part be promptly repaired, its structural integrity guaranteed and so the fleet airworthiness. For this purpose, an assortment of nondestructive techniques is now available and under permanent evolution. One of the most recognized issues in regard to the application of nondestructive techniques in such task is that no single method is able to cover the wide range of problems which can arise during in-service conditions, so that most frequently more than one methodology is used to certify that a good job has been accomplished. Also, during periodical nondestructive inspection of aircraft structural parts the operator must certify that multiple defects and damages are undoubtedly distinguishable from each other and mainly from constructional details of the piece, which are made from materials like metals, polymers and so. Another challenge typically found during nondestructive inspection of helicopter blades is to differentiate entrapped fluids (e.g. water, kerosene, hydraulic fluid) from solid resin spots created from previous repair operation. In this work, nondestructive techniques like conventional and digital x-ray radiography, long pulse transient thermography, neutrongraphy and transmission ultrasonics were employed to discriminate different kind of solid, liquid and gaseous materials which were intentionally introduced in the core of an aircraft honeycomb sandwich panel. The advantages and shortcomings of each methodology are discussed in terms of its ability to not only imaging the intruded materials but mainly offering to the operator unequivocal information about their chemical nature, composition and physical state.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Concurrent NDT methods, Damage & defect, Honeycomb panel





Influence factors on the stress measurement in composites using Longitudinal Critically Refracted ultrasonic waves: effects of resin over material surface

Rodrigo Junqueira LEAO*, Paulo Pereira JUNIOR, Taina Gomes RODOVALHO, Andre Luis Souza ROCHA, Auteliano Antunes dos Santos JUNIOR, *Departamento de Projeto Mecanico, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083970 Campinas, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 55 19 35213438

Abstract:The safety requirements in the aviation industry are very strict and one of its major concerns. The risks involved make prevention, rather than maintenance, the right approach to be adopted. Routine inspections, usually lengthy and expensive, are important to evaluate stress in structures in order to prevent nucleation of cracks and to avoid failure. Aluminum alloys are extensively used in this industrial segment, but in the past few years composite materials have shown large applicability in aircraft components. Among nondestructive tests, ultrasonic methods like Rayleigh and Critically Refracted Longitudinal waves have exhibited good potential to estimate applied stress in a part. Unlike metals, the influence factors on the stress measurement in composites are still unknown and need to be investigated. Different classes of resins can be applied in the composition of material composite matrix and during its manufacturing process these elements remain impregnated on it. This work aims to verify the effects of commercially available resins in the propagation of waves, such as time-of-flight variations and signal attenuation. Experiments were performed through the generation of ultrasonic waves on the surface of aluminum bars covered with thin resin films. Their width was gradually incremented and the data acquired were post-processed and compared quantitatively and qualitatively. The results will be presented and discussed focusing on their future role in composite inspection.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Composite materials, Resins, Lcr waves, Aviation industry, NDT





Ultrasonic Imaging Techniques for Quality Evaluation of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials and their Adhesive Joints

Elena Yu. MAEVA, Inna SEVIARYNA*, Hussein WEHBE, Johann ERLEWEIN, *Physics, University of Windsor, N9B 3P4 Windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 519-253-3000 x2664

Abstract:To date, fiber reinforced composite materials are gaining popularity in automotive and aircraft production. The adhesive bonding can be considered the best joining technology for composite materials. One of the most important questions is the quality control of these materials and their joints. Both composites and adhesive joints usually fail by development of internal damage zones, delaminations or disbonds. It is important to detect these zones early. In this paper, scanning acoustic microscopy and air-coupled ultrasonic imaging were used to evaluate the composite materials and detect internal structural defects as well as to characterize the composite’s adhesive joints. Visualization of the internal material structures in the form of B- and C-scans allows direct estimation of the nature, structure and spatial distribution of the defects. Position, width, and depth of the adhesive layers were successfully determined by both methods.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Air Coupled Ultrasonic Imaging, Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, Composite Adhesive Joints, Fiber Reinforced Composites, Defects Visualization.





High-Efficient Automated Ultrasonic Scan Imaging Technique For Large-Scale Aero-Composites Structures

Songping LIU*, *NDT&E Center for Compsoites and Welds, Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, 100024 Beijing, Chinae-mail: [email protected], phone: 86-10-85701657, fax: 86-10-85702117

Abstract:Currently composite materials have been widely applied in aero-industrial productions. More and more large-scale composites structures are increasingly designed and manufactured in advanced aero-planes. Some of them may reach to several tens of meters in length. The importance of quality control and nondestructive inspection are known-well for aero-industrial applications because of safety, very high cost and complexity of manufacturing technology as well as time-cost. Ones of the big differences or difficulties in NDT of these structures are time-cost and impossibility of NDT by-hand because of high quality control requirements and their poor attainability. A high-efficient automated ultrasonic scanning imaging technique has been developed for realizing a fast NDT for these composites structures by using high-resolution ultrasonic pulse echo method. A advanced automated ultrasonic scan imaging technique by employing a novel ultrasonic matrix transducer, up to 20 transducer elements, is developed to provide a multiple channels scanning for large-scale aero-composites structures. Each transducer element in the matrix can independently and self-adapted follow the surface of the composites structures to be tested during automated scanning without the need of complicate numerical control system. The scanning area is up to 6000mm in width, and unlimited in length. The practical and industrial applications have demonstrated the powerful ability and flexibility as well as high-efficiency in the NDT of large-scale aero-composites structures. The inspection efficiency can be increased at least 15-20 times compared with normal single channel ultrasonic scanning technique. High quality ultrasonic scanning imaging results have been represented too in this paper.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Automated ultrasonic evaluation, Large-scale composites structures, Ultrasonic matrix transducer, High-efficient NDT.





Evaluation of the wave speed for LCR waves in Composites

Tainá Gomes RODOVALHO*, Rodrigo JUNQUEIRA LEAO, André LUIS SOUZA ROCHA, Paulo PEREIRA JUNIOR, Auteliano ANTUNES DOS SANTOS JUNIOR, *Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083970 Campinas, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +55 19 35213438

Abstract:The use of composite materials in the aerospace industry has been growing considerably in recent years. To ensure the reliability required by this sector, both the mechanical characterization and the ability to predict failures in structures are needed. Among the range of composites that can be created, combinations of carbon fibers with epoxy resins predominate in the production of structural parts to aeronautics and space applications. Acoustoelastic theory applied to stress measurement in metals is already well established. Thus, since the speed of a longitudinal wave that propagates in a metallic media is known, a linear relationship can be obtained between applied stress and time-of-flight variation of the Lcr (Longitudinal Critically Refracted) waves. In a metal, usually considered isotropic, this velocity is well determined. On the other hand, the phase velocity of an ultrasonic wave in a laminate can vary according to the orientation of its fibers. In this work, the material under analysis is an unidirectional laminate obtained with the prepreg 8552/AS4 from Hexcel®. The result is a single and thick ply oriented in just one direction, which can be considered orthotropic and macroscopically homogeneous (uniform distribution of reinforcement through the matrix). The objective is to characterize the speed of a longitudinal wave on the material in different orientations of the fiber, and also analyze the propagation of Lcr waves in the material under different conditions. The methodology involved the design and manufacturing of a 24-sided polygon shape specimen, allowing the measurement of the speed in steps of 15 degrees. Then, it's possible to calculate the critical angles of incidence (so that the refracted waves travel at 90º to normal) for the generation of Lcr waves that propagate in the material surface. By changing the transducers orientation over a plate shaped specimen it's investigated how Lcr waves propagate in different fiber orientations, studying characteristics such as waveform and signal attenuation. Even if it's not plausible to use the acoustoelastic equations in an orthotropic material without changing its formulation, this work could be a starting point for creating new models from experimental data, and to enable future tensile tests in this kind of laminates applying the Lcr technique.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), NDT, Laminate composites, Lcr waves, Wave speed





Acoustic Emission Measurement on Carbon Fibre Composites

Miroslav J. CERNY*, *Centre of Composites, Czech Technical University, Klokner Institute, 16608 Prague 6, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420224353584, fax: +420224353519

Abstract:Paper deals with an acoustic emission measurement on carbon fibre composites. Measurements have been performed on carbon-epoxy composites with unidirectional reinforcement by carbon fibres with approximately 64% volume content of fibres and epoxy matrix. The applied acoustic emission system was AEDSP 32/16 (2 channel plug-in card, 16 bit resolution, sampling frequency max. 10 MSa.s-1, Physical Acoustics, USA) and software MISTRAS (Physical Acoustics). It has been found that cumulative AE counts and events increase roughly linearly in time and the curve suddenly changes the slope in two points of whole loading range. Some failure micromechanisms have been correlated to AE measurements.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission (AE), failure micromechanisms, carbon fibre composites, acoustic emission, correlation




2011-10-03 09:30 Room: Xcaret 1Session: Ultrasonic Testing

On Line Analysis and Interpretation of Ultrasonic Images to Improve the Selectivity

Bernard Maurice BISIAUX*, *Research, Vallourec Research Aulnoye (VRA), 59620 Aulnoye-Aymeries, Francee-mail: [email protected], phone: 00330607593956

Abstract:The ultrasound non destructive testing methods are based on the comparison of the amplitude of the signal of response compared to the amplitude of calibration standard flaws. They therefore presuppose a high correlation between the depth of a detected flaw and the amplitude of the signal, which is generally false. The idea described in this paper consists in the use of the capacities of acquisition in production lines of the ultrasonic raw data and the reconstruction of "ultrasonic images" of pipes. Thereafter, a system automatically analyzes these images using image-processing techniques and expert systems. The system described can then evaluate on line the gravity. of the acquired ultrasonic indications much more reliably than with a single threshold. Such a system is now being developed within the industrial environment of Vallourec’s pipe mills.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), expert systems, automatic analyzes, ultrasonic images





Phased Array Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Based on Longitudinal Wave

Cindy ZHENG*, Liheng YAO, Jinhu WU, Kojima TADASHI, *SIUI, 515041 Shantou, Chinae-mail: [email protected], phone: 86-754-88250150

Abstract:Generally there are two ultrasound beam scanning methods for phased array (PA) detection: linear scan and sector scan. In order to follow the technique, process and standard of conventional ultrasonic flaw detection, usually for vertical detection, longitudinal wave linear scan is adopted for simulating longitudinal wave probe scanning; while for tilt detection, transverse wave sector scan is used for simulating transverse wave probe scanning. However, when performing tilt detection, an angled wedge is required for conversion to transverse wave, which results in quite a lot of issues. To avoid such issues, longitudinal wave tilt detection for PA tilt testing was experimented, and a test report is followed.

Keywords:





Corrosion Mapping with Phased Array Ultrasonics

Mark CARTE*, *Business Developement, Olympus NDT, 77034 Houston, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: 832 633 0283, fax: 281 922 9303

Abstract:Recently, Olympus NDT developed a new phased array ultrasonic device specifically designed for detection of wall thickness reductions due to corrosion, abrasion and erosion. This new device also detects anomalies such as Hydrogen induced blistering or manufacturing induced laminations, and easily differentiates these anomalies from loss of wall thickness. The new device can be used to create phased array compression wave and angle beam inspection techniques. This device is trade named HydroFORM. This device uses an ingenious local immersion concept allowing excellent surface conformance and optimized coupling conditions for easy synchronization on front-wall echo for OD and ID corrosion monitoring. Phased Array Ultrasonics provides the ability to covers a 60 mm (2.36 in.) wide strip at a speed up to 100 mm/s (4 in./s), with a 1 mm x 1 mm resolution. This methodology is safer than conventional automated ultrasonic scanners. It provides extremely high data point density. One device inspects 2” radius to flat surfaces. . HydroFORM can be used manually or semi-automatically in conjunction with the field-proven chain scanner. Other standard equipment includes an OmniScan MX, chain scanner and TomoView for more detailed data analysis.

Keywords:





Monitoring of Corrosion Damage by ultrasonic testing of the Triga Mark III Reactor pool Aluminum Coating

Angel GONZáLEZ*, *Tecnologí de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 5239-7200, Ext. 2873

Abstract:Reactor Triga Mark III installed in ININ, is an experimental reactor moderated with light water, has been in operation since November 8, 1968, the nominal power is 1 MW. It’s used to neutron analysis by activation and the production of radioisotopes for medical use and training of technicians in science and nuclear technology. The ININ plans to increase the use of the reactor in studies of diffraction of neutrons, with prompt gamma activation analysis and to produce more radioisotopes. The reactor core is inside a structure of shielding concrete with a liner of aluminum. The liner has been subject to several nondestructive inspection activities. In 1985, was carried out a thickness measurement with ultrasound contact method and visual inspection, was detected drilling and pitting localized corrosion, on the rear face of aluminum coating being necessary to weld reinforcement patches of the same material in the damaged, areas according to recommendation of the manufacturer. Water spill trapped between aluminum coating and the concrete provided the electrolyte forming galvanic pair, yielding galvanic corrosion. After each nondestructive inspection, several reinforcement patches has been welded at different damaged areas. The ultrasonic inspection using compression waves was carried out with written procedure under the guidelines existing at ININ and applicable quality assurance system identifying points with damage by corrosion in the posterior wall of the liner, the remnant thickness was measured. The damage are grouped pits and other extended corrosion. Areas susceptible to corrosion in some places of the pool, have been identified, have been deposited remnants of moisture between the concrete and the liner, which results in advance of damage by corrosion. The nondestructive testing has proven its usefulness in the monitoring the evolution of damage by corrosion in the reactor’s liner and intends to apply this methodology in a more comprehensive manner to identify severe damage and possible leakage of the moderator. This paper presents the details of the ultrasonic inspection with the relevant remnant wall thickness readings from the inspections carried out during monitoring. Damage areas has been remedied by welding reinforcement patches at damage areas, but does not rule out more indications with loss of ultrasonic signal, indicative of possible damage by corrosion in the rear face of the reactor’s liner.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Compression Waves, Contact Method, Ultrasonic Testing, Aluminum Coating, Liner





Evaluation of adhesively bonded joints in automotive industry with ultrasonic matrix array transducer

Roman Gr. MAEV, Sergey TITOV*, Alexey BOGACHENKOV, Bita GHAFFARI, Kimberly LAZARZ, *Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, University of Windsor, N9A 5R5 Windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 519 253 3000 ext 2679, fax: 519 971 3611

Abstract:Ultrasonic evaluation of the adhesive joints in the automotive industry is a challenging NDT problem due to the large acoustic impedance mismatch between metal and adhesive, variability in the thickness of metal and adhesive layers, and possible deviation from perfect geometry in the joint’s layered structure. Many ultrasonic techniques have been developed to evaluate adhesive bonds, including time and spectral domains methods. Usually, the developed technique’s lateral resolution is not high enough for proper evaluation of an automotive joint, whose typical width is in the range of 10 – 15 mm. High lateral resolution could be obtained using focused ultrasound waves. However, the contrast between “adhesive/no adhesive” areas achievable in a common pulse–echo technique is not sufficient for reliable application in an industrial environment. In this paper, we propose to use a matrix array of small flat ultrasonic transducers for evaluation of adhesively bonded joints. The reverberating waveforms recorded by the array’s elements are processed to obtain an informative parameter, whose two dimensional distribution can be presented as a C–scan. It was shown that the energy of the weighted reflected waveform within a certain time gate is an efficient value for discriminating “adhesive/no adhesive” regions. To make the processing results insensitive to the variations in the efficiency of the array’s elements and material properties of the part being tested, normalization of the calculated energy on reference value is used. The reference values can be obtained by processing the array responses recorded for the regions with no adhesive. A 52 element, 15 MHz matrix array of square transducers was used in the experiments. The pitch of the array was 1.25 mm, and the size of the tested area was about 10 mm x 10 mm. Statistical analysis of the experimental data shows that the two sigma intervals of the output parameter are approximately 0.55±0.2 and 1±0.2 for “adhesive” and “no adhesive” regions, respectively. The measurement accuracy of the width of the adhesive bead is about 1 mm.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), array, matrix, adhesive, processing, image





Sectorial Scan PAUT Combined with TOFD, a Robust Weld Inspection Technique in Lieu of RT

Louis BEAULIEU-CHARBONNEAU*, Guy MAES, Johan BERLANGER, *Zetec, G1N 2C9 Quebec, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 418 263 3662, fax: 418 263 3742

Abstract:Over the last two decades, several studies and practical trials have shown the value of combining automated pulse-echo UT and TOFD techniques to replace radiography for the manufacturing inspection of welded joints in various industries. Although widely used in pipeline NDT, the “zone-discrimination technique” has several limitations and practical issues. Combining sectorial scan phased array and TOFD techniques will result in a more robust and flexible inspection technique, but increases the performance requirements on phased array UT data acquisition hardware and software. This paper will show how recently developed portable phased array hardware and state-of-the-art software can adequately support this improved concept for volumetric weld inspection. Various aspects of the hardware and software specification will be discussed, highlighting the potential benefit of enhanced performance on the final inspection results. The presented practical examples will also include considerations about selection and generation of focal laws, and analysis of inspection results.

Keywords:





Ultrasonic Detection of Cracks

Alex KARPELSON*, *Inspection & Maintenance, Kinectrics, M8Z6C4 Toronto, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 416-207-6000 x 5963

Abstract:Results of the ultrasonic inspection of tubes sometimes are not satisfactory due to inability to detect shallow and narrow cracks. It is therefore worthwhile to develop some special and at the same time simple ultrasonic methods for tubes examination, which could significantly improve inspection capabilities. Combined technique, employing two transducers working in parallel, allows “seeing” crack simultaneously at different angles. The large normal beam probe due to various angles and directions of flaw insonification allows detecting the crack and sometimes even “depicting’ its shape. Combining obtained data, one can “reproduce” crack shape and orientation, as well as assess its dimensions. Using special software it is possible to generate an isometric (3D) image of a crack.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing, Tubes, Cracks, Probes, Techniques





Capabilities and applications of the CIVA 10 modeling platform

Roman FERNANDEZ*, Fabrice FOUCHER, *EXTENDE, 91400 Orsay, Francee-mail: [email protected], phone: +33 670293094, fax: +33 (0)9 72 13 42 68

Abstract:Simulations of NDT techniques are becoming more widely used by the industrial world. The applications are numerous and show a great variety: performance demonstration of existing techniques, qualification, probe design (e.g phased arrays), virtual testing, help with diagnosis and data reconstruction. The use of modeling allows to reduce the number of costly mock-ups involved at the different steps of the NDE process while helping to improve the performance and the understanding of these methods. The CIVA modeling platform, developed by the CEA and distributed by EXTENDE, is the leading tool available on the market for NDE simulations. It allows to address 3 major techniques: Ultrasonic Testing (conventional UT as well as phased-arrays, TOFD or Guided-waves techniques), Radiographic Testing and Eddy Current Testing. For fulfilling the requirement of computation times compatible with practical use in an industrial context, a twofold strategy was put forward: the choice of semi-analytical methods rather than fully numerical methods (finite elements, finite differences, etc.), and the development of models integrated into software modules usable by operators who are not simulation specialists. The application fields have become increasingly diverse: nuclear industry, aircraft industry, defense, railways, steel industry, oil&gaz,..This communication focuses on the applications and the recent advances in the capabilities of the software in its latest release CIVA 10. A lot of improvements have been implemented, whatever it be regarding the capacity to simulate realistic configurations ( in terms of test piece geometries and materials, crack morphologies and transducers) as well as regarding the graphical user interface, in order to ease users’ life and gain efficiency. CIVA 10 capabilities will be presented and illustrated on industrial applications and validation cases.

