paper battery research by shahzaib khan

Shahzaib Khan, BBE-1190.

Paper Battery.

Karachi, Pakistan.

January 24, 2017

A Research report submitted to teacher Sir Engr, Muhammad Umar Khan (Asst. Prof) of

Institute of Business & Technology (IBT) Karachi.

About Author

Shahzaib Khan nick name (Niazi Shahni) is student of bachelor of Science in mechatronics

Engineering in Institute of Business & Technology. Email-ID [email protected]. All-

rounder in mechanical, electronics & electrical Working. Have interest in research & new

coming technologies. Social media activist, use social media for look after news what is going on

& what is the future of Pakistan. Interested in politics of Pakistan & want to create a role for

Pakistan in future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, thanks to Allah who give us life & able me to do this & then my parents, teachers

brother, sisters, family, friends, & my class fellow.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my teacher & all those who provided me the

possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give my research report to Sir Engr,

Muhammad Umar khan whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement,

helped me to coordinate my research especially in writing this report.

Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the

internet, who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to

complete the task “google”. Some special thanks go to my further teachers, my father who help

idea and gave suggestion about the task. Last but not least, many thanks go to me. whose have

invested his full effort in guiding himself for achieving the goal. I have to appreciate the

guidance given by others as well as the class friends especially in our research report that has

improved my skills thanks to their comment and advices.

Abstract

In this research, I discuss about paper battery. Paper ultra-thin & low voltage battery & less

storage of current, made with the combination of cellulose paper with carbon nanotube,

cellulose is a chemical compound & nanotube is a nanotechnology. This battery has a scope in

future. It is foldable & cut able. By cutting this battery effect on its output & storage. This

battery is thin like paper & minimum diameter. This battery has no larger capacity to storage

current & output voltage. This battery can function normal degree Celsius. This battery has

ability to on a small led bulb. A small working on a battery change battery storage & output by

using any other chemical compound of chemistry & increasing its size & diameter change it

working help battery to provide high output & large capacity to storage current.

Table of Contents

S.no Page

1. Title……………........................................................................................…1

2. About Author…........................................................................................…2

3. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….3

4. Abstract……….............................................................................................4

5. Table of Contents................................................................................….....5

6. List of Figures………...........................................................................…....6

7. Chapter 1….……………………………………………………………………….7

1.1. Introduction.….…………………………………………………………….7

1.2. Overview….………………………………….……………………...…..….7

1.3. Problem Statement….…….…………………………….………………....11

1.4. Background History….…………………………….……….……….…….11

1.5. Hypothesis of Study….………………………….…………………..…….12

1.6. Outline of Study….…………………………………………..…………….12

1.7. Definition….……………………………………………………….……….13

8. Chapter 2….………………………………………………………………..….….17

2.1 Literature Review….………………………………………………..….….17

2.2 References of Research’s….……………………………….………….….25

9. Chapter 3….……………………………………………………………………...30

Research Method….…………………………………………………………….30

3.1 Method of Data Analysis………………………………………………….30

3.2 Sampling Technique………………………………………….……….…..31

3.3 Sampling Size…………………………………………….………………...31

3.4 Instruments of Data Collection…………………………………………..32

3.5 Research Method Developed…………………………………..…….…..33

3.6 Statistical Techniques…………………………………………..…….…..33

10. Chapter 4………………………………….………………………………….….36

Result….………………………………………………………………………....36

4.1 Finding Interpretation….………………………………………..……….36

4.2 Hypothesis Assessment ….……………………………………………….36

11. Chapter 5….…………………………………………………………………….39

5.1 Discussion ….………………………………………………………..…….39

5.2 Conclusion…..………………………………………………………….….39

5.3 Policy Implementations …..………………………………………….….39

5.4 Future Research …..………………………………………………….….40

List of Figures

S.no Figures Page

1. Chapter 1……….........................................................................................7

1.1. Structure …………….......................................................................…7

1.2. Paper Battery 1…...........................................................................…7

1.3. Paper Battery 2……………………………………………………………7

1.4. Construction……………………………………………………………….9

1.5. Applications …...............................................................................…10

1.6. Paper Battery Image…...................................................................…13

1.7. Cellulose….....................................................................................…14

1.8. Carbon Nanotube …......................................................................…14

1.9. Aluminum …...................................................................................…15

1.10. Sodium….............................................................................…15

1.11. Latium……………………………………………………………...16

2. Chapter 2………........................................................................................17

2.1. Sodium Atom……………......................................................…17

2.2. Aluminum Atom……………………………………………..…….20

Chapter 1

1. Introduction:

A paper battery is electric battery & ultra-thin energy storage & flexible device formed by

combining of conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper with carbon nanotubes. This battery

act like two separate components high energy battery & supercapacitor because paper battery is

the combination of these two components. This combination allows paper battery o provide long

term production & burst of energy. This battery is very flexible & non-toxic.

