papal states

7/25/2019 Papal States

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Papal StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

States of the Church

Stato della ChiesaStatus Pontificius

7541870Interregnums (1798

1799,1809-1814an

1849!

Flag in 1870Coat of arms until 19th

century

"nthem

Noi vogliam Dio, Vergine Maria( 18!7"(#talian"

$We %ant &od, 'irgin ary$

Marcia trionfale(18!71870"

(#talian"

$&reat )riumphal arch$

)he *apal +tates in 181! after theapoleonic Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papal_States_1815.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_Pontifical_States_02.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-after


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ap of the *apal +tates (green" in 1700,

including its e-cla.es of /ene.entoand

*ontecor.oin +outhern #taly, and theComtat

'enaissinand .ignonin +outhern France

Cap#tal 2ome

$anguages 3atin, #talian, 4ccitan%el#g#on 2oman Catholic

&o'ernment)heocratica5solute

electi.e monarchy

Pope

6 7!7!7 +tephen ##(first"

6 181870 *ius #(last"

Car#nal Secretar

of State

6 1!!11!!!&irolamo :andini

(first"

6 1881870&iacomo ntonelli(last"

Pr#me )#n#ster

6 188 &a5riele Ferretti(first"

6 188&iuseppe &alletti(last"

*#stor

6 ;sta5lishment 7!

6 Codification 781

6)reaty of 'enice(#ndependence

from the


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(until 18"

*apal +tates lira(181870"

Precee + Succeee +

/y?antine

;mpire@ingdom of #taly

(medie.al"

2oman 2epu5lic

(18th century"

First French

;mpire

2oman 2epu5lic

(19th century"

@ingdom of #taly

(apoleonic"

2oman

2epu5lic(18th

century"

First French

;mpire

2oman

2epu5lic

(19th

century"

@ingdom of

#taly*risoner in

the 'atican

oa part of

France

#taly

'atican City

)he Papal States%ere territories in the#talian *eninsulaunder the so.ereign direct rule of

thepope, from the 8th century until 1870 )hey %ere among the maAor states of #talyfrom

roughly the 8th century until the #talian *eninsula %as unified in 181 5y the @ingdom of

*iedmontB+ardinia t their ?enith, they co.ered most of the modern #talian regions of 3a?io

(%hich includes 2ome", arche,m5riaand2omagna, and portions of ;milia)heseholdings %ere considered to 5e a manifestation of thetemporal po%er of the pope,as opposed

to his ecclesiastical primacy

/y 181, much of the *apal +tatesD territory had 5een conEuered 5y the @ingdom of #taly

4nly 3a?io, including 2ome, remained under the *opeDs temporal control #n 1870, the pope

lost 3a?io and 2ome and had no physical territory at all, not e.en the 'atican #talianFascist

leader /enito ussolinisol.ed the crisis 5et%een unified #taly and the 'atican5y signing the

3ateran )reatygranting the 'atican City +tateso.ereignty

Contents

1 ame

> 4rigins

:onation of *epin

2elationship %ith the


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o ! French 2e.olution and apoleonic era

o ! #talian nationalism and the end of the *apal +tates

2egional go.ernors

7 *apal army

8 +ee also

9 2eferences

10 +ources

11 ;-ternal links

ame

)he *apal +tates %ere also kno%n as the PapalState(although the plural is usually preferred,

the singular is eEually correct as the polity %as more than a mere personal union" )he

territories %ere also referred to .ariously as the State(s! of the Church, the Pont#f#cal

States, the .ccles#ast#cal States, or the %oman States(#talianG Stato Pontificio, also Stato

della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato EcclesiasticoH3atinG Status

Pontificius, alsoDicio Pontificia"I1J

/r#g#ns

ain articlesG :uchy of 2omeand *atrimonium +ancti *etri

For its first 00 years the Catholic Church%as persecuted and unrecogni?ed, una5le to hold

or transfer propertyI>J;arly congregations met in rooms set aside for that purpose in the

homes of %ellBtoBdo indi.iduals, and a num5er of early churches, kno%n as titular churches

and located on the outskirts of ncient 2ome, %ere held as property 5y indi.iduals, rather

than 5y the Church itself )his system 5egan to change during the reign of the emperor