Keywords:





Diseño e Integración de Sistemas Automatizados de Inspección

Antonio CARNERO*, *Turbomaquinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, 62490 Cuernavaca, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 777 3623811

Abstract:La aplicación de pruebas no destructivas para detectar la presencia de defectos en los componentes es esencial para determinar el “estado de salud” e integridad mecánica del componente en estudio. Existen 4 requisitos (sensibilidad, detectabilidad, repetitividad y confiabilidad) básicos a cumplir en la especificación de los procedimientos de inspección. En el caso de inspección por ultrasonido, los dos primeros requisitos están en funciones de las características de del transductor, cables y equipo detector de fallas. La repetitividad se da en función de los procedimientos que tienen por objetivo que independientemente de quien los aplique, encuentren los mismos hallazgos y lleguen a las mismas conclusiones. La confiabilidad está en función de los tres primeros requisitos y de la apreciación e intervención humana durante la tarea de inspección. La confiabilidad de una inspección puede verse enormemente disminuida por factores no controlables como la dificulta de acceso a las área a inspeccionar, las condiciones climáticas, la duración de la jornada de inspección, la exposición a peligros o riesgo de accidentes, la repetitividad y tediosa de la tarea de inspección, etc. Por la anterior el diseño, integración y automatización de sondas, escáner o dispositivos robóticos tienden son de vital importancia cuando en el requisito de confiabilidad se elimina o disminuye los errores debidos a la apreciación/intervención humana. El artículo trata sobre la experiencia del Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas en el diseño, integración y automatización de 3 sistemas robóticos aplicados a: 1.La inspección por ultrasonido del barrenos central de rotores de turbogeneradores 2.La inspección de tubos de la “pared de agua” de generadores de vapor 3.La inspección de discos, ranuras de sujeción de álabes y raíces de álabes de rotores de la sección de baja presión de turbinas de vapor. La aplicación de dicho dispositivos ha permitido: •Aumentar la confiabilidad de las tareas de inspección o •El acceso a áreas difíciles de alcanzar manualmente •Eliminación de riesgos al inspector •Pasar de mapeos manuales y burdos a mapeos finos que nos revelan con mayor exactitud el estado del componente.

Keywords: NDT-wide,




2011-10-03 09:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Civil Engineering

Monitoring Concrete Structures Through UPV Results and Image Analysis

Alexandre LORENZI*, Luiz Carlos Pinto da SILVA FILHO, Luciani Somensi LORENZI, Roseane SHIMOMUKAY, Chies JOSUé ARGENTA, Chies JOSUé ARGENTA, *LEME, PPGEC-UFRGS, 90040-191 Porto Alegre, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 555133083333, fax: 555133083333

Abstract:The increasing number of deterioration problems found in relatively new concrete structures provides a strong argument for the development and validation of techniques that would allow monitoring the condition state of elements and provide data about its potential service life. Non-destructive tests methods (NDT) are proved very suitable for these tasks, since they can be quick, precise and do not cause any considerable damage to the structure. The use of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity measurements is a specially effective, powerful and flexible test method, which allows the in-depth analysis of the material homogeneity. Due to its nature, it can be used to detect flaws and voids in the concrete. It can also provide an estimate of the material density, which is related to the compressive strength. The research group at LEME (Laboratório de Ensaios e Modelos Estruturais) has established a line of research that aims to investigate the nature, assess the potentiality and establish the best use procedures for employing NDT tests. For this purpose, several specimens shaped as blocks containing various objects used to create disturbances (such as polystyrene, wood and pervious concrete) were cast. Indirect measurements were then carried out in several points of each side of the all specimens. The results were analyzed using a surface mapping software and indicate that the strategy adopted allows verifying defects in concrete. The present paper contains the results of a study carried out to determinate the best strategy for analyzing a great number of ultrasonic data, in order to obtain a clearer and more precise diagnosis about the presence of flaws and air voids.

Keywords: ultrasonic measurements, NDT, condition monitoring, concrete test





Using a Large Scanning Electron Microscope to Examine Concrete with Specialty Fibers

Shane Mathew PALMQUIST*, Edward KINTZEL, Keith ANDREW, *Engineering, Western Kentucky University, 42101 Bowling Green, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: 2707452919, fax: 2707455856

Abstract:Mechanical properties of concrete are most commonly determined using destructive tests including: compression, flexure, and fracture notch specimen tests. However, nondestructive tests exist for evaluating the properties of concrete such as ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact echo tests. One of major issues with concrete is that unlike steel it is quasi brittle material. It tends to want to crack when tensile stresses develop. These cracks generally develop at the interfacial transition zone, ITZ, between the cement paste and the aggregate. Fibers have been added to concrete for many years to help with temperature and shrinkage cracks. In more recent years, the concepts of adding fibers with enhanced properties such as carbon nanofibers, CNFs, to concrete have been explored. Some possibilities include developing concrete that may be more durable, flexible, stronger, less permeable, and potentially “crack free” than traditional concrete. Based on SEM images and quantitative data from the literature, this paper examines the ITZ of concrete made with CNFs. Results provide greater understanding on the nature of the ITZ region in concrete made with CNFs.

Keywords: Other Methods, interfacial transition zone (ITZ), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), fibers, cementitious materials, Concrete





Determining moisture parameters in building materials

Jan SKRAMLIK*, Miloslav NOVOTNY, Karel SUHAJDA, *Department of Building Constructions, Brno University of Technology, 60200 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147430, fax: +420541240996

Abstract:The aim of the research is to determine the capillary conductivity coefficient as a characteristic material moisture parameter of the building materials using a non-destructive method while using microwave radiation. Samples of building materials normally used in building constructions. The behavior of building materials in civil structures influenced by the surrounding moisture is a crucial and intensively examined field of the construction physics. Most standard building materials are characterized by a porous structure, which results in the ability to receive water in a liquid as well as gaseous form in the inner holes. The water fills the storage space of pores under certain conditions; it is transported and transferred back to the surroundings. Many technical studies show that the moisture monitoring is prevailingly based on experiments. Previous calculating methods introduced e.g. by Glaser, which became the basis for the standard calculations in many European countries in the 1960’s are not always sufficient with respect to the demands for the civil structures. Matan's method is usually used in such cases when it can be ensured that the threshold condition on the dry end cannot be applied, meaning the method in the non-stationary state of moisturizing in combination with the gravimetrical method. Matan's method expects the knowledge of one moisture curve and the respective time interval corresponding with this curve. To determine the moisture curves, use is made of the output data of the measurement using a microwave radiation device, which indicates the reduction of radiation intensity due to the moisture included in the porous system of the studied building material. It is a non-destructive monitoring of a material sample. This method of studying the moisture distribution by means of the electromagnetic microwave radiation, as well as the NMR method, enable continuous measurement of the desired data. The one and the same sample makes it possible to measure several moisture curves, which can be obtained in selected time intervals and this enables the application of the integral calculation metod.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), building material, porous structure, capillary conductivity, microwave radiation, moisture





Use of impact-echo in concrete plates with small thicknesses and different kind of cure

Silvana Leonita WEBER DE GRABOVSKI*, Ivo José PADARATZ, Roberto Caldas de Andrade PINTO, *Construção Civil, UFSC/UTFPR, 88040500 Florianópolis, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 05504888252510

Abstract:With non-destructive method of impact-echo can be identified flaws the depth of cracks and estimated thickness even in regions where only one face is apparent. The method works through the propagation and reflection of stress waves produced by a mechanical and elastic impact. In this work were estimated small thicknesses in concrete plates. The plates were made with thickness of 60, 40 e 30 mm. Immediately after removal of forms, the concrete was subjected to two curing processes during a period of 28 days: air-curing in a dry environment and moist curing by immersion in water tanks. To avoid mistakes associated the operator was developed an impact device. The results provided interesting data on the application of impact-eco tests on concrete plates with small thicknesses. Also observed the performance of the impact with the device and the behavior of waveform and frequencies for each kind of cure adopted.

Keywords: Other Methods, nondestructive testing, stress waves, concrete structures, impact-echo method, impact device.





Laser-based system for remote non-destructive inspection of concrete structures. Laboratory and field tests.

Oleg KOTYAEV*, Yoshinori SHIMADA, *Institute for Laser Technology, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka-fu, Japane-mail: [email protected], phone: +81-668798737

Abstract:A laser-based system for remote non-destructive inspection of concrete structures has been developed, assembles and tested in the laboratory and field conditions. The current design of the system is intended for the location of actually dangerous inner flaws in transportation tunnels. The technique is based on the initiation and detection of standing Lamb waves (or natural vibration) in concrete layer between surface and inner defect. A pulsed laser (Nd:YAG or CO2-laser) is used as a source of laser impact initiating vibration in concrete. A CW Nd:YAG laser radiation of 532 nm wavelength is used for probing/detection. Detection of initiated vibration is realized with the use of a laser photorefractive interferometer. The interferometer uses principles of two-wave mixing in photorefractive crystal (dynamic holography) and homodyne detection. A photorefractive crystal – Bismuth Silicon Oxide (BSO) – is used as a nonlinear medium for the recording of the dynamic hologram. The system performs automatic scanning the inspected object surface by the impact and probe laser beams. A specially designed algorithm analyses waveforms and spectra of initiated vibration in real-time mode and simultaneously produces a 2D map of the surface being scanned. The presence of detectable standing Lamb wave is used as a criterion of inner flaw detection: spectral power of standing Lamb wave is much higher in over-defect area where concrete layer is comparatively thin. Detection of various types of inner defects like voids, cracks and honeycombs has been demonstrated in laboratory conditions. Accuracy of defect location is about 1-3 cm. Detection depth is up to 5 cm. Actually, the laser-based system acts like a hammer, with the same accuracy and detection depth. However, remote character of inspection makes the laser-based technique much more attractive. The technique is supposed to be used for the inspection of bullet-train tunnels in Japan (shinkansen). A mobile prototype of the system has been assembled and demonstrated in the field conditions. Promising results of detection have been obtained in an actual bullet-train tunnel.

Keywords:





Non Destructive Testing as preventive measure for Tunel Emisor Oriente "TEO"

Israel CASASOLA LóPEZ*, *Inspección, Instituto Mexicano de Ensayos No Destructivos S.C., 03530 D.F., Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 0445517739665

Abstract:For the construction of the Tunel Emisor Oriente which will consist of 24 ports with depths ranging from 150 to 200 meters and a length of 62 kilometers, which will drive an average of 150 m3/s, required the use of excavators shields, of 9 meters of diameter, 95 meters long and weighing 600 tons. Non Destructive Testing was applied to these excavators shields, as preventive maintenance inspection for welding in the construction of the Cutterhead, the screw and the shield, in order to have the security and reliability of the work and reduce the risk of unforeseen unemployment, risk of accidents, damage or downtime for unplanned repairs. This engineering work has the purpose to avoid the risk of a major flood and ensure the safety of the residents in their daily life and heritage.

Keywords: Magnetic Testing (MT), Penetrant Testing (PT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), Visual, Penetrant Testing, Magnetic Testing, Ultrsonic Testing





Residual Strength Assessment of Concrete exposed to High Temperatures using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Alexandre LORENZI*, Larissa KIRCHHOF, Luiz Carlos PINTO DA SILVA FILHO, *LEME, PPGEC-UFRGS, 90040-191 Porto Alegre, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 555133083333, fax: 555133083333

Abstract:Concrete is the material most used in the world and constitutes a basic part of engineering projects and it is necessary to have tools to control and analyze the state of deterioration and security. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) techniques are normally used in concrete to detect problems in advance. Although concrete is recognized as a fire-resistance material, its exposure to high temperatures causes severe changes in its properties. One of the techniques normally used to control and analyze the state of deterioration of concrete is UPV. This paper analyses the effects of high temperatures on the concrete residual strength using UPV. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the relationship between UPV residual data and compressive strength of concrete with different mixture proportions. Cylindrical specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.25, 0.30 and 0.50 were heated in an electric furnace at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 600°C. After heating, the specimens were cooled down to room temperature in the furnace and then taken out for testing. For each specimen, the UPV and compressive strength were measured. From the relationship between UPV and residual strength ratios, a general equation was proposed for predicting the compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures. The application of UPV has demonstrated its utility for a more trustworthy analysis, being able to prove the effectiveness of its use on fire-damaged concrete structures. The results obtained indicate that the application of UPV has demonstrated to be a trustworthy analysis, being able to prove the effectiveness of its use on fire-damaged concrete structures.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), High temperatures, Ultrasonic Testing, Concrete, Fire-damaged




2011-10-03 15:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Optic & Acoustic

In-situ monitoring of pitting corrosion of copper alloys by holographic interferometry

Khaled Jawad HABIB*, *Materials Science Lab.,Department of Advanced Systems, KISR, 13109 Safat, KUWAITe-mail: [email protected], phone: 96597956296, fax: 96525430239

Abstract:Early stages of pitting corrosion of pure copper and an aluminium–brass alloy in tap water were monitored in situ by the optical corrosion-meter during the cyclic polarization test. The observations of pitting corrosion were basically interferometric pertubations detected only on the surface of the pure copper in tap water. The interefrometric pertubations are interpreted as a localized corrosion in the form of early pittings, of a depth ranging between 0.3 micrometer to several micrometers. Results of the present work indicate that holographic interferometry is a useful technique as a 3D-interferometric microscope for monitoring pitting at the initiation stage of the phenomenon for different metallic samples in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Other Methods, general corrosion; pitting corrosion; copper; aluminium–brass alloy; holographicinterferometry; cyclic polarization test; tap water.





Methodology for the analysis of stresses in conrods using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Bruno Filipe VAZ*, *Mechanical Project, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, 13081-060 Campinas, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 00 55 19 8250 3058

Abstract:The understanding of how mechanical stresses influence in the behavior of automotive components is of great interest to the automotive industry. The design of products must be made considering these efforts, always aiming to ensure smooth operation and no failures. To learn more about these efforts, a finite element simulation can be done. However, the results obtained from these simulations must be confirmed by carrying out physical experiments. Many methods are available to obtain the stress/strain fields of the object been tested, among which the best known and widespread is the use of strain-gauges. This technique requires a relatively long time of preparation as well as several measurements to obtain the full stress/strain field. The laser interferometry technique, on the other hand, reduces considerably the testing time to obtain the full stress/strain field, and no intervention on the object is required. This work aims to present a methodology for measuring stress/strain fields in connecting rods, using an Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry device. Due to the size of the rods and magnitude of the efforts to which it is subjected during its use, and that must be reproduced in the tests, the results are subject to large levels of noise. A parallel contribution of this work is to apply concepts of robust design, based mainly on the concepts of Design of Experiments – DOE, to eliminate or reduce the influence of the noise over the results.

Keywords: Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), Other Methods, full field, stress, DOE, conrod, ESPI





Optical detection of laser-generated ultrasound by means of adaptive photodetectors

Ponciano RODRIGUEZ-MONTERO*, *Optica, INAOE, 72000 Puebla, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: (222) 266 31 00, fax: (222) 247 29 40

Abstract:Detection of ultrasound by optical techniques has been widely used for the non destructive testing of solid samples. These remote, non contact techniques allow the testing of samples with irregular shapes immersed in aggressive environments. Optical techniques based on conventional interferometry present profound drawbacks when the sample under test is placed in a noisy environment and/or when it has rough surfaces. In this paper we describe the application of the adaptive photodetectors based on the non-steady state photo-electromotive force effect for the detection of ultrasound waves. These photodetectors generate an electrical current proportional to the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave. Due to physical process involved in the formation of the electrical current, the effects of the environmental perturbations or the low frequency vibrations of the sample, as well as the irregularities of the beam reflected from the sample surface are eliminated or compensated. By using an adaptive photodetector fabricated from a Gallium Arsenide crystal, we experimentally demonstrated the detection of laser-generated ultrasonic displacements in metallic plates which were moving with speeds up to 16 m/s.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), adaptive interferometry, optical techniques, laser-generated ultrasound




2011-10-04 08:30 Room: Gran Cancun 2Session: Guided Waves

The Guided Wave Testing method for screening of pipelines

Michael JS LOWE*, *Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdome-mail: [email protected], phone: +442075947071

Abstract:Guided Wave Testing (GWT) is now well established in industrial use for the rapid detection of corrosion in pipelines. Its main application is as a screening tool: it is used to detect the presence of significant reflectors which are then examined locally in detail using conventional methods of NDE. It exploits waves which are guided along the pipeline, thus providing a rapid test, yet achieving 100% coverage of the volume of the pipe wall. The foundational research for the GWT method was led by the NDE group at Imperial College, London, from about 20 years ago. It was commercialised in the late 1990s. The presentation will summarise the history of the development of GWT, the research which was necessary to enable it, the way it works, its current use, and anticipated directions for the future.

Keywords: Guided waves




2011-10-04 09:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Welding

Time of Flight Measurements in Real-Time Ultrasound Signatures of Aluminum Spot Welds: An Image Processing Approach

Waldo J. PEREZ REGALADO*, Andriy M. CHERTOV, Roman Gr. MAEV, *University of Windsor Electrical Engineering, The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, n9b3p4 windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 51925330000

Abstract:Ultrasonic testing is one of the most popular non-destructive methods to determine the quality in spot welds. The next step of this technology is to be able to determine the quality while the weld is being made, this advance can have a great impact on the quality assurance of joints in materials like aluminum, where the spot welding process is a difficult task. In our approach, a state-of-the-art ultrasound transducer assembly is installed in one of the welding electrodes. Working in pulse-echo mode, the system collects A-scans of the waves passing through the welded plates in the direction perpendicular to the plate’s surface. A-scans are gated to allow stack-up front and back wall reflections to be recorded. Such setup has allowed the acquisition of real-time ultrasonic signatures composed of multiple A-scans for each spot weld. Eventually the signature should be processed to extract information about the weld quality. During the welding process temperature gradually increases within the aluminum plates; as sound speed in metals is inversely proportional to the temperature, the time of flight will increase during welding. The change in time of flight of the ultrasonic wave during the whole welding process is a good indicator of the heating rate in the weld and can be a good judge of weld quality. Unfortunately, electrode deterioration, industrial noises and changes in the frequency content of the signal caused by changes in the viscosity of the material make signal detection a challenging task. To overcome this difficulty the system treats B-scan as an image instead of a set of separate A-scans. With such approach, the weak signal detection (in most of the cases, weak back wall reflection) is performed by applying different image processing techniques which take advantage of statistical properties of neighboring A-scans (signal similarity). This paper presents an effective and robust means of monitoring the change on time of flight on several signals acquired during the welding process. This is achieved by an image processing technique which exploits the B-Scan representation of the ultrasonic signature of the weld. The proposed method is able to detect the back wall reflection during the complete welding process with sub-pixel resolution and is able to interpolate areas where the signal is not present.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Image Processing, Signal Processing, Spot Welding





Advanced Ultrasonic Imaging for Automotive Spot Weld Quality Testing

Alexey A. DENISOV*, Roman Gr. MAEV, Johann ERLEWEIN, Holger ROEMMER, *Tessonics Inc, N9C3R5 Windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: tel: +1 (519) 250-4455 ext. 29

Abstract:In this paper we demonstrate how advanced ultrasonic imaging methods can improve non-destructive quality evaluation of automotive spot welds. It is well known that standard ultrasonic inspection may not produce accurate results for certain types of stick and undersized welds. The increased usage of high strength steel in automotive industry limits the scope of other inspection methods. For example, pry chisel testing of high strength steel is often times not allowed according to the existing standards. Therefore improvements in spot weld quality evaluation are extremely beneficial for the industrial application of ultrasound. We present a new imaging algorithm that significantly improves the accuracy of ultrasonic spot weld visualization. This method has been implemented on a portable Tessonics Resistance Spot Weld Analyzer platform using a matrix ultrasonic transducer. We also present the results of testing the new algorithm on welded coupons and production parts.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Ultrasonic imaging, spot weld, automotive, quality control





Integration of the Ultrasonic Real-Time Spot Weld Monitoring System

Waldo J. PEREZ REGALADO*, Andriy M. CHERTOV, Roman Gr. MAEV, Valdir FURLANETTO, *University of Windsor Electrical Engineering, The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, n9b3p4 windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 51925330000

Abstract:The real-time ultrasonic spot weld monitoring system (by Tessonics Inc., Canada) is designed for unsupervised quality characterization. It comprises the ultrasonic transducer (probe) built into one of the welding electrodes and an electronics hardware unit which gathers information from the transducer, performs real-time weld quality characterization and communicates with the robot PLC. The integration of this technology into body in white production line requires development efforts to provide the proper maintenance of the system in the long run and to ensure the most efficient use of the obtained information. An extensive R&D work has been conducted with several customers on system integration. Such questions as what are the best ways to present the information about the weld quality, how does the robot behave in case bad weld is detected, how to better use statistics on the given information have been studied. New technology transition from the lab to the production environment is a big challenge. Robustness of every element, durability and longevity are the key issues and they need to be solved in order to run the technology in unsupervised mode. Some ways of remote monitoring of the system also need to be in place when dozens of units are installed around the plant. Finally, the information needs to be collected in one place to ensure the most efficient use of the technology. This article presents major steps taken to industrialize the prototype and make it a fully functional unit which fits production environment.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), real-time, integration, spot weld, Welding





Development and validation of an automated NDE approach for testing welded joints in plastic pipes european project testpep.