Figure 1.1

This paper battery is easily fold, cut & shaped for use in different devices without any loss of

integrity & efficiency. This battery produce multiple output by cut it. Available paper battery has

output 1.5 to 3.7 volt & it current storage limit is 20 to 180 mAh. This battery can function in -75

to 150 degree Celsius. This battery has ability only use to on a small led bulb. This battery has

not capacity to storage large amount of current like mobile phone batteries & other electronics

devices batteries.

Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3

1.1 Overview:

1.1.1 What is Paper Battery:

A paper battery is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device that is used as a battery

and also as a good capacitor. It is created by combining two things: Nano composite

paper and nanotubes (Nano composite paper made from cellulose and nanotubes made

from carbon). Nanocomposite paper is a hybrid energy storage device made of cellulose,

which combines the features of super capacitors and batteries. It takes the high-energy

storage capacity of the battery and high-energy density of the super capacitor producing

the bursts of extreme power.

1.1.2 Paper Battery Properties:

Paper battery properties are mainly attributed to the properties of its parts such as cellulose

and carbon nanotubes.

The properties of Cellulose include high-tensile strength, biodegradability, low-shear

Strength, biocompatibility, good absorption capacity and excellent Porosity, non-toxic,

reusableness & recyclability.

The properties of Carbon Nanotubes are the ratio of width: Length (which is 1:107) high-

tensile Strength (which is Greater than Steel) high packing density and low mass density,

Lightness, Flexibility, Electrical Conductivity (which is better than Silicon) Low resistance

(~33 ohm per square inch) and thickness is typically about 0.5 to 0.7mm

1.1.2.1 Properties of Cellulose:

• Cellulose has excellent tensile strength.

• It is biodegradable as well as biocompatible.

• High porosity and excellent absorption capacity.

• Simply reusable and also non-toxic.

1.1.2.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes:

• It has the following ratio of width and length, width: length = 1: 10^7 and excellent

tensile power than steel.

• They also possess low mass density, less weight and very pliable, excellent packing

density.

• They are 0.5mm – 0.7mm thick and not prone to any mechanical damage.

1.1.3 Construction of a Paper Battery:

A paper battery construction involves the following components:

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)

• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood and urine)

• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:

• Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.

• Step2: Black carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.

• Step3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.

• Step4: The cellulose paper is heated at 800C for 5 minutes.

• Step5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate

• Step6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connected to the

electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyte LCO

(LiCo02).

• Step7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check its

functionality.

Figure 1.4

1.1.4 Paper Battery Working

A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components

that produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of

the battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid

solution; next a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons

move from the cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy

while recharging within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the thin electrode quickly.

The best method to increase the output of the battery is to stack different paper batteries one

over the other.

1.1.5 Advantages & Disadvantages of paper Batteries:

A Paper battery’s advantages mainly include the following:

• A paper battery can work even if it is folded, cut or rolled up.

• A Paper battery consists mainly of carbon and paper; it can be used to power

pacemakers within the body.

• A paper battery can be used both as a capacitor and battery.

• It is an ultra-thin storage device.

• It is biodegradable, nontoxic, bio-compatible and economical.

• It generates close to 1.5V of energy.

• It is durable, easily recyclable and reusable.

• It is Overheating and Leakage proof.

• Flexible and Very Light Weight

• Easily Moldable Into different sizes and shapes

• It is flexible, easily moldable and can be molded into different sizes and shapes.

• It has customizable output Voltage

Disadvantages of the paper batteries mainly include the following

• Carbon nanotubes are very expensive.

• Batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective.

• Should not be inhaled as they can damage the lungs.

• Theses batteries generate e-wastage.

1.1.6 Applications:

With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find

applications in the following fields:

Figure 1.5

1.1.6.1 In Electronics:

• laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices

can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper

Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical

hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.

• Calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.

• Wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard, Bluetooth headsets etc.

• Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:

one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components) would contain a layer

of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down transformers and the

need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.