Constantine #,%ho made Christianity legal %ithin the 2oman ;mpireI>J)he 3ateran *alace

%as the first significant donation to the Church, most pro5a5ly a gift from Constantine

himselfI>J

4ther donations follo%ed, primarily in mainland #taly 5ut also in the pro.inces of the 2oman;mpire /ut the Church held all of these lands as a pri.ate lando%ner, not as a so.ereign

entity When in the !th century the #talian peninsula passed under the control of4doacerand,

later, the4strogoths, the church organi?ation in #taly, %ith thepopeat its head, su5mitted to

their so.ereign authority %hile asserting their spiritual primacy o.er the %hole ChurchIcitation

neededJ

)he seeds of the *apal +tates as a so.ereign political entity %ere planted in the th century

)he /y?antine ;mpire5ased in Constantinoplelaunched areconEuestof #taly that took

decades and de.astated #talyDs political and economic structures Kust as these %ars %ound

do%n, the 3om5ardsentered the peninsula from the north and conEuered much of the

countryside /y the 7th century, /y?antine authority %as largely limited to a diagonal 5and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_nationalism_and_the_end_of_the_Papal_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Regional_governorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Papal_armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-mitchell368-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrimonium_Sancti_Petrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_nationalism_and_the_end_of_the_Papal_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Regional_governorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Papal_armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-mitchell368-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrimonium_Sancti_Petrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards


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running roughly from 2a.enna, %here the ;mperorDs representati.e, or ;-arch, %as located,

to 2ome and south to aples (the $2omeB2a.enna corridor$IJIJI!J", plus coastal encla.esIJ

With effecti.e /y?antine po%er %eighted at the northeast end of this territory, the pope, as

the largest lando%ner and most prestigious figure in #taly, 5egan 5y default to take on much

of the ruling authority that /y?antines %ere una5le to proAect to the area around the city of2omeIcitation neededJWhile the popes remained /y?antine su5Aects, in practice the:uchy of

2ome, an area roughly eEui.alent tomodernBday 3atium,5ecame an independent state ruled

5y the popeI7J

)he ChurchDs independence, com5ined %ith popular support for the papacy in #taly, ena5led

.arious popes to defy the %ill of the /y?antine emperorH *ope &regory ##e.en

e-communicated;mperor 3eo ###during the#conoclastic Contro.ersyIcitation neededJ

e.ertheless, the pope and the e-arch still %orked together to control the rising po%er of the

3om5ards in #taly s /y?antine po%er %eakened, though, the papacy took an e.er larger role

in defending 2ome from the 3om5ards, usually throughdiplomacyIcitation neededJ#n practice, the

papal efforts ser.ed to focus 3om5ard aggrandi?ement on the e-arch and 2a.enna climactic moment in the founding of the *apal +tates %as the agreement o.er 5oundaries

em5odied in the 3om5ardking 3iutprandDsDonation of Sutri(7>8" to *ope &regory ##I8J

onat#on of Pep#n

ain articleG :onation of *epin

)he Luirinal *alace, papal residence and home to the ci.il offices of the *apal +tates from

the 2enaissanceuntil their anne-ation

When the ;-archate of 2a.ennafinally fell to the 3om5ards in 7!1,I9Jthe :uchy of 2ome

%as completely cut off from the /y?antine ;mpire, of %hich it %as theoretically still a part

)he popes rene%ed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks #n 7!1,*ope Macharyhad *epin the Noungercro%ned king in place of the po%erless ero.ingianfigurehead king