Rodolfo RODRIGUEZ*, *Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, 28028 Madrid, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: + 34 913612585, fax: + 34 913614761

Abstract:Plastic pipes offer significant advantages over other materials such steel, copper and concrete, for the transportation of fluids such as natural gas, water, and corrosive liquids. Most new European gas and water supply distribution pipelines are now made of plastic or are planned to be upgraded to plastic over the next few years. Many of the leaks in these plastic pipelines arise from improperly fused welded joints. The best method of alleviating the risk of leaks and maintaining the quality of welded joints in plastics pipes is to inspect them prior to service. However, there is no accepted NDE method for the examination of plastic pipes. This has restricted the use of welded plastics pipe systems for more demanding service applications such as in the nuclear industry, because of a lack of confidence in the long-term reliability of these systems. The main objective of the TestPEP project, which is part of the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, is to design and make a single instrument that can be used to inspect both butt fusion and electrofusion joints in polyethylene pipes of diameters up to 1,000 mm. The instrument will be required to have sufficient memory to store an inspection and download the data to a computer. The prototype NDE equipment, designed and built as part of this project will be assessed under both laboratory and field conditions.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), pipeline, plastic, Phased Array, weld, Ultrasonic





Ultrasonic Imaging Inspection of Projection Welds

Roman Gr. MAEV, Fedar SEVIARYN*, *The Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, N9A 5R5 Windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 519 253 3000 ext2679, fax: 519 971 3611

Abstract:A high frequency ultrasound imaging technique was applied for quality control of several kinds of projection welds originating from automotive production. The projection welds were formed between V-shaped surfaces of solid components and zinc-coated steel sheets. Acoustic images were obtained both in high resolution and in express regime. Detailed three-dimensional data cubes were acquired using a Tessonics AM 1103 pulse-echo scanning acoustic microscope with a 50 Mhz spherically focused lens. The rapid 2D array technique's potential was demonstrated with a Tessonics RSWA (Resistance Spot Weld Analyzer). The data obtained were processed to determine the joint's basic parameters and to estimate its overall quality. The signal processing procedures were optimized for spatial resolution in conditions of multiple re-reflections. Images of C- and B-scans represent the welds nugget's geometry. The nugget's dimensions and crossection area were measured. Several defects (lack of fusion) were detected and classified. The results presented will be used for development of specialized instrumentation for in-line inspection of automotive body parts in an industrial environment.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Ultrasonic Imaging, Acoustic microscopy, spotweld





Determining Resistance Spot Weld Cross-Sections by Real-Time Ultrasonic Inspection of Steel Plates

Anthony C. KARLOFF, Andriy M. CHERTOV*, Roman Gr. MAEV, *Institute for Diagnostic Imaging Research, N9A 5R5 Windsor, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 519-991-6546

Abstract:In resistance spot welding, metallographic cross sections can provide a wealth of knowledge regarding the quality of a spot weld and the welding process. However, this destructive method is time and labour intensive and ill-suited for quality monitoring of an assembly process. Ultrasonic inspection of a spot weld can also provided substantive information regarding the final nugget diameter and measure plate indentation, however, cannot directly measure the nugget penetration depth into the plates. This paper presents a method for determining the geometric cross-section of a spot weld by using ultrasonic pulse-echo time of flight measurements during the welding process, where the liquid nugget is present. Reflected acoustic waves from the solid plate to liquid nugget interface can be measured to accurately determine the depth of nugget penetration into the plates. In addition, it can be shown that at the moment of complete liquid nugget solidification, the final plate thickness can be accurately measured to determine indentation. Thus far, this method has been performed on stacks of two high-strength steel plates consisting of a combination on thin-thin, thin-thick and thick-thick plates ranging from 0.7 mm to 2.0 mm. Ultrasonic measurements performed with a state-of-the-art ultrasound transducer capable of imaging inline with the spot welding process. The results presented in this paper are a comparison between the ultrasonic cross-section dimensions and metallographic cross-sections to demonstrate the accuracy of this method. This paper also shows how, for a constant welding process, the final weld diameter can be accurately estimated from the nugget penetration depth and indentation, simplifying the number of measurements required for ultrasonically determining the weld cross-section.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), weld





Qualification Process and Inspection Validation of Computed Radiography Technique for DWDI Weld Inspection

Carla Alves MARINHO FERREIRA*, *CENPES, PETROBRAS, 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 55 21 38654986

Abstract:Actually, until nowadays Computed Radiography (CR) testing procedures are still based on experiments, trial and error, as a consolidated methodology to choose parameters, as in conventional radiography, is not in place yet. PETROBRAS, the Brazilian Energy Company, has worked in order to implant Computed Radiography for in-site weld inspection, running a big project in a partnership with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Carestream Health, GE Inspection Technologies, Dürr NDT, and some Brazilian Inspection Companies: ArcTest – Technical Services in Maintenance and Inspection and Qualitec – Engineering with Quality. This work presents the results delivered by the CR systems found in the market, applied to welding inspections using the double wall double image technique (DWDI). Radioactive sources and X-Ray equipment were used.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), Personnel Training and Certification, Computed Radiography, Qualification and Validation of Inspection Procedures, Weld Inspection




2011-10-04 14:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Materials Characterization

How Recent XRF Developments Impact Plant Based Alloy Material Testing

Ken SMITH*, *Olympus NDT, 02453 Waltham, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: 781-569-6543

Abstract:This article discusses advantages of non-destructive, on the spot alloy analysis. The utility of Hand-held XRF is explained in practical terms that apply directly to industrial material testing. Beyond an overview of the technology and its traditional uses, remarkable recent developments are identified and their impact is related directly to alloy PMI. Dramatically improved hardware and software bring a new level speed, a wider elemental range, and an improved accuracy to the field-testing of alloy materials. Specifically, 10x better detector performance, 5 to 50 times better sensitivity for most elements, a new ability to analyze light elements such as Mg, Al, Si, P, and S, high temperature "in-service" testing, and beam collimation for superior weld analysis are among the innovations discussed.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Hand-held XRF (HH-XRF), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Ionization, Positive Material Identification (PMI), Alloy Grade Identification





In situ Metallography as non-destructive test for analyzing the microstructural damage in the petrochemical industry.

Juan Manuel SALGADO LOPEZ*, Jose Julian MONTES, *TEcnologia de Materiales, Centro de Ingenieria y Desarrollo Industrial, 76130 Santiago de Queretaro, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: (01442)2981100

Abstract:Petrochemical plants in Mexico have been operating for more than 30 years and there is necessary to know the microstructural state or the damage state of the steel structure of their equipment; especially equipment that work at high temperature or that was exposed to fire. The need of checking the microstructural state of the industrial materials arises from the fact that microstructure strongly influences the mechanical properties and corrosion properties of materials. In situ metallography is a non-destructive method to analyze the microstructure of metallic equipment in order to assess the metallurgical integrity of the equipment in petrochemical industry. Because the petrochemical equipment is mainly manufactured of carbon steel or austenitic stainless steel; in situ metallography is applied in order to check damage mechanism in ferrous alloys such as: Graphitization, degradation of pearlite, creep, thermal fatigue, high temperature oxidation, decarburization, grain coarsening (grain growth), intergranular corrosion, Carbide precipitation, and precipitation of sigma phase in stainless steels. In this paper is described the application of non-destructive metallography in petrochemical equipment to evaluate some of the damage mechanism mentioned above; and in order to be sure that in situ metallography is representative of the microstructure a creep failed tube was cut in the laboratory and then a non-destructive metallography was carried out in a damaged creep zone and away the damage, the laboratory microstructures were compared with microstructures, which were revealed using in situ metallography.

Keywords: metallurgical damage, tubes, steel, IN situ metallography





Employment of the complex impedance like not destructive Technology for the determination of the electrical conductivity in Ceramics Ferroelectrics of Bi4Ti3O12

Maria GUADALUPE*, Fernando RUBIO-MARCOS, José Francisco FERNANDEZ LOZANO, *Ensayos no Destructivos, Ciateq, 76150 Queretaro Queretaro, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 4421961500

Abstract:The not destructive technology of complex impedance uses to characterize the electrical conductivity of ceramic samples of Bi4Ti3O12. The above mentioned characterization must use carefully since controversy exists due to the difficulties in the correlation of the different contributions with the microstructural parameters. The exponential law between the conductivity and the relation of aspect [1], needs a better comprehension of the parameters that govern the mentioned law. In materials sintered of titanate of bismuth with different distributions of size of grain and phrases there have decided inaccurately the contributions of every region electroactive for the samples of two and of three contributions. For the above mentioned effect the corresponding equivalent circuits were used and there were calculated the values of resistance and capacity. They have been determining the factors microstructural that it concerns the exponential dependence of the conductivity with the relation of aspect being the predominant factor the edge of grain. It has been found that the conductivity of the material across the interior of grain is limited by the regions of blockade of load, being characterized by the presence of a resistance RNZ that presents a positive coefficient with the temperature. [1]M. Villegas, A. C. Caballero, C. Moure, P. Durán, J.F. Fernández, “Factors Affecting the Electrical Conductivity of Donor-Doped Bi4Ti3O12 Piezoelectric Ceramics”, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82[9] 2411-2416 (1999).

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), electrical conductivity





Electromagnetic Testing of Various Heat Treated Steel Bars

Božidar BRUDAR*, *Physics, Faculty for industrial engineering, 8000 Novo mesto, Sloveniae-mail: [email protected], phone: +386 41 528 075, fax: +386 4 5805 611

Abstract:It is known that heat treatment causes changes in electromagnetic and in mechanical properties of the material. It is assumed that a sudden drop in micro-hardness in a partly annealed ferromagnetic bar is also reflected as a sudden change in relative permeability. This can be detected by the electromagnetic methods. The basic idea is simple: the bar should be put into a coil and the impedance as a function of frequency should be measured. From the frequency dependence of impedance it could be tested how the relative permeability is changing across the cross-section. The experimental bars were prepared at the Faculty for Mechanical Engineering of University of Ljubljana. The ferromagnetic bars were annealed in a high frequency inductor. However the measured values of micro-hardness in the cross-section were rather widely spread and did not show any well defined abrupt radial change. Since the heat was generated by eddy currents, the relative permeability in the heated bar was changing too,when the temperature grew above Curie temperature. The heat generation process in the bar is also discussed. Some new ideas are given how to get information about magnetic flux from different parts of the cross-section of the bar.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), relative permeability, induction heating, eddy currents, impedance, magnetic fluxrature





See Invisible – latest development for operational safety

Isaac EINAV*, *STAR.IK Ltd Canada, L4C 3Z6 Richmond Hill, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: +1-905=237-6237

Abstract:Advanced technology requires today better quality, reliable and more accurate information on the current status of an item and, as much as possible, prognosis and life expectation. High speed, high stress, high pressure performance of the product (item) has increased demand for more accurate NDT techniques. New approaches are required for industrial safety and environmental protection, and early diagnostics Stresses are not visible to most conventional NDT methods. The Indicator of Mechanical Stresses provides new approach for industrial safety and predicted condition monitoring, early detection of condition which cannot be detected by the conventional NDT methods. Not the search for defects but the presence (or absence) of condition of deterioration and to estimate the structural failure Key words: Quality Management System (QMS), Indicator Mechanical Stresses (IMS), Mechanical Stress, Stress Concentration, Stress Detection and Classification.

Keywords: Other Methods,




2011-10-04 09:30 Room: Xcaret 1Session: Guided Waves

Guided Wave Testing of Pipes: The Influence of the Shape Of Corrosion Defects on the Reflected Signals

Rosalba CARANDENTE, Peter CAWLEY, Michael JS LOWE*, *Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdome-mail: [email protected], phone: +442075947071

Abstract:Guided Wave Testing (GWT) of pipelines for the detection of corrosion has been developed over about 20 years and is now a well established technology in industry. The approach is as a screening tool: GWT is used to detect the presence of significant reflectors which are then examined locally in detail using conventional methods of NDT. The foundational research for the GWT of pipelines was led by the NDE group at Imperial College, London, who continue to research in this topic. The reflection of guided waves from corrosion defects is complex, depending on a range of parameters of depth and shape. For this reason the initial research addressed simple regular shapes of defects, sufficient just to provide the necessary knowledge about sensitivity for screening. However, now that screening has been established, there is great interest in extending the capabilities to include the characterisation of defects, most importantly the maximum depth. For example this could enable decisions to be made on the severity of defects in buried parts of pipes without the need to excavate for follow-up examination. This presentation will summarise recent research towards this goal of characterising complex shaped corrosion defects from remote guided wave measurements. A study of the reflection of the fundamental torsional mode T(0, 1) from three dimensional (3D) defects in pipes with different shapes has been carried out. This has included flat-bottomed defects with different surface profiles and varying depth profile 3D defects. The influence of the depth profile in the axial and circumferential directions on the reflection coefficient has also been studied, as well as the effect of the shape in the plan view. The presentation will show these results and discuss the potential to develop a practical approach to determine the maximum depth of a complex shaped defect from the reflection coefficient behaviour.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT),





Análise do espectro de frequência do modo S0 das ondas de Lamb em chapas de alumínio com furos circulares de diferentes diâmetros.

Matheus Souza Sales ARAúJO, Irineu de Jesus MENEZES, Claudia Teresa Teles FARIAS*, Ygor Tadeu Bispo dos SANTOS, Eduardo Telmo Fonseca SANTOS, Moises Araujo OLIVEIRA, *GPEND, Instituto Federal da Bahia, 40301-015 Salvador, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 0055-7120129423

Abstract:Entre as várias técnicas disponíveis, as ondas ultrassônicas guiadas, em especial as ondas de Lamb, oferecem um método que pode ser conveniente na avaliação de equipamentos industriais, pois podem ser propagadas a longas distancias através de toda a espessura de chapas. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o uso das ondas ultrassônicas de Lamb na inspeção de corpos de prova de alumínio apresentando defeitos tipo furo circulares de diferentes diâmetros e mesma profundidade. Foram traçadas as curvas de dispersão dos corpos de prova por simulação, para determinar frequência e ângulo de incidência do feixe sônico, necessários à geração dos modos de propagação fundamentais das ondas de Lamb. Experimentalmente, a partir do processamento digital dos sinais ultrassônicos obtidos, foram gerados os espectros de fase e frequência. Os resultados mostraram que há uma correlação entre a amplitude dos componentes de frequência do sinal e a presença dos furos de diferentes diâmetros.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Ensaios Ultrassônicos por Imersão, Ondas Guiadas de Lamb, Ensaios não destrutivos, Detecção de defeitos, Análise Espectral





Generation of focused ultrasonic guided waves for nondestructive testing of structures.

Roberto León OTERO PUJOL*, Eduardo MORENO, Benjamín MEZA, *Centro de Tecnología de Materiales, Fundación Instituto de Ingeniería, 1040A Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 58 414 2629186, fax: 58 212 9034785

Abstract:The ultrasonic long range inspection and monitoring of industrial structures (pipes, plates, etc) are recognized techniques for structural integrity. Pipelines and tubing systems are widely used for the transportation of gas, water, chemicals and many other products. An experimental phased array system was developed to study the integrity of pipes and plates which allow exciting, receiving and post-processing of ultrasonic pulses using a Labview application. Different transducers arrays were designed to generate cylindrically guided waves in a carbon steel pipe of six inches of external diameter (standard 40). Different linear arrays were also designed to generate Lamb waves in steel plates. The experimental results are presented using B-scans images. The influence of different parameters in the focusing process is discussed.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), ultrasonic transducers, lamb waves, guided waves phased array





Application of Design of Experiments to Evaluation the Propagation Speed of Lcr Waves

Cleudiane Soares SANTOS*, Aliandro Henrique Costa SANTOS, Paulo Pereira JúNIOR, Auteliano Antunes dos Santos JúNIOR, *Department of Mechanical Design, UNICAMP - UNiversidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: (19)8218-4489

Abstract:Design of Experiments can be applied in engineering experiment to evaluate the repeatability of the process and the effect of changing parameters with significant influence on it. The process approach can be summarized by the following steps: (1) the identification of factors, (2) planning and conducting the experiments, (3) the prediction of optimum new levels of parameters and, finally, (4) validation of the results. This paper proposes the use of the techniques of experimental design in order to identify the factors which influence the propagation speed of waves Lcr in structural aluminium alloy 7050, used in aeronautical applications. An application in LabVIEWTM was developed for acquisition data and it was used the software MinitabTM to analyze the results. As factors influencing the speed were studied the temperature of the bar, the stress applied in the bar and the force applied to the probe. The results showed that the design of experiments is an effective tool to support improvements in the process.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Lcr Waves., Ultrasound, Design of Experiments (DOE)





Ultrasonic Tomography Using Lamb Wave Propagation Parameters

Antonio BALVANTIN, Arturo BALTAZAR*, *Programa de Robotica y Manufactura Avanzada, CINVESTAV, 25900 Ramos Arizpe, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: +52-844-438-9600

Abstract:Tomography refers to the cross-sectional imagining of an object from either transmission or reflection data collected by illuminating the object from many different directions. In this work, an ultrasonic tomography system based on Lamb waves which was developed in our lab is presented. We discuss the inverse problem of tomography imaging from data collected from wave propagation of ultrasonic guided waves on thin-thickness structure interacting with a discontinuity. Here the main focus is on improving the time-frequency representation of ultrasonic Lamb waves. Results of experiments for defect reconstruction on a thin plate and hollow cylinder are presented.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), ultrasonic tomography, time-frequency representation, lamb waves





Inspection of pipes using Guided Waves: state of the art

Alessandro DEMMA*, David ALLEYNE, *Guided Ultrasonics Limited, tw89ly Brentford (London), United Kingdome-mail: [email protected], phone: +44 (0) 2082329104

Abstract:The Guided Wave Testing Method is utilized in several industrial applications as NDT Method for rapid screening of pipes. GWT is now widely recognized and is the preferred NDT method when other approaches are not very effective. The technical opportunities offered by the Guided Wave method are analysed in this article together with some considerations on the cost/benefit ratio. The limitations of the GWT method in terms of its application environment are highlighted. The results obtained in the last 10 years of research and development in this field are summarized and the potential for further technology improvement is discussed.