1.1.6.2 In Medical Sciences:

• Pacemakers for the heart

• Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)

• Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems

• Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.

1.1.6.3 In Automobiles and Aircrafts:

• Hybrid Car batteries

• Long Air Flights reducing Refueling

• Light weight guided missiles

• Powering, electronic devices in Satellite programs

1.2 Problem statement:

Standard (Small) batteries use in home applications has all standards output (1.5 to 12 volts)

available for use any type of devices. but paper battery has minimum output (1.5 to 3.7 volts)

that is the reason paper battery are use in some devices only because of its low output volt

problem. If we modify this battery & try to increase battery volt. It helps us for using all

home appliances.

Standard batteries use in home has capacity to stored (500 to 3000 mAh) amount of current

that storage of current capability give battery long time for run any devices. In other words,

long discharge time & paper battery has less amount of storage current capacity (20 to 180

mAh) that reason paper battery has no run any device long time. In their words, short

discharge time.

These are the reasons paper battery is not take place of another Standard batteries.

1.3 Background & History:

Recent research done by a group of researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New

York are back to using paper with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are infused into a

material that is 90 per cent cellulose and which is virtually identical to ordinary paper. The

nanotubes, which color the paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to

conduct electricity. The results originally appeared online in RPI News on August 13, 2007.

The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at Rensselaer

that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and chemical

engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's group was

making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in another lab suggested

carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in the third lab saw the

potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.

The researchers have now formed a company called as the Paper Battery Company. Now their

goal is to take the process that they began in the lab and adapt it to large-scale fabrication that

would lend it to commercial applications. They now need to boost the battery's energy capacity,

and also lower the cost of making the batteries on a large scale. In addition to transportation,

they hope to adapt their design for use with windmills and with photovoltaic cells, which produce

electricity from sunlight. These batteries would be used to store energy for use when the sun is

not shining or when the wind is not blowing.

The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-capacitor, which stores charge

like a battery but has no electrolyte. The paper battery provides a long, steady power output as

against a conventional battery and also as a super-capacitor's quick burst of high energy. The

ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it

won't freeze or boil. The paper battery also uses no toxic chemicals. Not only does it help power

electronic devices, but in larger configurations the paper battery could be molded into shapes

like the door of a car.

1.4 Hypothesis of Study:

1.4.1 Increasing Size:

Change cellulose paper width & size increase it capacity to store current in a paper.

Paper battery storage reach limit 180mAh & by changing paper size make paper battery

more efficient & it able to store maximum amount of current & it also effect on it voltage.

1.4.2 Changing Materials:

1.4.2.1 Sodium:

By using sodium as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase

& then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because sodium is more efficient & low resistance than

lithium. Using sodium as anode paper battery give max 4 Volt.

1.4.2.2 Aluminum:

By using aluminum as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage

increase & then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because aluminum is more efficient & low

resistance than lithium & sodium. Using aluminum as anode paper battery give more than 4

Volt.

1.5 Outline of Study:

1.5.1 Conclusion Background:

Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York are back to using paper

with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are infused into a material that is 90 per cent

cellulose and which is virtually identical to ordinary paper. The nanotubes, which color the

paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The

results originally appeared online in RPI News on August 13, 2007.

The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at

Rensselaer that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and

chemical engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's

group was making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in another

lab suggested carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in the third

lab saw the potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.

1.5.2 Problem in Hypothesis:

Using sodium & aluminum is batter as anode in paper battery. But we don’t change carbon

nanotube used as cathode & that things light effect on battery & we don’t know how much

voltage increase.

Change size of paper battery increase storage but it takes space to use in any device & it is

hard to fold paper battery.

1.6 Definitions:

1.6.1 Paper battery:

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by

combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A

paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two

components that are separate in traditional electronics.

Figure 1.6 (paperbattery.com)

1.6.2 Cellulose:

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5) n, a polysaccharide

consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β (1→4) linked D-

glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of

green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it

to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose

content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is

approximately 57%.

Figure 1.7 (Google.com/carbon nanotube)

1.6.3 Carbon Nanotube:

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for

nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.

Owing to the material's exceptional strength and stiffness, nanotubes have been

constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger

than for any other material.

Figure 1.8 (digitaltrends.com)

1.6.4 Aluminum:

Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron

group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic,

ductile metal. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after

oxygen and silicon) and its most abundant metal. Aluminum makes up about 8% of the

crust by mass, though it is less common in the mantle below. Aluminum metal is so

chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing

environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore

of aluminum is bauxite.

Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and its ability to resist corrosion

through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminum and its alloys are vital to the

aerospace industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building

facades and window frames the oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of

aluminum.

Figure 1.9

1.6.5 Sodium:

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number

11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in

group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it

readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. Its only stable

isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from

compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and exists in

numerous minerals such as feldspars, soda lite and rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of

sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water

from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common

dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.

Figure 1.10

1.6.6 Lithium:

Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, "stone") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and

atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of

chemical elements. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the least dense

solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this

reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, it exhibits a metallic luster,

but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black

tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead,

appears only in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of

pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is

commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated

electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.

Figure

Chapter 2

2. Literature Review:

2.1 Sodium ion:

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a

soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the

periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating

a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does

not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant

element in the Earth's crust, and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, soda lite and

rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached

by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the

most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.

2.1.1 Sodium Used as anode in paper Battery:

Sodium is much efficient then lithium & it low voltage drop level. It allows electrons for fast flow

& provide much batter current to any devices rather than lithium. By using sodium as anode max

electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase & then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt

because sodium is more efficient & low resistance than lithium. Using sodium as anode paper

battery give max 4 Volt.

2.1.2 Comparison of Sodium with lithium:

Reference from: http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/sodium-vs-lithium/comparison-4-19-0

2.2 Aluminum ion:

Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron group

with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal.

Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon) and

its most abundant metal. Aluminum makes up about 8% of the crust by mass, though it is less

common in the mantle below. Aluminum metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens

are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270

different minerals. The chief ore of aluminum is bauxite.

Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the

phenomenon of passivation. Aluminum and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and

important in transportation and structures, such as building facades and window frames the

oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminum.

2.2.1 Sodium Used as anode in paper Battery:

By using aluminum as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase

& then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because aluminum is more efficient & low resistance than

lithium & sodium. Using aluminum as anode paper battery give more than 4 Volt.

2.2.2 Comparison of Aluminum with Lithium:

Reference from: http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/aluminium-vs-lithium/comparison-17-

19-0

http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/aluminium-vs-lithium/comparison-17-19-0

http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/aluminium-vs-lithium/comparison-17-19-0

2.3 Increase Battery Size:

2.3.1 Bigger Batteries:

Suppose your phone runs for 5 hours if you are continuously using it. How could you make it run

for a longer time? You could put in a bigger capacity battery. Before the iPhone 6, all the

previous iPhones had about a 1500 mAh lithium-ion battery. What is “mAh”? This is short for

milli-Amp hours. So, a 1 mAh battery could produce 1 milliamp of current for 1 hour. Yes, it’s a

measure of the energy stored in the battery. You can find out exactly how much energy if you

know the battery voltage. For the iPhone 5s, it has a 1570 mAh battery with a voltage of 3.8

Volts. If you know the voltage and the current, then the power and energy would be:

If I know the current in milliamps and the time in hours, I can use this to get the following

expression for the energy in a battery (in Joules). Here is how you would do that calculation for

the energy in the iPhone 5s battery.

Ok, that seems like a large amount of energy but maybe it’s not enough (well, it’s not enough for

me). What if you put a bigger battery in the phone? Wouldn’t a 3,000 mAh battery last about

twice as long? Yes, I think it probably would. However, there’s a problem. If you use the same

kind of battery it would be about twice as large and twice as heavy. It might not be exactly twice

the size since a larger battery can have a smaller percent of size devoted to the outer cover and

other required components — but you get the idea.

There is one way to deal with a bigger battery that doesn’t make everyone hate the phone —

make a bigger phone. If you have a larger phone, some things don’t change size — like the

processor and the camera. Sure, the screen gets bigger (and uses more energy) but you can still

put a larger battery in there. Look at the iPads. They are much larger than an iPhone and they

seem to have fairly decent battery life. Maybe the iPhone 6 Plus will have super awesome battery

life (Apple claims it will be better). Just to be safe, Apple should send me one so I can test it.

2.3.2 Higher Battery Energy Density:

Just about all phones use lithium-ion battery. These have about 4.32 MJ/L (mega Joules per

liter). Yes, energy density is the energy stored per unit volume. I’m not sure why, but it seems

that a common symbol for energy density is u and is defined as:

It’s just like mass density except that it’s for energy. There is also the specific energy. This tells

you the energy per unit mass — but I’m not too concerned about the mass of my phone (but

volume is important).