Childeric ### MacharyDs successor, *ope +tephen ##, later granted *epin the titlePatricianof

the Romans *epin led a Frankish army into #taly in 7! and 7! *epin defeated the

3om5ards taking control of northern #taly and made a gift (called the :onation of *epin"

of the properties formerly constituting the ;-archate of 2a.enna to the pope

#n 781, Charlemagnecodified the regions o.er %hich the pope %ould 5e temporal so.ereignG

the :uchy of 2ome %as key, 5ut the territory %as e-panded to include 2a.enna, the :uchy

of the *entapolis, parts of the :uchy of /ene.ento, )uscany,Corsica, 3om5ardyand a

num5er of #talian cities )he cooperation 5et%een the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty

clima-ed in 800, %hen *ope 3eo ###cro%ned Charlemagne ;mperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz20041060-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Sutrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomaPalazzoQuirinale.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz20041060-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Sutrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III


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%elat#onsh#p #th the *ol %oman .mp#re

*art ofa ser#eson the

*#stor of 2at#can C#t

*#stor of the papac

:uchy of 2ome !7!1

:onation of *epin 7!0s

Papal States 7!1870

Capture of 2ome 1870

$*risoner in the 'atican$ 187019>9

3ateran )reaty 19>9

'atican City 19>9present

2at#can C#t portal

Cathol#c#sm portal

.

t

e

)he precise nature of the relationship 5et%een the popes and emperors and 5et%een the

*apal +tates and the ;mpire is disputed #t %as unclear %hether the *apal +tates %ere a

separate realm %ith the pope as their so.ereign ruler, merely a part of the Frankish ;mpire

o.er %hich the popes had administrati.e control, as suggested in the late 9th century treatise

Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma, or %hether the


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#n practice, the popes %ere una5le to e-ercise effecti.e so.ereignty o.er the e-tensi.e and

mountainous territories of the *apal +tates, and the region preser.ed its old system of

go.ernment, %ith many small countships and marEuisates, each centred upon a fortified

rocca

4.er se.eral campaigns in the midB10th century, the &erman ruler4tto #conEuered northern#talyH *ope Kohn ##cro%ned him emperor (the first so cro%ned in more than forty years" and

the t%o of them ratified the :iploma 4ttonianum,5y %hich the emperor 5ecame the

guarantor of the independence of the *apal +tatesI11JNet o.er the ne-t t%o centuries, popes

and emperors sEua55led o.er a .ariety of issues, and the &erman rulers routinely treated the

*apal +tates as part of their realms on those occasions %hen they proAected po%er into #taly

s the &regorian 2eform%orked to free the administration of the church from imperial

interference, the independence of the *apal +tates increased in importance fter the

e-tinction of the


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5y supporters of the Colonna familyI>>J)o many, rather than an ancient 2oman tri5une

re5orn, he had 5ecome Aust another tyrant using the rhetoric of 2oman rene%al and re5irth to

mask his gra5 for po%erI>>Js *rof &uido 2uggierostates, $e.en %ith the support of

*etrarch, his return to first times and the re5irth of ancient 2ome %as one that %ould not

pre.ail$I>>J

)he 2ien?o episode engendered rene%ed attempts from the a5sentee papacy to reBesta5lish

order in the dissol.ing *apal +tates, resulting in the military progress ofCardinal ;gidio

l5orno?, %ho %as appointed papal legate, and his condottieriheading a small mercenary

army J

!ntichristus(1!>1" 5y 3ucas Cranach the ;lderis a %oodcut of the *apal +tates at %ar

during the 2enaissance

%ena#ssance

:uring the 2enaissance, the papal territory e-panded greatly, nota5ly under the popes

le-ander '#and Kulius ## )he pope 5ecame one of #talyDs most important secular rulers as

%ell as the head of the Church, signing treaties %ith other so.ereigns and fighting %ars #n

practice, though, most of the *apal +tates %as still only nominally controlled 5y the pope, and

much of the territory %as ruled 5y minor princes Control %as al%ays contestedH indeed it

took until the 1th century for the pope to ha.e any genuine control o.er all his territories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Ruggierohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottierihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Vicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeotto_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefeltrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigalliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anconahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutiones_Sanct%C3%A6_Matris_Ecclesi%C3%A6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatanabe201319-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PapalPolitics.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Ruggierohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottierihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Vicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeotto_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefeltrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigalliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anconahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutiones_Sanct%C3%A6_Matris_Ecclesi%C3%A6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatanabe201319-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II