Keywords:





Guided Wave Testing of an Immersed Gas Pipeline

Victor Manuel NUñEZ LEDESMA*, *Servicios Marinos Y Terrestres S.A. DE C.V., 24117 CD. Del Carmen, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 9383818296, fax: 9383831466

Abstract:The Long-range and low frequency Ultrasonic Guided Wave System allows inspecting long lengths of pipelines in difficult access areas, quickly detecting areas of internal and external corrosion and other defects. This work presents a case study of the guided wave testing of a gas transmission pipeline of an approximate length of 1km, which is not piggable. Part of this is aboveground, part under water and part buried in soil. Therefore, much of the line is inaccessible to conventional inspections tests. Guided waves were used to screen the full length of the line and all indications were followed and verified in selected locations by some inspection techniques. (visual, dye penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiography testing), The findings allowed to do a structural integrity analysis by means of making decisions for repair. Although the cost of doing this testing was very high, it is clear that the decision to do it was well justified because it ensured 100% inspection coverage of the line, including the difficult immersed region, in which the worst damage was found. Damage, which hardly would have been detected with conventional inspection methods (sample wall thickness measurements at selected locations)

Keywords:




2011-10-04 09:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Power Generation

Inspection of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Reactor Pressure Vessels in Spain

Juan José REGIDOR*, José Ramón GADEA, José Alberto PELáEZ, Pedro SERRANO CADAHíA, *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., 28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: +34916598744, fax: +34916598677

Abstract:MRP-139 recommendations for inspection of dissimilar metal (DM) welds in PWR vessels were launched in the last years in the USA. The frequency increase of the examinations in these welds, mainly in the hot loops, adding one intermediate inspection at the ten years interval in outlet nozzles. These recommendations are not mandatory in Spain yet, but it is expected they will be in the next future via Code Case N-770; therefore Spanish nuclear power plants (NPP’s) have begun the implementation of this type of inspections on the vessel nozzles DM welds. These inspections have a big impact in the critical path duration of the outage. It is necessary the use of a mechanical equipment able to examine the nozzles DM welds in a short vessel occupation time (VOT) with high quality, qualified techniques and minimum requirements of the refuelling platform. Based on a former design developed by Tecnatom in 2001, and already used in two Spanish plants, Tecnatom redesigned and developed a new more advanced equipment, named TENIS-DM, for implementing the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) nozzles examination. The former equipment was specifically designed for outlet nozzles with the lower internals installed into the vessel, but the new one is able to perform the examination either with or without the lower internals in place, as in inlet as in outlet nozzles without changing the configuration of the equipment updating also the examination techniques. It was used for the inspection of the DM welds of Ascó 1 NPP inlet and outlet nozzles in March 2011. Examination techniques and procedures were qualified through the GRUVAL validation program, based on ENIQ methodology. Mechanical scanner was equipped with a large number of examination probes, and TV cameras -for visual inspection and also for monitoring the ultrasonic inspections. A remote operated submarine was also used to give support to the operational personnel during the manipulation of the equipment and its movements from one nozzle to the others. The defined technical and practical objectives were achieved: use of qualified techniques and minimal impact on the critical path time of the outage. In this paper a description of the inspection system to fulfil the MRP 139 recommendations and the experiences achieved are presented.

Keywords:





Impact of Non-Destructive Testing Root Cause Analysis of a Wind Turbine Failure

Francisco VITAL*, *Equipos Electromecánicos, Comisión Federal de Electricidad - LAPEM, 36541 Irapuato, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 4626239424

Abstract:During major maintenance of a wind generator collapse suffered its structure, while wind speeds were recorded over the design, which tests and studies were conducted to find the root cause of failure presented. In the present study discusses the construction and design characteristics comparing with the demands that the material sustained during its operational life and were characterized metallurgical structure and MEF analysis. Also shown are non-destructive testing carried out in the wind like the wind farm, all with the aim of finding the problem that confronted the said generator and eventually develop the progressive deterioration that triggered its failure.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Other Methods





Applying Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry for the Detection of Pinholes in Heat Exchanger Tubes

Daniel BOBROW*, Jorge CLEMENTE, Jayder CARILLO, *Sales, AcousticEye, 67771 Tel Aviv, Israele-mail: [email protected], phone: +972-50-6618718, fax: +972-36870755

Abstract:Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry (APR) is a tube inspection method that has been gradually gaining acceptance as a tool for heat exchanger tube inspection due to its numerous advantages compared to other techniques used for this purpose, notably: (1) the high rate of inspection attainable (at the speed of sound); (2) the independence from physical sensors and transducers, allowing its application to a wide range of tube configurations and (3) its insensitivity to the tube material, since the acoustic signals are transmitted and reflected through the air, rather than by the tube wall. In this paper we present the application of APR for the fast detection of pinhole sized perforations in tubes of sea-water cooled heat exchangers in the Cantarell Nitrogen plant, located in the state of Campeche, Mexico. The main result of this work is that a NDT scheme combining a first screening stage by APR, comprising 100% of the tubes, with a final stage based on pneumatically testing only those tubes showing APR indications, is highly effective in the detection of pinholes while drastically reducing the total inspection cycle time – in this case (3180 tubes) from more than 200 to less than 30 hrs.

Keywords: Leak Testing (LT), Other Methods, Inspection, Reflectometry, Acoustics, Heat-Exchangers, Tubes





Systems for inspection and repair of WWER type steam generators

Adrian KOVALYK*, Pavol JABLONICKY, Peter PILAT, *Division for diagnostics of nuclear power components, VUJE, a.s., 91864 Trnava, Slovak Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +421 33 599 1585, fax: +421 33 599 1502

Abstract:One of the VUJE, a.s. numerous activities are research and development of equipment for nondestructive testing and repair of WWER-1000 and WWE-440 steam generators. Complete set of special equipment is able to provide full range of maintenance operations scheduled for In-Service Inspection (ISI). Equipment based on the state-of-art technologies allows conduction of nondestructive eddy current testing of collector’s flange threaded holes, collector’s flange studs, heat-exchanging tubes applying a double probe inspection, collector’s tube-sheets as well as collector’s internal surface inside the steam generator. A special module was designed to perform inspection of heat-exchanging tube implementing the X-probe method (combination of bobbin and array technologies). Ultrasonic inspection systems are developed for inspection of collector’s flange studs and collector welds together with flange weld. Visual inspection applying high-tech cameras represents integral part of most of our inspection systems. As an option we offers implementation of special inspection methods e.g. bubble leak detection method of collector’s integrity or inspection of the collector’s flange studs by magnetic powder method. Our variety of manipulators is completed by drying system for collector and heat-exchanging tubes as well as system for plugging of leaking heat-exchanging tubes by welding. All of proposed systems are fully automatized or remote controlled. In recent time they are successfully exploited on nuclear power plants in Czech Republic, Slovak republic, Ukraine and Russian Federation.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Ultrasonic inspection, WWER, Steam generator, Manipulator, Eddy current inspection





Frequency Shifting Signal Detection and Analysis of Boiler Tube Leaks

Gyejo JUNG*, *Engineering Center, Korea Electric Power Research Institute, 305380 Taejeon, Koreae-mail: [email protected], phone: +82 42 865 7521, fax: +82 42 865 7539

Abstract:Acoustic boiler leak detection systems have been applied in power generation for more than 20 years. The purpose of experiment was to verify leak frequency is discernible to the background noise. Only giving alarms of background noise above limits is not enough to decide small leaks due to the background and other noise absorb leak turbulence sound. In order to show the performance of small leaks detection, tiny pin hole and slit type defects were applied as boiler tube leakage features. The leakage spectrum analysis was done when defects type, size, pressure changes. The results of experiment showed that there was a frequency shifting when leaks happened. The study also revealed a number of ways in which the acoustic amplitude RMS analysis around leak frequency band and monitoring of frequency shifting can be used to improve leak detection ability.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission (AE), Acoustic emission, Frequency shifting, Boiler tube leak detection





Inspection of the Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) used in the Combined-Cycle Plants of Power Generation Industry

Jose Tomas CISNEROS*, *Soyuz Engineering & Inspection, 55070 Ecatepec, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: +52(55)46188277

Abstract:Steam generators are a very complex class of pressure vessels. The complexity of the HRSG'S is that they have different segments which use different values for pressure and temperature. Its diagnostics covers the knowledge of the operation conditions and the effect of its changes, the understanding of technical design and construction, the use of special materials with its welding procedures and also the inspection using the valuable NDT techniques, during the construction, the operation and the diagnostic works This work deals with the inspection experiences of HRSG'S. Inside the paper are explained the planning techniques, based on the technical codes, for the inspection process of each part as well as the experiences that have been obtained using different techniques of non-destructive testing, passing through the use of diagnostic tools to make evaluations of the mechanical integrity of HRSG'S

Keywords: NDT-wide, Leak Testing (LT), Magnetic Testing (MT), Penetrant Testing (PT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), Personnel Training and Certification, Welding, HRSG, Pressure Vessel, NDT Inspection





Development of a Turbine Defectology Database

Juan José REGIDOR*, Francisco GODINEZ, Manuel LOMBA, *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., 28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: +34916598744, fax: +34916598677

Abstract:Based on the experience of Tecnatom in NDT inspections, both in thermal and nuclear power stations, Tecnatom decided to initiate the development of a database of defectology associated with different components. It started with a database of defects in turbine, because this machine is one of the parts of power stations hardest hit during the cycles of operation due to mechanical and thermal stresses to which it is subject, and therefore, where it accumulates a large variety and number of defects that appear after normal operation cycles. It has been observed that certain types of defect are repeated revision after revision on the same machine and, in some cases, the same type of defect occurs in twin turbines or not being twin turbines, in the same manufacturer turbines, and even certain types of defects are common and occur in any type of turbine regardless of the manufacturer and inspected plant. This database and its functionality in the preparation of revisions, monitoring recommendations and training of NDT technicians will be presented through this paper, stressing the great effort of collecting the historical information available in Tecnatom.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Magnetic Testing (MT), Penetrant Testing (PT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT),




2011-10-04 14:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Cultural Heritage

The conservation of outdoor bronze monuments: the Restoration Project for the Monumento ai Mille by Eugenio Baroni (1915)

Ines Maria MARCELLI*, Marica MERCALLI, *Istituto Superiore Conservazione e Restauro, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, 00149 Rome, Italye-mail: [email protected], phone: +39 06 67236342, fax: +39 06 67236409

Abstract:The Monumento ai Mille, located near Quarto’s rock (Genoa) in memory of Garibaldi’s expedition, realized by Eugenio Baroni and inaugurated in 1915 , is a monument representative of the complex problems connected with the exposure and conservation of outdoor bronze monuments, especially in marine environment. After a complex diagnostic study, managed by ICR chemical laboratory in cooperation with CNR-ISMAR of Genoa, a didactic workshop has been organized in Genoa in September-October 2007. This experience has represented an important moment to give to ICR students of Hight School of Restoration a training chance to study, to point out and to carry out a conservative intervention; during the work a complete restoration plan of the Monument has been elaborated. The goal of this activity has been to define the restoration project and the maintenance activity guidelines, in accordance with the historic data, technical survey, and non-destructive investigatios. In particular the measurement of wet corrosion rate and EDXRF analyses for the studio of the patinas allowed us to choose the best double layer coating (acrylic resin + blend of microcrystalline waxes). This sandwitch has been used and tested in a representative area of the monument: the Garibaldi’s figure.

Keywords:





Non-Destructive Testing Methods and Archeometry for the Study in Cultural Heritage

Alba Ester OBRUTSKY*, Cesar Daniel ACOSTA, Jose Domingo SCOPELLITI, *Ensayos No Destructivos y Estructurales, Comision Nacional De Energia Atomica, 1650 San Martin, Argentinae-mail: [email protected], phone: 541147672031, fax: 541167727355

Abstract:If an object is considered a part of the cultural heritage and a study is required to verify certain properties beyond the range of normal sight, the application of NDT methods is a tool of utmost importance to evaluate, determine conservation conditions, verify possible restorations and elaborate a general diagnosis of the object.NDT methods are based on physical principles and from their specific application the necessary information is obtained to establish a diagnosis of the test object integrity or quality. This paper refers to the work made by the CNEA’s NDT departments about the evaluation of cultural heritage and CNEA has a long history in the study of these kinds of problems, some traditional specific methods, such as industrial radiography, are used in the study of, paintings, sculptures and architectural pieces. Results obtained are part of the clinical histories that will be used as documents in the future. The set of all the experimental techniques used to find the knowledge locked in the ancient cultural goods has given origin to a discipline known as Archaeometry. It is an interdisciplinary research area involved in the development and use of scientific methods in order to answer questions concerned with the history of civilization. In this way the knowledge of archaeological objects through advanced chemical and physical analyses permits a better preservation and conservation of the cultural heritage and also reveals materials and technologies used in the past. NDT methods are the results of investigations undertaken by art experts, and they offer a useful tool to historians, restorations and professionals devoted to the conservation to evaluate their properties. They help to establish the origin, period and, in some cases, to confirm or deny particularities of the piece of art.. The objective is the proposal of Normalization of the application of NDT methods to historical and cultural heritage objects. It is very important to have the best knowledge to preservation, conservation and NDT procedures. Strategies community participation and the future cooperation proposal activities is to analyze the participation of organizations and professional specialists in the field and contemplate different scientific guidelines for doing this activity, an interdisciplinary work

Keywords: NDT-wide, Cultural Heritage





Analysis of thermodynamic balance in the conservation programme on outdoor bronze monuments.

Giuseppe FABRETTI*, Ines Maria MARCELLI, Mario BOTTONI, *Istituto Superiore Conservazione e Restauro, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, 00152 Rome, Italye-mail: [email protected], phone: 39+ 06 67236379, fax: 39+ 06 67236409

Abstract:The case of Francesco Messina’s “Cavallo Morente” (1966). Correlation between information deduced from a model (aimed to define the importance that theoretical and direct solar radiation has in the global heating dynamics of a structure) and data obtained in situ carried out by thermographic investigations (properly organised in time and operating ways), gave, in various circumstances, significant results for the definition of the zones of maximum thermal stress on objects exposed to open air. The detection of these zones of preferential deterioration, in fact, is basic to accomplish the risk-check of the structure and then to properly plan and define a conservation project that includes the restoration and maintenance activities.

Keywords:





Digital Radiography in Art: advanced applications using the digitalization of films in painting and the flat panels detectors for objects of different materials. Application in Art Centers of Spain

Francisco GARCíA-OLIVEROS H.*, *Director General, DIGIRAD SL Radiografía Digital, 28230 Las Rozas, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: + (34) 629 219884, fax: +(34) (91) 636 8542

Abstract:The evolution in general of the technologies of digital radiography and the improvement of some parameters, of special importance in Art, since it are the resolution and the contrast, they invite to the development of advanced functionalities especially painting and sculpture bearing different materials in mind. The digitalization of the conventional film is the technology most used in Art due to the improvement of the quality of obtained image fitting the current digitizers laser to the zone of optical density between 4.0 and 4.7, the optimization of the effect flare produced in the edges especially in superior densities to 4.0, the possibility of LUT's managing adapted to the treatment of different objects and materials and finally the managing of the digitalization to high resolution in 64 bit that makes possible the digital treatment of very important quantities of information. The previous concepts are applied to different examples in painting of great size and objects consisted of different materials (wood, bronze, …). The improvement of the detectors of direct capture, especially those of Amorphous Silicon and CMOS, as for resolution, the 16 bit in levels of grey used and the 64 bit in the data processing, the existence of detectors of big formats and the down prices of the same ones, it makes possible the increasing use of this technology in Art. There offers a synthesis of the current state of the art, more relevant characteristics of the system and the software of managing of the same one. The system is applied in Art to different objects and typical materials.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), resolution, contrast, LUT, flare, detector of direct capture





Evaluation of Impact Hammer Efficiency for Detection of Compression Strength of Honeycombed Masonry Units

Jiri BROZOVSKY*, *FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, 602000 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147513, fax: +420541147502

Abstract:In building industry practice, we face up to demand for testing of masonry units. Such testing right on built-in units is very problematic since test sampling results in construction failure; furthermore, withdrawal of undamaged test sample is risky. This paper indicates findings related to Schmidt impact hammers usage for strength detection of honeycombed bricks and concrete masonry hollow blocks. The honeycombed bricks were tested by means of Schmidt impact hammers type N/L. Calibration correlations between impact hammer rebound values and compression strength have been elaborated with the result that correlation coefficient was higher than 0.9. At testing of concrete masonry blocks, we realized that impact hammer usage is considerably impacted by uniformity of concrete casting. Efficiency of impact hammers for detection of compression strength of honeycombed masonry units has been evidenced nevertheless; necessity to elaborate calibration correlations for particular types of masonry units stands for some disadvantage.

Keywords: masonry unit, impact hammer, compression strength, honeycombed bricks





Detection of Concrete Paving Block Strength through Non-destructive Methods

Jiri BROZOVSKY*, Jiri ZACH, *FCE, Institute of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, 602000 Brno, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected], phone: +420541147513, fax: +420541147502

Abstract:Strength is one of crucial parameters of many building materials. This paper reports finding related to detection of compression strength and tensile splitting strength of concrete paving blocks through non-destructive methods such as Schmidt impact hammer, and ultrasonic pulse method. Both methodology of testing and result evaluation are described here. Furthermore, calibration correlations between non-destructive testing and strength are presented. The calibration correlations for compression strength determination are characterized by standard deviation S fluctuating between 0.040 and 0.066 ( the calibration correlation is thought of practically usable when S „T 0.12); as to tensile splitting strength, the residual standard deviation S is lower and fluctuates between 0.78 and 0.12. Evaluation of findings implies that non-destructive testing, impact hammers as well as ultrasonic pulse method are useful for detection of both compression strength and tensile splitting strength of concrete paving blocks on the assumption that conditions as determined by testing procedure are observed.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT),





Detection by infrared thermography of the heat signature of diseases and defects in concrete structures of civil engineering

Michael NAHANT*, *CRISIA, Haute Ecole Robert Schuman (Cat. technique), 6700 ARLON, Belgiume-mail: [email protected], phone: 063230010, fax: 063220890

Abstract:In this research, infrared thermography is used in order to evaluate in a non-destructive way the state of reinforced concrete structures, and to detect the location and the extent of defects or damaged zones. The research is mainly centred on the walls of wastewater treatment plants and existing bridge decks. The defects that need to be detected are rock pockets, delaminations and concrete disaggregation, but also all defects which have similar thermal properties. The aim of the project is to allow a defect mapping of the whole structure in a very short time, in order to repair it. Various heating techniques are being developed, as well as equipments able to do the inspections quickly and reliably on building sites. This project is led by two Belgian colleges, a construction company, and two public services. Its purpose is to use infrared thermography in order to detect defects or damages, located close to the surface, in two types of civil engineering buildings: wastewater treatment plants, and pre-stressed concrete bridge decks. These defects are principally rock pockets, but also cracks, cavities and concrete delaminations. Cracks and rock pockets affect both the water-tightness and the structural strength of concrete structures, whereas delaminations create a risk of flaking and falling of concrete fragments. Infrared thermography has been chosen because it works without contact and it is swifter than the other techniques. It also allows the auscultation of a very large surface in a single time. The principle is the following : the concrete wall is heated either by the sun or by an infrared heater during a few minutes. Then some infrared images are taken with a thermographic camera. The defects (rock pockets principally, which are zones in the concrete where there is too little mortar within the gravel, or delaminations, which are cracks parallel to the surface) have a lower thermal conductivity than sound concrete. In defective areas, the heat stays near the surface whereas in sound areas it penetrates deeply into the concrete. Therefore the defective areas appear to be warmer on the infrared pictures. The steps of the research are first a finite elements pre-study, then many laboratory tests and real site tests on bridges and waste-water treatment plants.