Where could you find the energy densities for different storage solutions? Of course, Wikipedia

has you covered. Here are some interesting energy densities:

Gasoline = 32.4 MJ/L

Lithium-ion = 0.9-2.63 MJ/L

Lead Acid Battery = 0.34 MJ/L

Sandwich = 10.13 MJ/L (whoever added this to the Wikipedia page is a genius)

Antimatter = 9.266 x 10104 MJ/L

If you want to keep your phone battery the same size but increase the energy storage, you will

need to find something with a higher energy density. Right now, Lithium-ion is the best we can

do for a battery. It seems safe to bet that in the near future humans could find something in the 5

MJ/L range for a battery, but that will still just bump the battery life up by a factor of 2. Twice

the battery life would be good, but I would like something even more impressive.

A phone that runs on sandwiches would last about 5 times as long as a Lithium-ion powered

phone. Of course, you would have a tiny little sandwich in your phone and you would need a tiny

little stomach to go with it. On the downside, you would have to take your phone to the bathroom

at least once a day or deal with it pooping in your pocket (that would be awkward). Oh, don’t

forget to feed your phone. It would probably take less time to feed a phone than it would to

recharge a battery.

What about an antimatter powered phone? If you had the same size antimatter battery as in your

current phone, it would last about 10100 years. Just for comparison, the Universe is most likely

14 billion (14 x 109) years old. Now, don’t get all excited. There is still the problem of taking

antimatter annihilation energy and turning it into electricity to run your phone. It would either

require much more space or the radiation might kill you. Still, the phone should at least run until

Apple announces the iPhone 22sd Plus in the year 2034.

2.4 Past Research Paper with References:

1). https://www.ijsr.net/conf/ETPTA/MjcgRVRQVEEtMTQ1.pdf

Paper Battery:

Author: S. Balu1, M. Mahalakshmi2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and

Communication, Salem Sowdeswari College (SFCW), Periyar University, 2Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics, Sri Vasavi College (SFW), Bharathiyar University, India

Abstract: Traditionally, electronics have been designed around their batteries. In recent years,

however, a new battery, known as the paper battery, has been developed that can easily conform

to the size and shape of various electronics. The paper battery is becoming increasingly

significant as technology tends towards thinner and more paper-like devices. This paper will

include a technical discussion of how the paper battery works. It will assess the efficiency and

explore the advantages of recent developments in the fabrication of paper batteries. Several

applications of the paper battery will then be described, and ethical issues that arise with it will

be explored. This paper will illustrate how the paper battery utilizes carbon nanotubes and

cellulose in its design to create a flexible battery while maintaining electrical efficiency. Further

discussion will detail how the paper battery integrates the components of a typical battery into a

cohesive design that is paper thin. The advantages of this design include an increased range of

applicability and a simpler, more efficient fabrication process. Applications that will be explored

include smart cards, medical devices and solar panels. This description will be followed by a

discussion on ethical issues surrounding the paper battery, such as nanotoxicology; since paper

batteries use nanotechnology, any health risks must be evaluated, especially for medical

applications. However, the paper battery is a promising innovation whose efficient use of space

will open up thousands of possibilities for electronic and mechanical design.

2). www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijaers/VOL%20I/.../25%20IJAERS.pdf

Paper Battery:

Author: A. Ganguly1 *, S. Sar2

Address for Correspondence

1B.E., Seventh Semester, Electronics & Telecommunication Department, B.I.T.Durg (C.G.)

2Professor, Department of Engineering Chemistry, B.I.T. Durg (C.G.)

Abstract: This paper gives a thorough insight on this relatively revolutionizing and satisfying

solution of energy storage through Paper Batteries and provides an in-depth analysis of the

same. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by

combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery

can function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two discrete

components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to

provide both long-term steady power production as well as bursts of energy. Being

Biodegradable, Light-weight and Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have potential adaptability

to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for

radical new designs and medical technologies. The paper is aimed at understanding & analyzing

the properties and characteristics of Paper Batteries; to study its advantages, potential

applications, limitations and disadvantages. This paper also aims at highlighting the

construction and various methods of production of Paper Battery and look for alternative means

of mass-production.

