paolo pratiaqm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.../event/presentation/20140428_wg3_prati.pdf ·...
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Ship emissions and source apportionment: comparison of receptor
and chemical transport models in the framework of the APICE project
Paolo Prati
Dipartimento di Fisica – Università di Genova (IT)INFN – Sezione di Genova (IT)
PM_TEN s.r.l. – Genova (IT)
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2
Mar Viana et al., Atmospheric Environment 90 (2014) 96e105
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streaker + PIXE (Time Resolution: 1 hour)
2009-2010
M-PMF «Moving» PMF
JRC monitoring station on Deck 14
Costa Pacifica
XFC
SMp
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Combustion
Input
2 datasets (2009 and 2010)(~ 4 weeks, 600 x2 hourly samples)
Output
same sources resolved both
years
Western Mediterranean PMF2 - Analysis
Soil Dust
Not-identifiedSea salt
HARBOURSexcluded
Ships + «secondary sulphates»
Schembari et al., AE, submitted
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Source apportionment
2010
SO4 (PM10) apportionment by IC SO4 (PM10) apportionment by PMF
Sea salt SO4 (8±1)% Sea salt (9±3)%
Soil dust SO4 (1±1)% Soil dust (4±6)%
Anthropogenic nssSO4 (66±7) % Combustion (81±4)%
Biogenic nnsSO4 (26±3) % Not-identified (6±4)%
Source apportionment through a linear regression of the PM10levels (by an OPC) vs. PMF source trends. In 2010 only.
Schembari et al., AE, submitted
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PTFE
• EBS/PESA
2011
Barcelona SavonaCivitavecchia
PalermoMalta
Palma
Civitavecchia-Savona-Barcelona-Palma de Mallorca-Malta (Valletta)-Palermo-Civitavecchia
18-25 July15-22 August
12-19 September
• ED-XRF
• IC
• TOT
QUARTZ
Costa Concordia
2011: Costa Concordia….
• The samplers were started 1 hour after the departure
from each harbor and stopped 1 hour before the
arrival in the next port• Each leg was then divided in periods of about 4 hours with one filter sampled per
each period
2 LV PM10 samplers
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«new» Profiles and EVF ‐ preliminary
HARBOURSexcluded
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Source apportionment 2011‐ preliminary
M.C. Bove et al., in preparation
2010
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9
APICECommon Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions
for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions.
EU‐MED June 2010 – February 2013 http://www.apice‐project.eu/
In each study area: one‐year sampling campaign Source apportionmentair quality simulation by CTM Source apportionment
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10
C.So Firenze(residential area )
Bolzaneto (suburb – industrial activity -
highway)
Multedo(private road)
APICE : sampling campaign in Genoa
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Sites selected through a preliminaranalysis of prevailing wind directions
Peculiar “sampling strategy ”
PM2.5 TC, OC, EC (TOT – EUSAAR2 + MWAA on PFTE Massabò et al., JAS 2013Elements: Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ba, Pb MSAFl-, Cl-, NO3
-, SO4-
Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Mn+, Ca2+
APICE : sampling campaign in Genoa
PM2.5 Daily samples May – October 2011
PTFE and Quartz ‐ alternate days
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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F
M
B
2 < V:Ni < 3
Raw data: V:Ni concentration ratio
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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APICE – Genoa: Source profiles by PMF2
C. Firenze (coast) Bolzaneto (inland)Multedo (coast)
Plus some other minor «local» sources/factors, M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Oil combustion Soil
Sec. Nitrates Traffic
Sec. Sulphates Local
sources
Concen
tration (ng/m
3 )
Corso Firenze
Multedo
Bolzaneto
APICE – Genoa: Source apportionment by PMF2
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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Seasonal trend of «oil Combustion/Ship Emissions» according to PMF2
June July August September
Pas
seng
ers
Num
ber
Concentration
(ng/m3)
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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WRF domains
Output example: PM2.5 summer average
The modelling chain structure
CAMx domains
WRF – Skamrock et al NCAR
CAMx – Yarwood et al Atm Env 2012
NEMO – Poupkou et al Env Mod Soft 2010 M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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M.C. Bove et al., A
E, in press
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OC
NO3-
EC
SO4--
NH4+
• Site: Corso Firenze
• Similar pattern observed in the other sites
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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Sum
mer
(06-
09/2
011)
Win
ter
(11-
12/2
011)
Corso Firenze Multedo Bolzaneto
coast inland
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Critical Analysis of PMF profiles and comparison with raw data on PM composition e.g. organic«contamination» in PMF secondary sulphates profile redistributed to primary sources (with largeuncertainties)
PMF apportionment re-arranged to the set of primary sources categories used by CAMX-PSAT (SNAP sectors)
PMF CTM
A source (“factor”) is group of PM components with correlated time trend
Defined via a bottom-up approach based on statistical activity data and emission factors
Secondary components resolved as other primary sources
Both primary and secondary contribution of each source category
A very crude approach !
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
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Cso Firenze%
Multedo%
Bolzaneto%
Road transport 35 ± 1053
38 ± 1246
38 ± 1347
Maritime activities
15 ± 211
16 ± 39
14 ± 34
Residential NR1
NR2
NR2
Energy production -
Industry
36 ± 1018
27 ± 1518
33 ± 1221
Others 15 ± 417
18 ± 525
14 ± 426
PMF
CAMx-PSAT
M.C. Bove et al., AE, in press
Sea, Soil dust, minor local sources, boundary conditions etc
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APICE: 5-harbour picture
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice ThessalonikiPMF CMB PMF PMF PMF
1.1 ± 0.2 0.20 ± 0.04 1.7 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.5 3.0 ± 0.2higher in town ~ 2.8 highest values in summer average of
coastal sitesincluding industrial emission – PM10
including part of sea spray
PM mass attribuited to ship emissions (μg/m3)
Common «comparative» paper in preparation…meanwhile a technical report is available at:
http://www.apice‐project.eu/
Starting from July 2014 a new project:CAYMANs
Cruise and passenger ship Air qualitY Mitigation ActioNs(numerical simulations only, unfortunately)
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A source apportionment exercise was performed in the city of Genoa through two different approaches: CTMs and receptor models
We tried to overcome difficulties in the comparison between the two results:different sources grouping/classification;different treatment of secondary components
PMF apportionment (with large uncertainties) showed a fair agreement with CAMx‐PSAT estimates
The exercise can be considered a preliminary approach to the problem
Signature of ferry-boats and road traffic in the harbour area of Genoa through hourly sampling (streaker) & IBA (PIXE) analysis
VNi