Keywords: Infrared Testing (IRT), concrete, infrared-testing, rock-pocket, delamination, bridge





Principal Component and discriminant analysis as a supervised pattern recognition tool for analyzing heat treatment processes in steel by the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

Alexander ALVAREZ-ROSARIO*, Rufino MEDINA AGUAS, Claudia P. SERNA GIRALDO, Linilson RODRIGUES PADOVESE, *Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo., 055008970 São Paulo, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 5511 30919652

Abstract:In this paper, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) measurements were used to identify hardness levels in AISI 420 steel obtained by means of different heat treatments. Barkhausen noise is a very powerful non-destructive tool for the inspection of hardness in steels. The inspecting technique is very fast, simple, cheap to use and does not need contact with sample surface. A data base of MBN signals were obtained and used in the development of an automatic signal processing procedure to identify and classify hardness. The supervised recognition method is based on principal components and discriminant analysis. The methodology used in order to develop the pattern recognition system is detailed. The results showed that Magnetic Barkhausen Noise can be used as reliable source of information for statistical supervised classification of hardness and heat treatment in steels.

Keywords: Multivariate Analysis, Statistical Pattern Recognition, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise, Magnetic Testing





Study of Electrical Conductivity in the Alloy of Aluminium AA5052

Freddy A FRAUDITA*, *Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 212-6051487, fax: 212-6051515

Abstract:In this paper was conducted an investigation to study the changes in electrical conductivity that presents the commercial AA5052 aluminum alloy. The test samples in order to study were drawn from a slab in State of casting and prepared through the application of heat treatment of homogenization, driving time and maintaining the temperature, it can get changes in the conductivity on the initial conductivity. Later performs a follow-up of the microstructural evolution of the test samples in casting status and those treated thermally, by optical microscopy (OM) and hardness testing. AA5052 aluminium alloy was chemically characterized by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy technique and methodology for the measurement of electric conductivity consisted in the implementation of non-destructive testing such as: the method of induced currents. A calibration curve was also obtained for the equipment of eddy currents, by comparison of the changes in conductivity with temperature, for a material's conductivity and temperature coefficient known. Monitoring microstrutural by optical microscopy revealed the presence of pores for exposure times between 8 and 16 hours, which were corroborated by a drop in electrical conductivity for these exposure times. The results were corrected through the application of uncertainty calculations developed by statistical methods, specifically the standard deviation. Finally concludes, that it is possible to determine the variations of electrical conductivity in the aluminum alloy AA5052, through the use of non-destructive testing, which can be correlated with changes in the strength and other properties.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Aluminum AA5052, electrical conductivity, eddy currents.





Study of the Conductivy In Electrical API 5L X52 Steel Samples Submerged in a Hydrogenated Medium

Raiza M ORTIZ D*, *Escuela de Ingenieria Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 212- 6051487, fax: 212-6051515

Abstract:This paper explored the changes of electrical conductivity that presents the API 5L X52 steel when it is subjected to a medium hydrogenated to different exposure times. In order to study samples were obtained from research work carried out by Camero and corresponds to a pipe line steel API 5L X52 from which produced samples of traction of flat section. These samples were subjected to heat treatment of temple, annealing, normalized and exposed to damage by hydrogen with times of 0, 1, 3 and 6 hours. The samples tested to damage by hydrogen and tested to traction were evaluated by means of non-destructive testing through measurements of electrical conductivity of the material. Currents induced by reflection method is used to measure the electrical conductivity. The purpose of the application of this test is to verify the change in conductivity produced by damage thermally generated at different times of cargo delivery material, and the Treated thermally with these techniques. The results from the study determined that it is possible to assess the damage by hydrogen indicated by the presence of blisters on the API 5L X52 steel by currents induced by reflection method. Similarly we can determine that the electrical conductivity decreases more sharply in the samples that have undergone heat treatment hardening, and vary similarly for the annealed standard. On the other hand it is important to note that these results are consistent with those obtained in other studies , where they assessed the damage by using other techniques such as optical and electron microscopy.

Keywords: blistering by hidrogen, electrical conductivity, eddy currents, API 5L X52





Measurement of Elastic Properties and Coefficient of Attenuation of the Alloy of Aluminium AA6063-T6 Using Techniques of Ultrasonic

Alejandro FREITAS*, Alejandro FREITAS, *Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad Central de venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 212-6051487, fax: 212-6051515

Abstract:In This investigation was identified the elastic properties and coefficient of attenuation of AA6063-T6 aluminium alloy,using ultrasonic techniques. The samples were obtained from an alloy of aluminium AA6063 in homogenized condition, this extracted 6 test samples which undergoing heat treatment of aging at 175 ° C for periods of 2, 8 and 12. This was achieved to obtain different aging conditions which result in a variation of mechanical properties, mainly the hardness. Based on the results of hardness is confirm a hardening by precipitation of alloy AA6063. Probes of incidence of normal beam of 2.25 and 5 MHz, both of longitudinal and transvesal waves were used for the calculation of the speed. Probes of normal beam incidence of 2.25; 5; 10 and 15 MHZ were used for the calculation of the attenuation. Through attenuation coefficients calculations proved that the precipitates decrease the energy of the sound; for 10 and 15 MHz frequencies, the differences between the attenuation coefficients become mayor, being the material that most it attenuates the wave that shows aging 8 hours due to the higher density of precipitates. The results reflected that there is no significant variation in the speed of sound with heat treatment, because the elastic properties of the material do not change with the heat treatment of ageing.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT),





Non Destructive Evaluation of the Quality of the Coating (Cladding) With Stainless Steel Duplex SAF 2283lSI of Fan Blades of Turbines Made by Applying the Process of Welding GMAW - Pulsed and the GMAW Process - Pulsed With Thermal Pulsation

Dalitza PEREZ*, *Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 58-212-6051487, fax: 58-212-6051515

Abstract:The hydroelectric turbines represent one of the alternatives of greater application in the production of energy. However, one of the main problems affecting hydroelectric power companies are great material losses due to the repeated training, nucleation and collapse of bubbles containing steam, gas, or both. This phenomenon is known as cavitation - erosion. There are several accessible proposals to reduce or eliminate the damage caused by this mechanism, which provides for the use of coatings deposited by welding. One of the processes used in the recovery of pieces is the process of arc welding with consumable electrode in the form of wire (GMAW), with conventional metal transfer and gas protection. An innovation with respect to this mode is the transfer and hold whose type spraying deposition, occurs in pulses regularly spaced, instead happen randomly as it does in the bow for conventional spraying. This type of transfer is obtained when using a current pulse, which is the composition of a current of low-intensity, which exists in all times and is called the base current, and a set of pulses of high intensity called peak current. It is important to point out that there is a new variant of the GMAW process known as thermal GMAW (double pulsed GMAW, GMAW with thermal pulsation or double pulsed with thermal pulse GMAW). The term of thermal pulse comes from the fact that a tank of molten metal is subjected to an intense thermal influence caused by a variation of the power of the arch with a fairly low frequency between 0.5 and 2 Hz. The two sets selected by both transfers were deposited on Steel AISI 304 giving rise to two coatings, one deposited using GMAW P and the other using GMAW P/PT. These were subjected to destructive and non destructive evaluation in order to determine the quality of the deposits using this techniques of visual inspection, penetrating liquids and Industrial radiography. The results of the tests applied to samples showed a few deposits of good quality, thus contributing to the qualification of welding for both coating procedures.

Keywords: Penetrant Testing (PT), GMAW, GMAW PULSED, X Ray, Turbines





Characterization by Non-Destructive Testing of the Effects of High Temperatures on the Mechanical Strength of Concrete

José Balbino LEóN, Ronald TORRES, Belzyt Carolina GONZáLEZ-GUERRA*, *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1053 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: +58 212 6050270

Abstract:Changes in mechanical strength of concrete in buildings subjected to high temperatures are a significant concern for engineers, this because it is a priority to repair and adapt the structures after a fire occurs, the implementation of NDT expedites evaluation zoning of damage. In this research indices and correlations were generated based on the decrease of ultrasonic pulse velocity and the percentages of resistance experienced by the material in a range of temperatures from 100 ¢ª C to 700 ¢ª C, which allows to provide remaining on the quality of concrete affected.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Ultrasound, mechanical strength of concrete, non-destructive testing





Study of the Behaviour of the Signals Obtained from an Ultrasonic Test of Contact in the Alloy of Aluminium AA 5052 Homogenized

Cesar FLORES*, *Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 58-212-6051487, fax: 58-212-6051515

Abstract:Change and behavior of the ultrasonic signal the commercial AA 5052 aluminum alloy were studied in this work. The specimens to be assessed were extracted from a State of casting slab, in cubic forms of 5 cm, and subjected to heat treatment of homogenization at a temperature of 560 ° C, for times of 0.16 and 32 hours. This treatment is able to obtain changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy, which are sensitive to ultrasound measurement parameters; in order to characterize and evaluate the pieces through spectral analysis. To support these changes, tracked of microstructural evolution by optical microscopy (M.O). The methodology used in carrying out spectral analysis consisted in the implementation of the non-destructive test of ultrasound probes of 2.25 contact; 5; 10 and 15 MHz. Also managed to measure elastic properties of this material precisely: Young module, the volumetric module and Poisson radius from the velocities of longitudinal and transversal of different treatment conditions soundmaking use of the reflection echoes generated by the ultrasonic test. Using microstructural follow-up M.O revealed the presence of pores for 16 hours of exposure, which was verified by a decline in the power of spectral signature with respect to the conditions of 0 and 32 hours. The greater power of spectral signal obtained status of 32 hours, due to the dissolution of the present phase and the non-existence of skeletal phases or stages in the edges grain. Transducer of longitudinal wave of 15 MHz was which allowed to identify and differentiate the degree of homogenization. Finally, we conclude that it is possible to characterize, evaluate and measure mechanical properties in the aluminum alloy 5052 AA, by the spectral analysis of the ultrasonic waves that pass through the material, results that can be correlated with the studies metallographics and mechanical properties reflected in the references.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), ultrasonic, aluminum AA5052, spectral analysis, mechanical properties.





Structural Damage Detection By Non-Destructive Testing Techniques and Genetic Algorithms

Ronald TORRES, Belzyt Carolina GONZáLEZ-GUERRA*, José Balbino LEóN, *Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1053 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: +58 212 6050270

Abstract:Monitoring the physical state of a structure and detect damage at an early stage is a very important as it allows to implement measures to correct and improve the safety and reliability of the structure. This paper presents a methodology for detecting structural damage using nondestructive techniques, pricing strategies based on the modal properties of the structure and optimization techniques based on genetic algorithms. The main component of the damage detection methods use changes in the dynamic properties of the structure. The modal parameters are a function of physical properties, therefore, changes in physical properties will cause changes in modal properties. The method has been tested for various damage scenarios, the proposed genetic algorithm evaluates the location and severity of damage in a structure, providing many advantages over traditional methods.

Keywords: Other Methods, concrete structural damage, modal properties of concrete, genetic algorithms, Nondestructive testing





Visualization of mechanical strength on Nano-Scaled thin film by Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy

Ik Keun PARK*, Chiaki MIYASAKA, Tae Sung PARK, Dong Ryul KWAK, Youn Ho CHO, *Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University of Technology, 139-743 Seoul, Koreae-mail: [email protected], phone: 82-2-970-6332, fax: 82-2-977-6332

Abstract:In recent years, nano scaled thin film often used to these industries such as MEMS/NEMS device, semiconductor, display and optical coating. Mechanical strength of conventional material and nano scaled materials are different. Therefore it is important to measure the mechanical properties for nano scaled thin film. In this study We control the process to get a different adhesive condition. We evaluated the adhesive condition using the ultrasonic-AFM. Also we implemented nanoindentation tests for getting the hardness corresponding to the change of the adhesive conditions. And we compared nanoindentation results with UAFM. As a result, the amplitude is decreased as the adhesive strength is increased. The reason is assumed that the cantilever is more vibrated at the specimen have poor adhesive strength. And the hardness is decreased as the adhesive condition is poor. Also we could visualize the adhesion condition in accordance with the change of the amplitude and phase. Consequently, Amplitude and phase images formed by the UAFM could visualize the adhesive conditions within the nano-scaled thin film system.

Keywords: ultrasonic atomic force microscopy, adhesive strength, nano scaled thin film




2011-10-05 08:30 Room: Gran Cancun 2Session: Radiography

Leakage Test by Radiotrazed of a Marine LPG-Duct

Eduardo Francisco ROBLES PIEDRAS*, Gustavo MOLINA, Eduardo DE LA CRUZ SáNCHEZ, José Angel BENíTEZ SALINAS, Jesús DE LA TORRE OROZCO, *Departamento de Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 5255-53297200

Abstract:This work presents the application in the oil industry of the technique of radiotrazed for internal leak detection in a submarine pipeline serving as the receipt of gas liquefied petroleum (LP Gas) on the Mexican Pacific coast. This pipe marine system is a settlement consisting a duct inside 0.254 m of nominal diameter (N.D.) of carbon steel for cryogenic service ASTM A 333 Grade 6, certificate 30, thermally isolated with polyurethane foam and sleeved in a tube of carbon steel ASTM A 53 Grade A in 0.508 m N.D., certificate 20, which is covered with a surround ballast concrete of 0.0508 m thick, reinforced with metal mesh, and it runs 1315 m above the sea floor at a depth of 12.5 m. For the detection of leaks by radiotrazed was used as trazer the radioactive isotope La-140 produced in experimental reactor TRIGA MARK III of the National Institute for Nuclear Researchs (ININ) from nitrate stable lanthanum (La(NO3)3•6H2O), with an activity of 100 mCi, which, after having made very specific sea maneuvers and logistics tasks given the conditions of work, was injected in the inner by two subsequent steps to cover both directions of the pipeline; from land and the marine end respectively, having used water sweet as a means of transport and submersible detectors of sodium iodide (NaI) to La-140 track. At the end of follow-up to the radiotracer tours, was identified the presence of three leakage points located in the area of marine waves break to 360 m, 450 m and 495 m distance from a point of reference located in the beach section so-called devils trap.

Keywords: Leak Testing (LT), Radiographic Testing (RT),




2011-10-05 09:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Barkhaussen Effect

Influence of the frequency bandwidth on the parameters of the magnetic Barkhausen noise signal measurements in an API 5L steel

Pedro MARTíNEZ ORTIZ*, José Hiram Espina HERNáNDEZ, Francisco Caleyo CEREIJO, José Manuel HALLEN, *SEPI-Electrónica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738 México, D.F., Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: (55) 5569 0298

Abstract:The Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) is a phenomenon associated with the movement of the magnetic domain walls in the ferromagnetic materials, which is sensitive to the microstructure and stress. In this work, the development of an experimental system for measuring the MBN in steels is presented. The electronic system is composed by an amplifier and filters with a bandwidth of 1 MHz. To investigate the influence of eliminating high frequency components over the MBN signal, three signal parameters were studied: the RMS value, the energy of the signal, and the envelope. The measurements of the MBN signal have been carried out on a machined sample (75 mm x 75 mm x 2.5 mm) of steel API 5L grade X56 obtained from an out-of-service pipeline section. The measurements were performed along the hard and easy magnetic axes. Once the MBN signals of the steel were measured, they were processed to eliminate high frequency components by mean of a digital low-pass filter using several cut-off frequencies (from 800 to 100 kHz with steps of 100 kHz, and 50 and 20 kHz). This experiment helps emulating experimental systems with smaller bandwidth. The results of this investigation indicate that gradual removal on elimination of high frequency components from the MBN signal reduces the value of the signal parameters and there is also a reduction in the values (¦¤RMS, ¦¤Energy and ¦¤Envm¨¢x) that reveal the difference of the signal parameters between the magnetic axes. As the MBN signal was analyzed by mean of the RMS value and the energy of the signal up to 300 kHz the reduction in the abovementioned values did not overcome the 8.4 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The signal envelope was analyzed up to 500 kHz the reduction for this case did not overcome the 1 %. These figures were obtained by comparison with the full bandwidth case.

Keywords:





Analysis of AISI-SAE 420 tempering steel by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

Rufino MEDINA AGUAS*, Claudia P. SERNA GIRALDO, Linilso R. PADOVESE, *Ingeniería Metalúrgica Y De Materiales, Universidad De Antioquia, 00574 Medellin, Colombiae-mail: [email protected], phone: 5731970

Abstract:In recent years Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) was potentiated as a Non Destructive Testing technique for microstructural characterization of ferromagnetic materials. The aim of this work is to use the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise to assess microstructural changes in a martensitic stainless steel AISI-SAE 420 subjected to hardening heat treatment at 1020°C with air cooling and subsequent tempering at temperatures of 100°C, 300°C, 500°C and 600°C. Microstructural characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscopy (OM) and Vickers hardness tests (Hv). It was found a relation between the hardness after the different tempered and (RMS) values of the Barkhausen signals.

Keywords: Magnetic Testing (MT), Martensitic Stainless Steel, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise





Characterization of Fatigue Damage in Carbon Steels Using the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis

Silverio Ferreira SILVA JR.*, Claudio Cunha LOPES, Donizete Anderson ALENCAR, Paulo de Tarso VIDA GOMES, Denis Henrique BIANCHI SCALDAFERRI, *Structural Integrity, Nuclear Technology Development Center, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +55 31 3069-3289, fax: +55 31 3069-3285

Abstract:Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) is strongly affected by changes occurring in the microstructure of ferromagnetic materials during the fatigue process. As the microstructure changes, the MBN pattern changes, making the magnetic Barkhausen analysis a potential NDT technique for damage assessment in materials submitted to a fatigue process. In order to correlate the accumulated damage in structural materials with the corresponding MBN pattern, high cycle fatigue (HCF) testing was conducted in samples of low and medium structural carbon steels and the MBN was acquired in different conditions of applied stresses and number of fatigue cycles. Changes in the RMS value were observed under different stress-number of cycles conditions and related with different damage stages in the materials studied. The main results obtained are presented and discussed.