3). www.ijaiem.org/Volume4Issue1/IJAIEM-2015-01-31-63.pdf

Paper Battery:

Author: Anushri S. Sastikar1, Trupti S. Bobade2 and SnehaTamgade3

Final Year Student of Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication, JDIET, Yavatmal

Abstract: Carbon nanotube is basically defined as a carbon atom which are present in a layer of

graphene encapsulated in the shape of Cylinder One carbon atom of a graphene is symmetrically

bound to the other three carbon atom, one atom thick which then form a hexagonal ring. The

carbon nanotube is classified into two groups – single-walled and multi-walled. Though the

carbon nanotubes are generally categorized into these two groups, each group can consist of a

complex mixture of tubes of varying length, diameter, crystalline structure, surface chemistry,

etc. It can be also distinguished in terms of characteristics like chemical, mechanical and

electrical. The paper battery based on carbon nanotube provides both long-term steady power

production as well as bursts of energy. Because the paper battery based on carbon nanotube can

function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor. Carbon nanotubes can be used as

anode for lithium ion battery. Carbon nanotubes can be used as anode for lithium ion battery It

has displayed great potential as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of their

strong structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. The opened structure and enriched

chirality of CNTs can help to improve the capacity and electrical transport in LIBs made by

using carbon nanotube. Therefore, the modification of CNTs and design of CNT structure

provide strategies for improving the performance of CNT-based anodes design.

4). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecjb.4420751210/abstract

A solid electrolytic paper battery containing electroconductive polymers:

Author: Toshiyuki Osawa, Okitoshi Kimura, Toshiyuki Kabata, Tetsuya Samura, Katsumi

Yoshino

Abstract: This paper describes a solid paper rechargeable battery using an electrolytically

polymerized polyaniline film as the electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte gel with high ionic

conductivity as the solid polymer electrolyte. A high-strength fibril polyaniline film with a tensile

strength of 5 kgf/cm2 was formed by electrolytic polymerization in tetrafluoro-boric acid. It was

found that the film had an excellent oxidation-reduction characteristic in the solid polymer

electrolyte. In addition, by bridging a highly concentrated non-aqueous electrolyte in monomer,

the ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte was comparable with that of liquid

electrolyte. Since the solid polymer electrolyte was fabricated using a solution with low viscosity,

a solid paper lithium rechargeable battery with a highly efficient discharging property was

realized by combining a polyaniline film.

5). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258793658_Paper-Based_Lithium-

Ion_Batteries_Using_Carbon_Nanotube-Coated_Wood_Microfibers

Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon Nanotube-Coated Wood Microfibers:

Author: Nojan Ali ahmad Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis…, Mangilal

Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha Miami University, Kody Varahramyan Indiana University-Purdue

University Indian……

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries using flexible paper-based current collectors have been

developed. These current collectors were fabricated from wood microfibers that were coated

with carbon nanotubes (CNT) through an electrostatic layer-by-layer Nano assembly process.

The carbon nanotube mass loading of the presented (CNT-microfiber paper) current collectors is

10.1 mg/cm2. The capacities of the batteries made with the current collectors are 150 mAh/g for

lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) half-cell, 158 mAh/g for lithium titanium oxide (LTO) half-cell, and

126 mAh/g for LTO/LCO full-cell. The fabrication approach of the CNT-microfiber paper

current collectors, the assembly of the batteries, and the experimental results are presented and

discussed.

6). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03949

Thin Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Featuring Featuring Graphite Paper Based Current

Collector with Enhanced Conductivity:

Author: Hang Qu 1, Jingshan Hou 1, Yufeng Tang 2, Oleg Semenikihin 3, and Maksim

Skorobogatiy 1,

1 Department of Physics Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7,

Canada.

CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute Ceramics,

Academy of Sciences, Shan Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR

China.

Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.

Abstract: A flexible, light weight and high conductivity current collector is the key is the key

element that enables fabrication of high performance flexible lithium ion battery. Here we report

a thin, light weight and flexible lithium ion battery that uses graphite paper enhanced with a

nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, and Li 4Ti 5O12 as the cathode and anode

materials, and PE membrane soaked in LiPF materials, LiPF6 as a separator. Using thin and

flexible graphite paper as a substrate separator. Using thin and flexible graphite paper as a

substrate for the current instead of a rigid and heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate a very

thin Ion Battery into ultrathin (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250

μm) that is also that is also that is also light weight and highly flexible.