9/12

*apal responsi5ilities %ere often (as in the early 1th century" in conflict )he *apal +tates

%ere in.ol.ed in at least %ars in the first > decades I>J*ope Kulius ##, the $Warrior *ope$,

fought on their 5ehalf

)he 2eformation5egan in 1!17 /efore the the state of the church

anne-ed *arma and *iacen?a, %hich in 1!! 5ecame an independent ducate under an

illegitimate son of *ope *aul ### )his process culminated in the reclaiming of the :uchy of

Ferrarain 1!98,I>7JI>8Jand the :uchy of r5inoin 11I>9J

t its greatest e-tent, in the 18th century, the *apal +tates included most of Central #taly Q3atium, m5ria,archeand the 3egationsof 2a.enna,Ferraraand /olognae-tending north

into the 2omagna #t also included the small encla.es of /ene.entoand *ontecor.oin

southern #taly and the larger Comtat 'enaissinaround.ignonin southern France

3rench %e'olut#on an apoleon#c era

ap of the #talian *eninsula in 179, sho%ing the *apal +tates 5efore theapoleonic %ars

changed the face of the peninsula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant2-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2008134-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontecorvohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_1796.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant2-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2008134-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontecorvohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars


10/12

)he French 2e.olutionpro.ed as disastrous for the temporal territories of the *apacy as it

%as for the 2oman Church in general #n 1791 theComtat 'enaissinand .ignon %ere

anne-ed 5y FranceI0J3ater, %ith the French in.asion of #taly in 179, the 3egations (the

*apal +tatesD northern territoriesI0J" %ere sei?ed and 5ecame part of the Cisalpine 2epu5licI0J

)%o years later, the *apal +tates as a %hole %ere in.aded 5y French forces, %ho declared a2oman 2epu5licI0J*ope *ius '#fled to +iena, and died in e-ile in 'alence (France" in 1799I0J)he *apal +tates %ere restored in Kune 1800 and *ope *ius '##took up residency once

again, 5ut the French underapoleonagain in.aded in 1808, and this time the remainder of

the +tates of the Church %ere anne-ed to France,I0Jforming thed"partementsof #ibreand

#rasim$ne

With the fall of the apoleonic system in 181, the *apal +tates %ere restored once more I0J

From 181 until the death of *ope &regory '#in 18, the popes follo%ed a reactionary

policy in the *apal +tates For instance, the city of 2ome maintained the last Ke%ish ghettoin

Western ;urope )here %ere hopes that this %ould change %hen *ope *ius #%as elected to

succeed &regory and 5egan to introduce li5eral reforms

Ital#an nat#onal#sm an the en of the Papal States

ain articleG *apal +tates under *ope *ius #

#talian nationalismhad 5een stoked during the apoleonic period 5ut dashed 5y the

settlement of the Congress of 'ienna(1811!", %hich sought to restore the preBapoleonic

conditionsG most of northern #taly %as under the rule of Aunior 5ranches of the


11/12

)he /reach of *orta *ia, on the right, in 1870

)he *apal +tates, 1801870

unified @ingdom of #taly%as declared and in arch 181, the first #talian parliament,

%hich met in )urin, the old capital of *iedmont, declared 2ome the capital of the ne%

@ingdom


12/12

maintained a num5er of features pertaining to so.ereignty, such as diplomatic relations, since

in canon la% these %ere inherent in the papacy #n the 19>0s, the papacy then under *ius #

Qrenounced the 5ulk of the *apal +tates and the 3ateran )reaty%ith#taly(then ruled 5y the

ational Fascist *artyunder /enito ussoliniIJ" %as signed on Fe5ruary 11 19>9,IJ

creating the +tate of the 'atican City, forming the so.ereign territory of the

papal states

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