Keywords:





Non-destructive determination of surface residual stresses in shot peened steels by the magnetic barkhausen noise technique

C. Hakan GüR*, Serdar SAVAS, *Metallurgical & Materials Eng. Dept., Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkeye-mail: [email protected], phone: 00903122105916, fax: 00903122102518

Abstract:The use of conventional shot peening processes improves the fatigue life and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of the engineering components. The benefits are due to the formation of the residual compressive stresses and increased hardness by local cold work at the near-surface region. The amount and extent of the compressive residual stress is very important for the performance and service life. Due to high production rates and strict quality requirements, the industry demands fast and non-destructive characterization methods for continual control of all products. Besides, non-destructive methods eliminate the costs and time required for destructive tests. The magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) method may be an alternative to the existing residual stress measurement methods for ferromagnetic materials. This study focusses on non-destructive evaluation of surface residual stresses in the shot peened steels by MBN. In the experiments, various sets of steel samples were prepared by a controlled shot peening process with different intensities, impact angles and coverage values. The MBN measurements showed a clear relationship between surface residual stress state and the MBN emission.

Keywords: Magnetic Barkhausen noise, Residual stresses, Shot peening





Non-Destructive Determination of Texture in Laminated Steel Plates by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

Manuel ALBERTERIS*, *Mecânica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508970 São Paulo, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 55 11 34337807

Abstract:Non Destructive Technique (NDT) characterization of the crystallographic texture imparted by cold rolling in steel plates is an important industrial problem and is still resolved with traditional Destructive Techniques. In this work, is correlated the magnetic anisotropy obtained from Magnetic Barkhausen Noise with the conventional x-ray diffraction technique. These results are discussed and hypotheses are presented for the behavior of the Barkhausen noise. Finally, was also found that the Barkhausen technique is an appropriate Non Destructive Technique for texture characterization.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Magnetic Testing (MT), Magnetic Anisotropy, Texture, Barkhausen Noise





Detection of the Riser failure under applied static load using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

Jose Alberto PEREZ-BENITEZ*, Linilson Rodriguez PADOVESE, *Engenharia mecanica, Universidad de Sao Paulo, 05598-970 Sao Paulo, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 55-11-30919652

Abstract:The raiser failure is one of most catastrophic events on the petroleum platforms. This event could be produced during installation or due to mechanical fatigue of the armor layer of the riser. The prevention of this event could be achieved by detecting the progressive rupture of the armor wires that compose the riser. This work describes a method for the detection of armor wires rupture. The study is made considering that riser is under static load which is expected to be one of the most common stress states of the riser in the platform.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Riser, non-destructive methods, clustering methods, armor wires, MBN




2011-10-05 14:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Generic

Ultrasound in Convective Flux in Gases, Axial Tomography and Cartesian Scanning

Carlos GONZALEZ*, Rodney REYNA, *Dpto. de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuelae-mail: [email protected], phone: 582126051734, fax: 582126053246

Abstract:This work aims to develop an experimental system of acquisition of data and algorithms for the processing of acoustic signal, in order to detect the contrast of temperature in convective flows of air in the vicinity of a surface at raised temperature, related to ambient temperature. The basis for determining the temperature of gas using ultrasound, is the proportionality of the speed of sound in gas, with the square root of the temperature. Both pulse-echo and transmission methods are used for the determination of the time that it takes an acoustic pulse across the region of interest. The data invertion is performed via the inverse Radon transform, similarly to computerized x-ray axial tomography. As a preliminary result, images of convective flow columns produced by heaters elements are shown. In the second part of this research, pulse echo phase lag techniques are used for to study of the effect of convective flux over flat surfaces with temperature contrast. A cartesian scanner is used to sweep the acoustic beam over the surface with normal incidence, at constant distance from it. In this case the thermo acoustic image is obtained directly, showing significant differences depending on whether the surface is horizontal or vertical. Unexpected spatial and temperature sensitivity was obtained. Images using phase lag information allows detection of small veins in ceramic tiles scanned over the flat side. In conclusion we have that the thermo graphic image obtained by acoustic means reveals the presence convective flow and quantifies its temperature. The developed technique complements conventional thermography and facilitate its interpretation.

Keywords:





Determination of mean grain size of various marbles from Turkey by ultrasonic, attenuation and polarize microscopy methods

Vildan ÖZKAN*, Ýsmail Hakký SARPüN, Sabri TUNCEL, *Physics, Science, 49100 MUS, Turkeye-mail: [email protected], phone: +90 436 213 00 13, fax: +90 436 213 00 54

Abstract:The ultrasonic non-destructive testing technique continues to cover new materials at different test conditions, different testing techniques and higher accuracy, sensitivity and reliability. A detailed examination of the mechanical properties of various types of marble is attempted in the present experimental study with the aid of the non- destructive method of ultrasounds. In this work, sixteen marble samples classified into three groups according to their formations have been studied to evaluate the grain size with ultrasonic methods. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation values have been measured by using probes of 2 MHz and 4 MHz and their relationship with the grain sizes have been examined. It has been found that there is a linear relation between experimental and evaluated mean grain size in all marble groups.

Keywords:





Mercury Vapor Ban

Bernardo ORDóñEZ*, *Sales, Magnaflux, 60026 Glenview, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: (55) 2888 68 63

Abstract:As of January 1, 2008 the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Section 135 would prohibit the manufacturing and importing of mercury vapor lamp ballasts and bulbs. Ballast is an electrical device for starting and regulating fluorescent and certain other lamps. The ban is because the mercury vapor light is the least efficient of the HID (high intensity discharge) light family. This presentation has the goal to show the upcoming scenario for industrial UV light sources and the next step in solutions.

Keywords: Magnetic Testing (MT), Penetrant Testing (PT), UV Light, Ban, Mercury Vapor




2011-10-05 09:30 Room: Xcaret 1Session: Petrochemical Industry

In-Service Flare Inspection by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs)

Carla Alves MARINHO FERREIRA*, *CENPES, PETROBRAS, 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 55 21 38654986

Abstract:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been recognized as tools applied to remote inspection of opened areas, equipments and industrial facilities, but they are still underestimated although their huge potential. This solution represents the best cost benefit for in-service flares inspection, and there are some service providers in Europe and USA performing this kind of service for Oil Companies: the inspection consists of visual and thermographic flare analysis. However, it has not find any evidence of this procedure applied to oil rigs’ flares. The Brazilian Energy Company, PETROBRAS, has many installations offshore and decided to provide the remote inspection solution at the national market through training Brazilian service providers already specialized in aerial photography with UAVs. These providers were submitted to evaluation tests and adapted their systems to use for onshore and offshore sites. This article aims to present a brief review about PETROBRAS’ flares as well to show the results of the first offshore inspection of each service provider. The test was a real challenger performed at the Company’s biggest flare system installed in an oil rig. Three Brazilian service providers were considered approved: Helicamera, Brendler Modelismo e Aerial Inspect.

Keywords: Infrared Testing (IRT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), UAVs, Remote in-service inspection





Inspection and Repair of Cryogenic Tanks for Storage LP Gas and Ammonia

Eduardo DE LA CRUZ SáNCHEZ*, *Investigación Científica, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 5553297226, fax: 5553297301

Abstract:During a plant shutdown at a terminal for liquefied petroleum (LP) and ammonia gas distribution, were inspected inner casing of two cryogenic tanks of double wall of 20,000 metric tons capacity each, using the techniques of visual inspection, magnetic particles, penetrating liquids and industrial ultrasound with straight beam and angle beam, having found 23 relevant indications in the inner tank of the cryogenic gas LP storage tank and 15 in the inner tank of the cryogenic ammonia storage tank mainly under cuts, porosities and cracking in some vertical and horizontal welds of plates that make up the rings of the casings. Established a repair procedure, which involved the development of a welding procedure for plates of steel SA-537 Class 1, so had to site characterize the state of the metal base through field metallographic replication technique, hardness measurements and chemical composition by optical emission spectrometry. The qualification of this procedure involved bending, tension and Charpy impact test. Defects were repaired and re-inspected, not finding relevant indications, which freed the tanks for your startup and operation.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Penetrant Testing (PT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), Other Methods, optical emission spectrometry, inspection, steel SA-537, END, cryogenic





Correlation of Acoustic Emission with the Corrosion of Aluminum 6063 alloy in 5% NaCl

Miguel Angel GONZáLEZ NúñEZ*, *Mistras Group, 08550 Princeton Junction, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: (609)7164080

Abstract:The applicability of acoustic emission (AE) technique for the location and occurrence of corrosion damages in metallic structures is well known, systematic tests have been conducted in laboratory and field. The AE method can be used to detect corrosion growth on-line for periodically active corrosion or off-line for active corrosion during measurement. AE signals from a corrosion process are low amplitude signals compared to other damaging emission mechanisms such as crack growth. AE corrosion signals can be of similar amplitudes as background noise. The advantage of the AE method is that it can evaluate and locate the damages without taking the structure out of service. In the present work the characterization of the different reactions taking place in a corrosion process on an aluminum structure have been studied. Without any external perturbation to the corrosion cell, AE signals were detected. After settlement of the corrosion cell, a cyclic potential scan was carried out to observe the corrosion activity. Controlled changes in current and potential show some correlation with the AE activity. After taking some readings from AE signals, they were analyzed and found to be between 32 and 67 dB. AE sensors 60 kHz and Wide Band Differential were used during the cyclic scan. Preliminary results show two frequency groups signals associated with different process taking place during the corrosion process.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission (AE), Eoc, icorr, Ecorr, AE, Corrosion





Characterization of Indications Detected in Situ By Non-Destructive Testing in Pipeline and Facilities

Juan Carlos GRAJALES RAMOS*, Álvaro GRANIEL, Jorge Luis GONZáLEZ VELáZQUEZ, *Supervisión de Campo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 24115 Ciudad del Carmen, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 01 938 38 135 26, fax: 01 938 38 135 27

Abstract:This paper is intended to expose what are the significant dimensions of the indications detected in situ to be characterized by non-destructive testing on pipelines and oil facilities, in order to have the information required to make assessment mechanical integrity of these indications and to identify mitigation actions that will maintain the safety and reliability of the pipelines and installations during their service.

Keywords: NDT-wide,





Pipeline External Corrosion Assessment with 3D Optical Scanners

Pierre-Hugues ALLARD*, *CREAFORM, G6V 4L2 Lévis, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 1-418-833-4446

Abstract:Pipeline operators are getting increasing pressure from regulatory authorities and environmentalists to guarantee the integrity of their pipeline network, while facing financial pressure to minimize their maintenance cost. This paper presents a new approach to pipeline external corrosion inspection using a 3D laser scanner as an improvement over other traditional non-destructive-testing (NDT) techniques. It will illustrate how the latest 3D optical innovations support the need for improved data quality, inspection speed and repeatability for this application. The scanner can acquire the damaged surface with constant accuracy in a vibrating field environment by replacing typical mechanical attachments with a contactless dynamic referencing system. Compliance to existing code is of essence and therefore serves as the starting point for the analysis tool. Demonstration of the system capacities applied to this specific application will be discussed.

Keywords: Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), ASME B31G, burst pressure, corrosion, pipeline integrity, metrology, NDT, optical, scanner, laser, 3D





Impact of the Characterization of the Indications Detected in Pipeline of 24 Inch D.N.

Juan Carlos GRAJALES RAMOS*, Yonatan RODRIGUEZ VILLAGOMEZ, Carlos CANO GURRIóN, *Supervisión de Campo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 24115 Ciudad del Carmen, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 01 938 38 135 26, fax: 01 938 38 135 27

Abstract:The present study has as purpose share the experience in the detection of not typical indications (internal dents) in pipeline characterized by two previous inspections as hurts induced by hydrogen determined by means of ultrasonic inspection, nevertheless a third inspection, I determine that the origin of sayings abombamientos was due to a plastic deformation caused by an internal located force and not to the mechanism of cracking induced by hydrogen, implying this bad characterization unnecessary costs of repair and diminishing with it the production. All that generated from an inadequate interpretation of the results of inspection in field.

Keywords:





New Approach in Automatic Detection of Defects Propagation in Pipelines

Romeu Ricardo SILVA*, Carlos Fernando Carlim PINTO, Luiz Pereira CALôBA, Sergio SOARES, Thomas CLARKE, *Inspecion and Integrity, Welding Technology Centre, 20550011 Rio de Janeiro, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 552139788745, fax: 552139788702

Abstract:The interest in monitoring equipment in real time is increasing nowadays, mainly focusing on the greater safety of them. The Acoustic Emission testing has been the subject of developments with a view to implementation in various types of equipment, especially in the inspection of rigid and flexible pipelines. This paper presents the methodology and results of a research applying the method of Acoustic Emission to detect defects in propagation in pressurized pipelines, being an innovative work in this area of research. To that end, samples were fabricated with defects artificially inserted and the method of ultrasound by Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) was applied to follow the growth of defects in the samples subjected to hydrostatic testing. The resulting signals were divided into classes Propagation, Propagation stable and unstable, and used as input data in the implementation of nonlinear classifiers by supervised neural networks. The results achieved successes rating near 86%, proving the efficiency of the method for the conditions tested to date and encouraging this article publication.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission (AE), pattern classifiers, neural network, time of flight diffraction




2011-10-05 14:30 Room: Xcaret 1Session: Pressure Vessels

Mechanical integrity of Spherical Containers for Liquefied Gas Distribution.

Franicsco Javier MERINO CABALLERO*, Eduardo DE LA CRUZ SáNCHEZ, Eduardo Francisco ROBLES PIEDRAS, *Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 55 53297200

Abstract:It was valued the mechanical integrity of two spherical containers “A” and “B” employees for storage and distribution of LP Gas and another one for iso-butane “C” by means of its inspection with END superficial and volumetric methods were applied to determine its structural health and the degree of security within the installation according to API 510. Visual inspection for the detection of discontinuities was applied, mainly in welds and metal plates base on the inner. The inspection by straight beam ultrasonic test was used for the measurement of thicknesses, it was made in each one of the plates that conform the spheres to a distribution of 27 to 33 points, altogether 1176 calibration points by sphere, whereas angular and straight transducers for the inspection of 38 crossings of weld were used, according to the lineaments indicated in API 510 and ASTM A 435. For the inspection with magnetic particles, colorful particles in dry for the outside and fluorescent magnetic particles in suspension for the interior of the containers were used, using alternating current and method of continuous application; under the recommendations of API 510, ASTM E 709 and ASME. Also, 4 support columns were inspected by currents of Eddy (method RTD-INCOTEST) in each one of the spherical containers, to determine possible thinning of the thickness of the steel tube of the column due to corrosion. Another aspect of study involved the metallographic analysis by field metallography replication technique and hardness (ASTM E 1351 and ASTM E 3). The material whereupon is made the spherical containers “A” and “B” is a carbon steel USITEN 375, 1B T carbon steel, with thickness of 35 mm, whereas container “C” is a 375 USITEN 1C, according to planes of original manufacture (code BS-5500). Electrical weld with covered electrode E-7018-A for the repairs was used, using calibrated machines and certified welder personnel. According to the results of the thicknesses calibration and API 510, the remnant life of the sphere "A" is 52 years, for sphere "B" 53 years and 25 years in the case of the sphere "C", recommending a period of five years for the following external inspection and 10 years for internal inspection to each.

Keywords:





Inspection by END of Pressure Vessels for Cryogenic use and Residual Life Calculation

Eduardo Francisco ROBLES PIEDRAS*, Eduardo DE LA CRUZ SáNCHEZ, Leonardo DíAZ PéREZ, Angel GONZáLEZ MARTíNEZ, *Departamento de Tecnología de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 5255-53297200

Abstract:This work shows the results of the inspection by non-destructive testing, as well as calculations of life remaining according to API 510, of twenty cryogenic use pressure vessels located in a distribution of liquefied gas and ammonia terminal facilities. Status of the mechanical integrity of following pressure vessels was determined; two driers of air, two oil filters, a gas tank, a tank of water, two domes seal of venting, two domes of suction, eight accumulators and three containers for storage of diesel. In function of the results of application of not destructive testing techniques necessary recommendations for repair them were made and thus increased the reliability of terminal operations. Repair by welding of eight containers was recommended because of that were found unacceptable indications, while all wall thickness measurements gave a average corrosion rate of 0.127 mm/year, resulting in a calculation of remaining life in the range from 9.6 years for accumulators and 83.5 years for tank water seal. In function of this information was recommended an average period of 5 years for the following external inspection and 10 years for an internal inspection of 20 pressure vessels.