7). http://www.onlinejournal.in ISSN: 2454-1362,

Paper Battery the Solution for Traditional Battery:

Author: Tejaswi Kadam1, Prasad C. Shinde2 & Prof. U. C. Patkar3

1,2 T.E. Seventh semester, Computer Engineering, BVCOEL, Pune

3Prof., Department of Computer Engineering, BVCOEL, Pune

Abstract: Presently, battery takes up a large space and contributes to an outsized half of the

device’s weight. There’s robust recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices

to satisfy the assorted style and power desires of contemporary gadgets. New research suggests

that carbon nanotubes could eventually offer the simplest hope of implementing the versatile

batteries which might shrink our gadgets even additional. The paper battery may meet the

energy demands of subsequent generation gadgets. A paper battery may be a versatile, ultra-thin

energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a traditional

sheet of cellulose-based paper.

8). https://ecommons.cornell.edu/.../The%20Rechargeable%20Aluminum-ion%20Battery....

The rechargeable aluminum-ion battery:

Author: N. Jayaprakash, S. K. Das and L. A. Archer*

Abstract: We report a novel aluminum-ion rechargeable battery comprised of an electrolyte

containing AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and a V2O5 Nano-

http://www.onlinejournal.in/

https://ecommons.cornell.edu/.../The%20Rechargeable%20Aluminum-ion%20Battery

wire cathode against an aluminum metal anode. The battery delivered a discharge capacity of

305 mAh g1 in the first cycle and 273 mAh g1 after 20 cycles, with very stable electrochemical

behavior.

9). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7547/full/nature14340.html

An ultrafast rechargeable aluminum-ion battery:

Author: Meng-Chang Lin, Ming Gong, Bingan Lu, Yingpeng Wu, Di-Yan Wang, Mingyun Guan,

Michael Angell, Changxin Chen, Jiang Yang, Bing-Joe Hwang & Hongjie Dai

Abstract: The development of new rechargeable battery systems could fuel various energy

applications, from personal electronics to grid storage1, 2. Rechargeable aluminum-based

batteries offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-

redox properties leading to high capacity3. However, research efforts over the past 30 years

have encountered numerous problems, such as cathode material disintegration4, low cell

discharge voltage (about 0.55 volts; ref. 5), capacitive behavior without discharge voltage

plateaus (1.1–0.2 volts6 or 1.8–0.8 volts7) and insufficient cycle life (less than 100 cycles) with

rapid capacity decay (by 26–85 per cent over 100 cycles)4, 5, 6, 7. Here we present a

rechargeable aluminum battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminum metal anode

and a three-dimensional graphitic-foam cathode. The battery operates through the

electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminum at the anode, and intercalation/de-

intercalation of chloroaluminate anions in the graphite, using a non-flammable ionic liquid

electrolyte. The cell exhibits well-defined discharge voltage plateaus near 2 volts, a specific

capacity of about 70 mA h g–1 and a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 98 per cent. The

cathode was found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, affording charging times of

around one minute with a current density of ~4,000 mA g–1 (equivalent to ~3,000 W kg–1), and

to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.

10). http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn502045y

High-Density Sodium and Lithium Ion Battery Anodes from Banana Peels

Author: Elmira Memarzadeh Lotfabad†‡*, Jia Ding†‡, Kai Cui‡, Alireza Kohandehghan†‡, W.

Peter Kalisvaart†‡, Michael Hazelton†‡, and David Mitlin†‡*

† Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107 116th Street,

T6G 2 V4, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

‡ National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), National Research Council of Canada,

Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada

Abstract: Banana peel pseudographite (BPPG) offers superb dual functionality for sodium ion

battery (NIB) and lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The materials possess low surface areas

(19–217 m2 g–1) and a relatively high electrode packing density (0.75 g cm–3 vs ∼1 g cm–3 for

graphite). Tested against Na, BPPG delivers a gravimetric (and volumetric) capacity of 355

mAh g–1 (by active material ∼700 mAh cm–3, by electrode volume ∼270 mAh cm–3) after 10

cycles at 50 mA g–1. A nearly flat ∼200 mAh g–1 plateau that is below 0.1 V and a minimal

charge/discharge voltage hysteresis make BPPG a direct electrochemical analogue to graphite

but with Na. A charge capacity of 221 mAh g–1 at 500 mA g–1 is degraded by 7% after 600

cycles, while a capacity of 336 mAh g–1 at 100 mAh–1 is degraded by 11% after 300 cycles, in

both cases with ∼100% cycling Coulombic efficiency. For LIB applications BPPG offers a

gravimetric (volumetric) capacity of 1090 mAh g–1 (by material ∼2200 mAh cm–3, by electrode

