Paola Neira N.

Philology Study of languages

Describes a common

acestor

PROTO Original form

Source of modern languages

Indian Sub-continent

(INDO)

Europe(EUROPEAN)

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

COGNATES

Connection between different languages

Common ancestor in the Proto-Indo-European

Close similarities In languages.

Words with similar form and meaning in different languages

English

German

Mother – father - friend

Mutter – vater - freund

Comparative Reconstruction

To reconstruct the proto-form in the common ancestral

language

Principles

Mayority Most natural development

Retains the original sound

Minority changesthrough time

Sound changes

Are common

OLD ENGLISH

Early form of the English languages(angles, saxons and jutes tribes)

Anglo- saxons(PAGAN)

CHRISTIANITY Religion(LATIN)

Vikings

Old norse

Middle English

Norman French arrivedin England

The rulingclass

English French

Lower class’language

Official language of England

Spoken since the Great Vowel ShiftQuality of vowel sounds Modern English

Sounds Changes

Quality of vowel sounds

Metathesis Epenthesis Prothesis

Reversal en positionof two adjoining

sounds

Addition of a soundto the middle of

a word

Addition of a sound to the beggining of

a word

SyntacticchangeDifferences between

the structureof sentences

Loss of alarge number of

inflectionalaffixes

OldEnglish

Middle English

Wordorder

V-S-O S-V-O

Lexical Changes

Broadening Narrowing

Dog (all breeds)

Docga (particular breed)

Hund (any kind of dog)

Hound (specific breeds)

Process of changeChanges caused

by wars, invasions,and others.

Process of cultural

transmition

Types of variation

Diachronically Synchronically

Historical perspective of

change throughtime

Study of alanguage at a

given pointin time