Keywords:





Application of the Fitness For Service Methodology in the Case of an Acid Gas Discharge Separator

Angel Martin PéREZ SARMIENTO*, Juan Antonio LARA MAGALLANES, Jesús Hector GARCíA ORTIZ, *Subgerencia de Integridad Mecánica, Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales, S.A. de C.V., 24160 Cd. del Carmen, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 019383829838

Abstract:Fitness For Service (FFS) technology was developed to assure that equipment used in Processing Plants –pressure vessels, piping and storage tanks– would carry out operations in the safest mode possible for a determined time period. FFS technology evaluate the remaining strength of the equipment while in operation, same as, could show the mechanisms causing degradation from its original operational conditions, be it by damage sustained in service or flaws in the manufacture of the product as such. The FFS technology allows for a continuous assessment of flaw mechanisms among others metal loss or thinning, damages caused by pitting or by hydrogen (HIC, blisters, SOHIC), cracks and laminations, etc. The characterization of the defects determined by nondestructive testing techniques, followed by adequate data gathering, provides information for FFS evaluation which in turn facilitates decision making, as to whether the flawed equipment is still usable, operational or should be replaced. In this paper we will show the benefits and advantages of using the FFS methodology as well as a real practical application case of same in processing equipment, following the steps from data gathering results through inspection, up to the statement in the outcome report and recommendations for this particular component of equipment.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual and Optical Testing (VT/OT), fitness for service (FFS), level assessment, rerating, damage mechanisms, process equipment





The Solution for Quantitative Continuous Wall Thinning Measurements in High Temperature Field Applications

Aziz REHMAN*, Meric KARAGOUZ, *Application Center - Canada, Applus RTD, T6B 3P3 Edmonton, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: (800) 661-0066 , fax: (780) 440-2538

Abstract:There have been many pipe failures in power plants caused by Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC). This damage has led to catastrophic failures and fatalities in the past. A reliable solution for a continuous monitoringof the Wall Thickness Loss in high temperature applications when exposed to the effect of flowing fluid is a strong requirement and the problem is still unresolvedfor the power, as well as oil & gas industry due to lack of a reliable permanent monitoring solution. The Industry is even looking for a more reliable solution in conjunction with value added information that can be used for quantitative monitoring of the degradation over a period of time, whereby time can mean hourly or daily measurements of the wall thinning and the collected data can also be used in making engineering decisions for material re-design and reliably predicting the remaining life under prevailing circumstances. Since FAC is a serious issue for all nuclear power industry, Applus RTD has been involved in the investigation ofphenomena for a number of years.Eventually, Applus RTD has developed an early warning system that continuously monitors corrosion/erosion accurately in high temperatures applications. The introduced system,is a multi-channel ultrasonic equipment which is capable of recording thickness readings simultaneously from a number of channels. The proposed system provides repeatable & reliable measurements with an accuracy of ~ 30 micrometers within a temperature range of -60 to 500C. The systems is currently in testing and will be installed in some facilities in Europe during 2010 for in-service & live inspection of erosion and corrosion. With this technology, Applus RTD is proposing a non-intrusive inspection system designed to provide a permanent resolutionfor the FAC problem.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Other Methods,




2011-10-05 09:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Radiography

Methodology of work applying advanced technologies on digital radiography for inspection of welds in construction and preventive maintenance of pipelines and valves using systems of computerized radiography (CR) with phosphor plates (IP)

Francisco GARCíA-OLIVEROS H.*, *Director General, DIGIRAD SL Radiografía Digital, 28230 Las Rozas, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: + (34) 629 219884, fax: +(34) (91) 636 8542

Abstract:The application of digital radiography technologies in the accomplishment of big inspection works, needs besides a detailed procedure based on the norms, actually ASTM and EN, the use of an integrated tool that includes the mentioned procedure and all the tasks to realizing during the process of inspection. The tool that controls all the processes interveners in Inspection using digital radiography methods is an integrated software, which applies the standard DICONDE for NDT as for the format of alphanumeric information and associate images up to the production of result reports. Is summarized the justification and need of a methodology that it starts for a synthesis of the current state of the art and principal aspects bearing in mind, for the configuration of a CR system based on phosphor plates. It is outlined the importance, in some type of inspections, the control and the optimization as for the limited intervals of time to realize the inspection and the reliability of the results especially with the participation of very numerous human multidisciplinary resources. Description of the software that controls the devices of the system and integrates the global procedure of inspection: modules and more relevant functions using as example the inspection of welds and methods of automatic measurement in pipelines and valves in environments of refinery. Production of results by means of the generation of integrated reports of inspection. Agility in his production and digital signature of the same ones. Tool for the follow-up of the results: images viewer. Aspects of confidentiality and protection of the information.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), pipelines and valves, weld, phosphor plates, DICONDE, digital report, Digital Radiography Inspection





Inspection of Composite Pipelines Using Computed Radiography

Davi Ferreira OLIVEIRA*, Ricardo Tadeu LOPES, Sérgio Damasceno SOARES, *COPPE, UFRJ, 21945970 Rio de Janeiro, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: 21 25627311

Abstract:Composite materials have proven themselves to be a good option among the selection of engineering materials due to factors related to some of their properties, such as mechanical resistance and resistance to corrosion, lightness and good durability. However, as it applies to alloys, composite materials have to be inspected during the course of their lifespan, either during the manufacturing process or while they are performing their functions. In the oil industry, it is not different, and composite materials have been more and more widely employed, especially regarding the transportation of fluids in pipelines. Generally speaking, the defects which are most commonly found in bonded joints are porosities, cracks and lack of adhesive. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of employing Computed Radiography (CR) to detect discontinuities in polymeric adhesive that is used for joining together pipeline segments made of epoxy resin and reinforced with fiber glass, as well as to develop a pattern to evaluate the radiographic sensitivity. The tests presented herein were originally performed in a lab, using test subjects with a diameter of 4 inches which had hollow spaces in the adhesive area. After the lab tests, radiographies using CR technique were performed on a hydraulic circuit, in order to assess the detectability of the discontinuities of certain joints containing fluid inside the pipelines, aiming to simulate real working conditions. Results show that it is possible to detect defects even in pipelines containing fluids, which is highly relevant to the inspection of operative pipelines made of composite materials.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), Lack of Adhesive, Composite Pipelines, Computed Radiography, Image Plate





Intercomparison of gamma ray scattering, gammatography and gamma ray tomography techniques for fluids interface level and density determination

Shiva RAMU*, *Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, 603 102 Kalpakkam, Indiae-mail: [email protected], phone: +9144 27480500- 23486, fax: +9144 27480235

Abstract:This paper focuses on the fluids interface level and density determination in immiscible fluids and intercomparison of results obtained by gamma ray scattering, gammatography and gamma ray tomography techniques. The gamma scattering experimental set-up is an indigenously designed automated PC controlled scanning system consisting of CNC controlled 6-axis source detector system and 4-axis job positioning system, a Cs-137 radioactive source and a 50% efficient HPGe detector. The immiscible liquids kept in a glass cylinder are scanned vertically in steps of 1 cm. The inter-relationship between the scattered counts and the density is adequate enough to calculate the density of fluids and also to ascertain the interface of immiscible fluids. The Monte Carlo numerical simulation of the phenomena is done using the MCNP code and the quantitative estimates of the densities derived from these simulations are presented and the spectra are compared with experimental data. The gammatography experiments are carried out using the same PC controlled scanning system in a narrow beam, good geometry set-up and the fluids interface level and density is estimated from the measured transmitted intensity. A gamma ray computed tomography system is developed indigenously consisting of a translational/ rotational table, motor controllers, data acquisition unit and two computers and features a beam of ã-rays, a coaxial high resolution HPGe detector and an 8K MCA. Automation of the data collection has been achieved by integrating four axis automated Galil based drum rotating driver and HPGe gamma spectroscopy software using windows based VB program. Transmission tomography software using FBP and ART techniques are developed. The fluids interface levels and densities obtained by gamma scattering method are compared with those values obtained by gammatography and computed tomography techniques. Overall these results are consistent and in line with each other. Determination can be made quickly with strong anti- interference and a high degree of accuracy of the density of fluid or fluid mixture without any direct contact within the cylinder holding the fluid or positioning any device or apparatus within the cylinder. Our system has been successfully used to decide the polar to non polar fluid boundaries with an accuracy of + 1 cm. Fluid densities are also calculated with an accuracy of 5%.

Keywords: gammatography, gamma ray scattering, NDT-wide, other methods, gamma ray tomography, fluid level and denstiy





Guidelines and Application Procedures for API-RP 578 Positive Material Identification (PMI) Using XRF and OES Technologies

Don MEARS*, *Analytical Training Consultants (ATC), 77339 Kingwood, USAe-mail: [email protected], phone: 281-684-8881

Abstract:Analytical Training Consultants has written and submitted to the American Petroleum Institute (API) a training course on API-RP 578 “Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems”, and was approved by the American Petroleum Institute (API) as a Certified Training Provider, (TPCP-#0118) in January 2008. We are the only API/TPCP Company that is approved to train and certify Positive Material Identification (PMI) technicians, globally. This approved API/TPCP PMI certification course is the topic of my presentation and will offer the reasons, purpose and criteria for this huge global need to be properly trained to perform Positive Material Identification (PMI) in today’s Petrochemical Oil & Gas Industry. We will explain the need and requirements for “Positive Material Identification” (PMI) using Portable X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF) and Mobil Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) Technologies. This paper will explain why, in the United States of America (USA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) implemented the “National Emphasis Program” (NEP) in June of 2007. This instruction provides guidance to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) national, regional, and area offices and state programs which choose to implement a similar program concerning OSHA's policy and procedures for implementing a National Emphasis Program (NEP) to reduce or eliminate workplace hazards associated with the catastrophic release of highly hazardous chemicals (HHC) at petroleum refineries. Because of the corporation between different countries and the global nature of Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA), instruction, we believe that this information and instruction is of great global interest.

Keywords: Other Methods, Personnel Training and Certification, X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF), Positive Material Identification (PMI), Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES)





X-ray radiography-based methodology to distinguish entrapped vapors/liquids from solid repair resin in honeycomb sandwich panels

Rafael Ricciardi BRISIGHELLO*, Maria Cristina GATTI, José Ricardo TARPANI, *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, 13566-590 Sao Carlos, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +55 16 3373 9591, fax: +55 16 3373 9590

Abstract:This study aims to develop an X-ray radiography-based methodology by which entrapped liquids (especially water) in honeycomb sandwich panels are clearly and undoubtedly discriminated from solid polymer resin utilized in routine repair operations of structural panels devised to aeronautical industry. For this purpose, a series of tests were conducted in which the core of honeycomb sandwich samples was filled with different kind of liquids (namely, water, kerosene, deicing agent, hydraulic fluid), as well as with solid epoxy resin charged with Barium-based powder (X-ray contrast element) at several concentrations and then subjected to conventional film X-ray imaging. On the basis of the X-ray absorption coefficient of the various substances the best ranges of X-ray energy could be selected in order to get the higher degree of differentiation between a particular liquid and the Barium charged-epoxy resin. The obtained results are very promising in the sense to allow the operator not taking repair resin spots by entrapped liquids during periodical maintenance programs of honeycomb sandwich panel structures, so that time and cost to safeguard the structural integrity of parts in fixed and rotating wing aircrafts can be minimized. The use of artificial neural network strategies to identify and quantify those substances in the core of structural sandwich panels has also been object of research in this study.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), Honeycomb panel, Structural repair





Conventional and digital X-ray radiography techniques applied to damage imaging of hybrid fiber/metal laminate riveted joints after hygrothermal conditioning and subsequent fatigue loading

Felipe Azenha TEIXEIRA*, Roberto Akiba OLIVEIRA, Maria Cristina GATTI, José Ricardo TARPANI, *Materials Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, 13566-590 Sao Carlos, Brazile-mail: [email protected], phone: +55 16 3373 9591, fax: +55 16 3373 9590

Abstract:Glare fiber/metal laminate is a hybrid material composed by alternated layers of epoxy / glass fiber composite and monolithic aluminum alloy, exhibiting attractive properties for the aeronautical industry due its high impact resistance along with high strength and stiffness to weight ratios. However, aeronautical materials are invariably subjected to environmental action during in-service conditions as well as to simultaneous fatigue loading. Since the damage initiation and growth stages in fiber/metal riveted joints present peculiar characteristics due to the laminate structure and the hybrid nature of the material, it is fundamental to survey damage onset and evolution by using nondestructive techniques, especially when the joints are previously submitted to hygrothermal (simultaneous high temperature and humidity level) conditioning. In this study, very good results have been obtained through X-ray radiography in both conventional (film) and digital (filmless) modalities. The advantages and shortcomings of these techniques have been highlighted on the bases of their ability to imaging material cracking, riveted distortions and corrosion byproducts developed in the joints.

Keywords: Radiographic Testing (RT), Conventional and digital x-ray radiography, Fiber-metal laminate joint, Fatigue damage, Environmental effect




2011-10-06 08:30 Room: Gran Cancun 2Session: Training & Certification

What is broken in the fields of qualification, certification and accreditation? And what are the solutions?

John Robert THOMPSON*, *International Affairs, British Institute of NDT, NN6 9QF Northampton, United Kingdome-mail: [email protected], phone: +44 7545 878236

Abstract:ISO 9712, which defines the minimum requirements for qualification and certification of NDT personnel has been in existence since 1992, and ISO-IEC 17024, which is a normative reference in ISO 9712, defines the requirements for certification bodies. Both standards have evolved over time, and have been improved in the light of the experience gained in their implementation. However, the systems defined in these standards do not result in harmonised operation of qualification and certification, nor of accreditation, and this paper will highlight the problems, and propose some solutions, many of which are in process of development through the International Committee for NDT.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Personnel Training and Certification, Qualification, Certification, Accreditation, Recognition, ICNDT




2011-10-06 09:30 Room: Isla MujeresSession: Thermography

Detecting Corrosion in Metal Elements of Ammunition by IR Thermography Methods

Waldemar SWIDERSKI*, *Military Institute of Armament Technology, 05-220 ZIELONKA, Polande-mail: [email protected], phone: +48 22 7614 552, fax: +48 22 7614 447

Abstract:As a result of long storage period of ammunition some metal elements are subjected by corrosion particularly as a result of impact of environmental factors such as moisture and salt existing in the air as well as violent changes of temperature which can cause the condensation of water and accelerate processes of corrosion. During transport of ammunition mechanical damage can happen in protecting covers of metal elements what can lead to formation of places which are susceptible to corrosion. Pyrotechnical materials undergo physicochemical changes (e.g. chemical reactions like decomposition, oxidation, phase transitions) and they can be reason of corrosion of metal elements too. Corrosion causes the mechanical weakness of metal elements of ammunition what can be lead to threats situation. Therefore very important matter is to detect places of corrosion by nondestructive testing methods. Infrared (IR) thermographic non-destructive testing (NDT), or thermal NDT, is not a new concept in evaluation of physical object. This technique is used to monitor surface thermal radiation of objects but, in fact, it can be regarded also as one of some techniques used to “see the unseen” because of the fact that surface thermal radiation is conditioned by volumic temperature and in this way may be sensitive to object inner structure. In order to determine the potential usefulness of IR thermography methods for non-destructive testing of metal elements of ammunition the computer simulations 3D were carried out with the deployment of the specialized software ThermoCalc-6L™. In this paper the results of such computer simulation and experimental testing are presented.

Keywords: Infrared Testing (IRT), ammunition, IR thermography, NDT, corrosion, computer simulation





Infrared vision applications for the nondestructive testing of materials

Clemente IBARRA CASTANEDO*, Abdelhakim BENDADA, Xavier P. V. MALDAGUE, *Electrical engineering, Laval University, Computer vision and systems laboratory, G1V 0A6 Quebec, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: +1(418)6562131 x4786, fax: +1(418)656-3159

Abstract:Infrared vision for the nondestructive testing (NDT) of materials has considerable grown in the last few years thanks to progress in the detectors technology and computers, and to the implementation of advanced signal processing techniques. Typical applications can be divided in two major groups. On one hand, there is the near (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR), which are commonly employed for the assessment of artworks (e.g. paintings and frescoes) since some painting pigments are semi-transparent to the infrared on this spectral bands and some other are not (e.g. carbon based). Hence, this can be conveniently used to detect underdrawings and other features in the first few painting layers. Recently, NIR and SWIR reflectography and transmittography have been proposed for the inspection of semitransparent composites materials such as glass fiber. On the other hand, there is infrared thermography, which involves the detection of surface and subsurface defects based on the differences in thermal signatures in the mid- (MWIR) and long-wave (LWIR) infrared bands. Infrared thermography has been used for years on the inspection of a wide variety of materials (e.g. concrete, wood, steel, composites, etc.). Furthermore, thermography in the MWIR/SWIR has shown interesting complementarities to NIR/SWIR reflectography for the inspection of cultural heritage objects. In this paper, a review of classical and recent applications of infrared vision is provided and discussed in detail with examples.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Infrared Testing (IRT), thermography, trasnmittography, reflectography, infrared vision





Application of Thermal Nondestructive Testing Method to Oil Conduits Control

Sougrati BELATTAR*, Naouar LAAIDI, *Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, 40000 Marrakech, Moroccoe-mail: [email protected], phone: +212 6 79 39 13 50

Abstract:In this study, to better understand the effect and behavior of corrosion and voids in steel pipe, we performed numerical simulations in the transient mode based on the principle of infrared thermography and using the finite element method. To solve this problem, we adopted three-dimensional simulations of a model representing by a cylindrical steel pipe in order to characterize defects like spherical vacuum, which may occur within the pipe. By applying an excitation in the form of a thermal pulse on the considered structure, the response of the surface temperature of this pipe is studied. For various configurations of simulation, the thermographic images and the spatial evolution of temperature on the entry face of these structures are presented and analyzed. The numerical solution of this problem was performed using a numerical computation software based on finite element method.

Keywords: Other Methods, simulation





Maximum thermal contrast Frequency of the Surface Crack Detection Using Inductive Thermography

Matthias NöTHEN*, Yi JIA, Norbert MEYENDORF, *Fraunhofer IZFP Dresden, 01109 Dresden, Germanye-mail: [email protected], phone: 0351 46331695

Abstract:During thermo-inductive inspection, an eddy current of high intensity is induced into the inspected material and the thermal response is detected by an infrared camera. Anomalies in the surface temperature during and after inductive heating correspond to inhomogeneities in the material. A finite element simulation of the surface crack detection process using active thermography with inductive heating has been developed. The simulation tool was tested and used for investigations on steel components with different longitudinal orientated cracks. The shape of the cracks are varying in the width and the height. The simulation model based on the finite element programming software ANSYS. The suitability of the developed simulation of the inductive exited thermography for crack detection will be demonstrated by calculations and experiments. This article is focused on longitudinal orientated cracks in austenitic steel which are opened to the surface. The Results show that depending on the excitation frequency the temperature distribution of the material under test made of different steel alloys are different. It will be shown, that the excitation frequency affects the temperature difference between the crack and the surrounding surface and whether there is an optimum frequency to excite the material under test.

Keywords:





Determination of material homogeneity using infrared thermography

Bojan MILOVANOVIC*, *Department of materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatiae-mail: [email protected], phone: +38514639316, fax: +38514828051

Abstract:Applications of Infrared thermography in civil engineering are not limited to the identification of heat losses in building envelopes. Within recent years there has been an increase in the use of infrared thermography as a nondestructive method for detection of the defects and anomalies in various civil engineering structures. Infrared thermography in nondestructive testing is aimed at the discovery of subsurface features of structures, to locate the defect. Afterwards, by using other nondestructive methods defects can be effectively quantified. This paper shows the study of material homogeneity in the water intake structure using infrared thermography. Areas of low quality concrete were correctly detected and mapped. Infrared thermography has proved to be an effective tool for fast and qualitative inspection of a structure's state.

Keywords: Infrared Testing (IRT), water intake structure, material characterization, qualitative inspection, Infrared thermography





On the Nondestructive Testing for the Vibration Machinery through Infrared Thermography

WonTae KIM*, Jinju SEO, Hanvit HAN, Namryong CHOI, Dongpyo HONG, *Div. of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, 331-717 Cheonan, Koreae-mail: [email protected], phone: 82 41 521 9289, fax: 82 41 555 9123

Abstract:For fault detection about the abrasion stage of rotational machineries under the dynamic loading conditions unlike the traditional diagnosis method, the infrared thermographic method of contactless, non-destructive is proposed. In this paper, by using a rotating deep-grooved ball bearing, passive thermographic experiment was performed as an alternative to proceeding the traditional fault monitoring. In addition, the thermographic experiment was compared with the traditional vibration spectrum analysis to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. Based on the results, the temperature characteristics of the ball bearing according to the abrasion stage were analyzed thoroughly

Keywords: Infrared thermographic, fault detection, spectrum analyzer, rotation machinery, loading condition




2011-10-06 09:30 Room: Xcaret 1Session: Turbines & Rotatory Equipment

Acoustic emission monitoring of journal bearings: The effect of transverse loading, viscosity and spindle (rotary) speed

Mohsen ESMAILI*, *crandfield university, 1455765386 tehran, Irane-mail: [email protected], phone: +989123038996

Abstract:With regard to the expansion of equipment and use rotating in different industries, the new method to find defect timely rotating machinery is needed. One of the methods of inspection structural faults in rotating machinery using Acoustic Eٍmission(AE) technology will be based on propagation waves from different sources. The journal bearing and potential defects related to them, the main issues that experts pay attention to win. In this papre transverse (staple on the pivot of the period), speed and period viscosity oil layer on parameter you acoustic RMS evaluated. In order to expand research in this regard the design and testing has been used each of the function” level in three different examined. Duo to different working conditions other factors like tension slice, ups can be, oil layer appeared to be the study. The findings show that using the acoustic emission able to identify different working conditions with higher coefficient high.

Keywords: journal bearing-acoustic emission-shear stress - power loss -





Tribological tools in the optimization of scheduled maintenance of internal combustion engines.

Carlos MANTERO*, Leonardo DELLA MEA, Rodolfo MUSSINI, Pablo RAIMONDA, Ricardo MOSQUERA, *Instituto de Ensayo de Materiales, Facultad de Ingenieria- Universidad de la República, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguaye-mail: [email protected], phone: 5982 7117436, fax: 5982 7117435

Abstract:When it comes to internal combustion engines, like any other mechanical equipment, it is desirable to avoid the occurrence of catastrophic failures, as there is a high direct and indirect economic impact related to them. The incorporation of a non-destructive technique such as the routine analysis of metals contained in oil lubrication circuit by spectrometry, provides information about the temporal evolution of wear on several parts of the engine. Establishing a correct correlation between engine parts and wear metals, this predictive tool enables us to detect several potential failures with a low degree of uncertainty, and optimizes the engine operation time before failure ocurres. In this paper we study a case in which it was possible to early detect the appearance of premature wear on main bearings and connecting rod bearings of a diesel engine using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). The subsequent disassembly of the engine validated the predictive method and made it possible to discuss the type of surface damages observed with the aid of analysis of the topography of the damaged areas and to approach to the diagnosis of wear mechanisms involved.

Keywords: Other Methods, failures, Flame Atomic Absortion Spectroscopy (FAAS), engine wear, bearings, oil analysis





Diseño, Integración y Automatización de una Sistema para la Inspección de Discos y Ranuras de Sujeción de Álabes de Rotores de Turbinas


Abstract:Los discos de las últimas etapas de los rotores de la sección de baja presión de turbinas de vapor, son diseñados con una geometría robusta debido a que sobre ellos se sujetan los álabes de mayor tamaño que producen altos esfuerzos mecánicos debidos a la fuerza centrifuga producida por la masa de los álabes y cuerpo de los discos. La magnitud de dichos esfuerzos mecánicos en los discos, ranuras de sujeción de álabes y raíces de alabes son cercanos a la capacidad de resistencia del material. Adicionalmente las últimas etapas de un rotor de la sección de baja presión trabajan con vapor húmedo que en combinación con los altos esfuerzos propician el desarrollo del fenómeno de agrietamiento asistido por esfuerzos o Stress Corrosión Cracking SCC por sus siglas en inglés. El artículo trata sobre el diseño, integración y automatización de una brazo robótico del tipo polar/esférico, que previo conocimiento de la geometría del rotor es capaz de posicionar y deslizar sobre la superficie del rotor un transductor ultrasónico de arreglo de fase (Phased Array) para realizar la inspección ultrasónica del cuerpo de los discos y ranuras de sujeción de álabes sin desmontar los álabes. El rotor a inspeccionar es montado sobre bancos motorizados para hacer girar el rotor entre 2 y 4 rev/min, el efector del brazo robótico porta un transductor ultrasónico que al recorrer la superficie de los discos nos permite una inspección del 100% del cuerpo de los discos y de las ranuras de sujeción de loa álabes. Para aumentar la confiabilidad de la tarea de inspección, el Sistema desarrollado emplea la técnica de inspección no destructiva de ultrasonido “Phased Array”. La elaboración de los procedimientos de inspección están basados en el conocimiento de la magnitud y distribución de esfuerzos en los discos, ranuras de sujeción de álabes y raíces de alabes y en la elaboración de modelos CAD 3D para simular el comportamiento del haz ultrasónico y orientarlo a nuestra zonas de interés –zonas de concentración de esfuerzos-. La inspección del rotor nos permite detectar la posible presencia de discontinuidades geométricas que en presencia de altos esfuerzos pudieran generar grietas de tamaño crítico y llegar a una falla catastrófica. Adicionalmente la información obtenida es esencial para el Programa de Gestión de Rotores de turbogeneradores, basado en la metodología de Aptitud para el Servicio o “Fitness for Service”.

Keywords: Steam Turbine Rotors, Phased Array, Inspection





Simulación de Inspección Ultrasónica de Componentes de Turbinas -Buena Práctica para el Desarrollo de Procedimientos de Inspección Efectivos-


Abstract:En la industria del sector de generación de energía eléctrica y otros como el sector nuclear y el sector de la aviación, la mejora en los procedimientos de inspección es un desafío que cada día toma mayor importancia en función de garantizar la integridad mecánica del componente para no incurrir en altos costos de mantenimiento y costos asociados a la pérdida de producción. La detección ultrasónica y caracterización de defectos en los componentes de geometría compleja, a menudo es poco efectiva debido a fenómenos como la división, la distorsión y pérdida de sensibilidad del haz ultrasónico. También sucede que por un desconocimiento de cómo se propaga el haz ultrasónico en el componente se dejan regiones no cubiertas durante la inspección y así sucesivamente diversos factores contribuyen a que los procedimientos de inspección con frecuencia resultan poco efectivos y útiles para la detección de defectos. Los componentes críticos de turbinas presentan geometrías complejas y curvas, que al incidir el haz ultrasónico sobre su superficie curva ésta actúa con un lente focalizando, reflejando y desviando el haz ultrasónico de la zona de interés y/o objetivo. Para superar dicha problemática es imprescindible elaborar modelos CAD 3D que nos permitan con la ayuda de un software especializado, conocer cuál será el comportamiento del haz ultrasónico en el componente y si esté es orientado a la zona de interese o zona critica. El artículo trata sobre el desarrollo de modelos CAD 3D y la aplicación del software CIVA, para simular el comportamiento del haz ultrasónico en componentes críticos de turbogeneradores, con base en los resultados de la simulación determinar la configuración óptima del equipo detector de fallas y se planean/especifican los procedimientos de inspección La simulación de la inspección ultrasónica en componentes de turbinas, nos permiten optimizar y predecir el comportamiento del haz ultrasónico, visualizando su propagación, el efecto de las leyes focales, /evitar la formación de lóbulos (división) y distorsión del haz. Los resultados obtenidos son la base de una buena práctica y esencial en el desarrollo de procedimientos de inspección efectivos para aumentar la confiabilidad de la tarea de inspección.

Keywords:




2011-10-06 09:30 Room: Xcaret 2Session: Training & Certification

Trends in NDT Training & Certification

Larry COTE*, P.K. YUEN, John ZIRNHELT, *c/o Mohawk College, Canadian Institute for NDE (CINDE), L8N 3T2 Hamilton, Canadae-mail: [email protected], phone: 905-387-1655, fax: 905-574-6080

Abstract:Changes in nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies and workforce demographics are affecting people in the business of NDT inspection. Changes in economic factors are affecting the NDT business community, with many companies now competing in a world-wide marketplace. What hasn’t changed is the requirement for people to be certified as competent to work in the specialty occupation of NDT. Many of the people who helped develop and shape the NDT business for the last 40 years are preparing to retire, if in fact they have not already. They leave behind a much different playing field that includes new technologies and new international standards for NDT personnel. The companies that rely on the competency of their NDT inspectors are impacted by the standards, and by the fact that people entering the NDT occupations today are often different from those who entered the NDT workforce 30 to 40 years ago. Given the above, two key aspects of NDT training and certification in Canada should be reviewed and understood by industry stakeholders and interested parties: 1) Occupational turnover and the rate at which new people are certified to generate NDT data, interpret it, report it, or act on the results, and 2) The training, certification and qualification programs needed for existing and new NDT technologies.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Personnel Training and Certification, certification, training, workforce, demographics, trends





Qualification Program of Inspection Procedures according to the Spanish Methodology, CEX-120

Juan José REGIDOR*, Julián SáNCHEZ BARROSO, José Ramón GADEA, José Alberto PELáEZ, *Vessels and Components Integrity, Tecnatom, s.a., 28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: +34916598744, fax: +34916598677

Abstract:Once the Nuclear Energy committee of UNESA approved in April 2003 the first validation methodology for NDT systems devoted to In Service Inspection for Spanish Nuclear Power Plants, it began its development through the definition of the interest areas and asking to the supplier, Tecnatom, for the qualification. The qualification program was boosted in the year 2006 with the development of the procedures and their technical justification Inspection for the more critical inspection required by the Nuclear Power Plants and the CSN. Tecnatom has developed more than 50 procedures with their experimental evidences and technical justifications up to now and this paper presents a brief of the whole process from the definition of the requirements up to the final issue of the whole documentation up lighting the big technical and human effort developed mainly in the case of a very intensive program as it was. It is expected to finish the whole project in the year 2011.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Personnel Training and Certification,





NDT Training at the Spanish Society of Non Destructive Testing

Antonio SOTO*, *Vicepresidente de Formación Y Ensayos, Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, 28028 Madrid, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: +34913612585, fax: +34913614761

Abstract:The Spanish Society of Non-Destructive Testing, among other purposes, has to promote professional development and continuing training in the field of NDT and to promote and facilitate the teaching of these techniques at all levels and all kinds of public and private entities. Therefore from January 2002, to meet demand, primarily from our partners and secondly a large proportion of businesses and professionals, AEND began in Training. The main objective is to provide a range of possibilities for organizing such courses: Training calendar: These courses take place in classrooms and laboratories that AEND has in its headquarters. The course dates are published monthly on our website www.aend.org. Training in companies: AEND impart training courses in companies that require it, for members of these companies or their business groups. The delivery dates are established by mutual agreement between the customer and AEND to availability of both. On request and in order to optimize the training activities, courses may be organized to cover the minimum requirements for direct access to level 2 certification in various NDT methods. In 2009, to mark the entry into force of the UNE EN 473:2009 and to comply with training requirements of this standard, AEND proceeded to the modification of training programs. Looking ahead, we are working in the launch of the On-line training (to serve those companies and professionals that for different reasons (time, displacement, etc) cannot access to other forms of teaching), and TOFD and PHASED ARRAY training.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Personnel Training and Certification, Actualización contínua, Formación en empresas, Formación Presencial, Formación permanente, e-learning





Past, present and future, of the certification of NDT personnel in Spain

Rodolfo RODRIGUEZ*, Jesús SANZ, Fermín GóMEZ, *Asociación Española De Ensayos No Destructivos, 28028 Madrid, Spaine-mail: [email protected], phone: + 34 913612585, fax: + 34 913614761

Abstract:More than 20 years have passed since the Spanish Society for Non-Destructive Testing initiated the certification of personnel in Non-Destructive testing, with the spirit of being an independent certification body. The work presented exposes the road followed so far and the challenges ahead, in order to get to the service companies and users, with independence, impartiality and integrity, making that issued certificates have the accreditation and the recognition necessary to make available as widely as possible.

Keywords:





State of Art of the Certification Process the Personnel at NDT In Mexico

Fortis Juan ROA*, *Asociacion Mexicana De Ensayos No Destructivos A.C., 57000 Nezahualcoyotl, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected], phone: 57 31 02 28

Abstract:Is the knowledge of all partners the necessity of count with qualified personnel to realize the ndt, in activities differents fields and industry sectors. There that twenty last years we are dedicated to homework for insist in develop of a national squeme for training, qualification and certification personnel in NDT. The homework don’t be easy for the many created causes that exist and the lack to coercion proposal, since don’t exist national convenience: therefore today is possible to catch the objective by new officials guidelines of federal government. A challenge in which many we are be invited but very few had appointed. The content of present work, described to the actions and activities that the last four years to carry on in the country, for end its near to catch the meta, a national squeme that promote the technicians recognize and the push the national certification, how other countries in Latin-American it to do; with all the advantages and benefits that this involved.

Keywords: NDT-wide, Magnetic Testing (MT), Radiographic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Personnel Training and Certification, ultrasonic Testing, magnetic testing, radiografic testing


Index of 251 Authors

Acosta, C. .... 69Albertazzi, A. .... 13Alberteris, M. .... 89Alencar, D. .... 87Allard, P. .... 98Alleyne, D. .... 59Alvarez-Rosario, A. .... 75Andrew, K. .... 32Antunes dos Santos Junior, A. .... 20Araújo, M. .... 55Baltazar, A. .... 58Balvantin, A. .... 58Beaulieu-Charbonneau, L. .... 27Belattar, S. .... 114Bendada, A. .... 113Benítez Salinas, J. .... 84Berlanger, J. .... 27Bianchi Scaldaferri, D. .... 87Bisiaux, B. .... 22Bobrow, D. .... 63Bogachenkov, A. .... 26Bottoni, M. .... 70Brisighello, R. .... 109Brozovsky, J. .... 2, 72, 4, 3, 73Brudar, B. .... 52Caleyo, F. .... 12Calôba, L. .... 100Cano Gurrión, C. .... 99Carandente, R. .... 54Carillo, J. .... 63Carnero, A. .... 120, 121, 30Carte, M. .... 24Casasola López, I. .... 36Cawley, P. .... 54Cereijo, F. .... 85Cerny, M. .... 21Chertov, A. .... 42, 44, 47Cho, Y. .... 83Choi, M. .... 7Choi, N. .... 117Cisneros, J. .... 66Clarke, T. .... 100Clemente, J. .... 63Cote, L. .... 122Cristian Claudiu, C. .... 11de la Cruz Sánchez, E. .... 101, 102, 84, 95de la Torre Orozco, J. .... 84de Paulo Nicolau, V. .... 13Della Mea, L. .... 119Demma, A. .... 59Denisov, A. .... 43Dias, J. .... 9

Díaz Pérez, L. .... 102Einav, I. .... 53Erlewein, J. .... 18, 43Esmaili, M. .... 118Espina Hernández, J. .... 12Fabretti, G. .... 70Farias, C. .... 9, 55Fernandez, R. .... 29Fernandez Lozano, J. .... 51Ferreira, J. .... 13Filho, E. .... 9Flores, C. .... 81Foucher, F. .... 29Fraudita, F. .... 76Freitas, A. .... 78, 78Furlanetto, V. .... 44Gadea, J. .... 123, 61García Ortiz, J. .... 103García-Oliveros H., F. .... 105, 71Gatti, M. .... 14, 109, 15, 110, 16Ghaffari, B. .... 26Godinez, F. .... 67Gómez, F. .... 125González, A. .... 25Gonzalez, C. .... 91González Martínez, A. .... 102González Núñez, M. .... 96González Velázquez, J. .... 97González-Guerra, B. .... 8, 80, 82Grajales Ramos, J. .... 97, 99Graniel, Á. .... 97Guadalupe, M. .... 51Guo, Y. .... 6Gür, C. .... 88Habib, K. .... 38Hallen, J. .... 12, 85Han, H. .... 117Hernández, J. .... 85Hong, D. .... 117Hroudova, J. .... 4, 3Ibarra Castanedo, C. .... 113Jablonicky, P. .... 64Jia, Y. .... 115Josué Argenta, C. .... 31, 31Jung, G. .... 65Junior, A. .... 17Júnior, A. .... 57Junior, P. .... 17Júnior, P. .... 57Junqueira Leao, R. .... 20

Karagouz, M. .... 104Karloff, A. .... 47Karpelson, A. .... 28Kim, W. .... 7, 117Kintzel, E. .... 32Kirchhof, L. .... 37Kotyaev, O. .... 35Kovalyk, A. .... 64Kwak, D. .... 83Laaidi, N. .... 114Lara Magallanes, J. .... 103Lazarz, K. .... 26Leao, R. .... 17Lee, B. .... 7Lee, S. .... 7León, J. .... 80, 82Liu, S. .... 19Lomba, M. .... 67Lopes, C. .... 87Lopes, R. .... 106Lopez, F. .... 13Lorenzi, A. .... 37, 31Lorenzi, L. .... 31Lowe, M. .... 54, 41Luis Souza Rocha, A. .... 20Maes, G. .... 27Maev, R. .... 46, 26, 42, 44, 43, 47Maeva, E. .... 18Maldague, X. .... 113Mantero, C. .... 119Marcelli, I. .... 68, 70Marinho Ferreira, C. .... 48, 94Martínez Ortiz, P. .... 85Mears, D. .... 108Medina, L. .... 5Medina Aguas, R. .... 75, 86Menezes, I. .... 9, 55Mercalli, M. .... 68Merino Caballero, F. .... 101Meyendorf, N. .... 115Meza, B. .... 56Milovanovic, B. .... 116Miyasaka, C. .... 83Molero, M. .... 5Molina, G. .... 84Montes, J. .... 50Moreno, E. .... 56Mosquera, R. .... 119Mussini, R. .... 119Nahant, M. .... 74

Novotny, M. .... 33Nuñez Ledesma, V. .... 60Nöthen, M. .... 115Obrutsky, A. .... 69Oliveira, D. .... 106Oliveira, J. .... 14, 15Oliveira, M. .... 55Oliveira, R. .... 110Ordóñez, B. .... 93Ortiz D, R. .... 77Otero Pujol, R. .... 56Padaratz, I. .... 34Padovese, L. .... 86Padovese, L. .... 90Pagola, K. .... 1Palmquist, S. .... 32Paranhos, R. .... 9Park, H. .... 7Park, I. .... 83Park, J. .... 7Park, T. .... 83Peláez, J. .... 123, 61Pereira, D. .... 8Pereira Junior, P. .... 20Perez, D. .... 79Perez Regalado, W. .... 42, 44Pérez Sarmiento, A. .... 103Perez-Benitez, J. .... 90Pilat, P. .... 64Pinto, C. .... 100Pinto, R. .... 34Pinto da Silva Filho, L. .... 37Portela, A. .... 14, 15Raimonda, P. .... 119Ramírez Pacheco, E. .... 12Ramu, S. .... 107Regidor, J. .... 123, 61, 67Rehman, A. .... 104Reyna, R. .... 91Roa, F. .... 126Robles Piedras, E. .... 101, 102, 84Rocha, A. .... 17Rodovalho, T. .... 17Rodovalho, T. .... 20Rodrigues Padovese, L. .... 75Rodriguez, M. .... 10Rodriguez, R. .... 45, 125Rodriguez Villagomez, Y. .... 99Rodriguez-Montero, P. .... 40Roemmer, H. .... 43

Rubio-Marcos, F. .... 51Salgado Lopez, J. .... 50Sánchez Barroso, J. .... 123Santos, A. .... 57Santos, C. .... 57Santos, E. .... 55Santos, Y. .... 55Sanz, J. .... 125Sarpün, Ý. .... 92Savas, S. .... 88Scopelliti, J. .... 69Seo, J. .... 117Serna Giraldo, C. .... 75, 86Serrano, C. .... 8Serrano Cadahía, P. .... 61Seviaryn, F. .... 46Seviaryna, I. .... 18Shimada, Y. .... 35Shimomukay, R. .... 31Silva, I. .... 9Silva, R. .... 100Silva Filho, L. .... 31Silva Jr., S. .... 87Skramlik, J. .... 33Smith, K. .... 49Soares, S. .... 100Soares, S. .... 106Song, W. .... 6Soto, A. .... 124Suhajda, K. .... 33Swiderski, W. .... 112Tadashi, K. .... 23Tang, J. .... 6Tarpani, J. .... 14, 109, 15, 110, 16Teixeira, F. .... 110Thompson, J. .... 111Titov, S. .... 26Torres, R. .... 80, 82Tuncel, S. .... 92Vaz, B. .... 39Vida Gomes, P. .... 87Vital, F. .... 62Weber de Grabovski, S. .... 34Wehbe, H. .... 18Willemann, D. .... 13Wu, J. .... 23Yao, L. .... 23Yuen, P. .... 122Zach, J. .... 2, 4, 3, 73Zheng, C. .... 23

Zirnhelt, J. .... 122Özkan, V. .... 92

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