∼900 mAh cm–3) at 50 mA g–1. The reason that BPPG works so well for both NIBs and LIBs is

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7547/full/nature14340.html

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn502045y

that it uniquely contains three essential features: (a) dilated intergraphene spacing for Na

intercalation at low voltages; (b) highly accessible near-surface nanopores for Li metal filling at

low voltages; and (c) substantial defect content in the graphene planes for Li adsorption at

higher voltages. The <0.1 V charge storage mechanism is fundamentally different for Na versus

for Li. A combination of XRD and XPS demonstrates highly reversible Na intercalation rather

than metal underpotential deposition. By contrast, the same analysis proves the presence of

metallic Li in the pores, with intercalation being much less pronounced.

Chapter 3

3. Research Method: 3.1 Method of Data Analysis:

These data are collect from internet websites & books of libraries.

Paper battery: A paper battery is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device that is used as a battery and also

as a good capacitor. It is created by combining two things: Nano composite paper and

nanotubes (Nano composite paper made from cellulose and nanotubes made from carbon).

Nanocomposite paper is a hybrid energy storage device made of cellulose, which combines the

features of super capacitors and batteries.

Properties:

Paper battery properties are mainly attributed to the properties of its parts such as cellulose and

carbon nanotubes.

The properties of Cellulose include high-tensile strength, biodegradability, low-shear Strength,

biocompatibility, good absorption capacity and excellent Porosity, non-toxic, reusableness &

recyclability.

Construction:

A paper battery construction involves the following components:

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)

• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood and urine)

• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

Working:

A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components that

produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of the

battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid solution; next

a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons move from the

cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy while recharging

within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the thin electrode quickly. The best method to

increase the output of the battery is to stack different paper batteries one over the other.

Advantages:

A Paper battery’s advantages mainly include the following:

• A paper battery can work even if it is folded, cut or rolled up.

• A Paper battery consists mainly of carbon and paper; it can be used to power

pacemakers within the body.

• A paper battery can be used both as a capacitor and battery.

• It is an ultra-thin storage device.

Disadvantages:

Disadvantages of the paper batteries mainly include the following

• Carbon nanotubes are very expensive.

• Batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective.

• Should not be inhaled as they can damage the lungs.

Use:

Uses laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices can

be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries,

without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical hazards related to

recharging will be greatly reduced. Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the

sides of the PCB can be used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components)

would contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down

transformers and the need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.

Cellulose:

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5) n, a polysaccharide consisting

of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β (1→4) linked D-glucose units.

Carbon Nanotube:

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These

cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology,

electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology

Another Elements Use as anode:

Aluminum:

Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron group

with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal.

Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon) and

its most abundant metal.

Sodium:

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a

soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the

periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating

a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

3.2 Sampling Techniques

These samples are collecting from internet different websites & sources of books on internet &

researches of other people on paper battery. Watching other batteries carefully analyze other

batteries how its working what is going on in battery what type of changes in it & which

chemical reaction help battery to conduct electricity.

3.3 Sampling Size:

Paper batteries in electronics

Paper batteries are used mainly in many electronic devices, such as mobile

phones, laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras and also in wireless communication

devices like mouse, Bluetooth, keyboard, speakers and headsets.

Paper batteries in medical sciences

Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as for making pacemakers for the heart,

artificial tissues, drug delivery systems, cosmetics and in Bio sensors.

Paper batteries in automobiles and aircraft

Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as in light weight, guided missiles,

hybrid car batteries, long air flights and in satellite programs for powering electronic devices.

This is all about the paper battery with its working principles and applications. These batteries

have the potential adaptability to power the next generation electronic appliances, medical

devices and hybrid vehicles. So, these batteries could solve all the problems associated with

conventional electrical energy storage devices. Furthermore, for any queries, regarding this

article or any other electrical projects, you can leave your comments, suggestions by

commenting in the comment section below.

3.4 Instruments of Data Collection:

Books:

Nano Technology:

The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100

nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

Papers:

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived

from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

Metals:

Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not have to be the case. Mercury is

liquid. Alloys are mixtures, where at least one part of the mixture is a metal. Examples of metals

are aluminum, copper, iron, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc.

Compounds:

A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded

together. Two types of chemical bonds common in compounds are covalent bonds and ionic

bonds. The elements in any compound are always present in fixed ratios.

Validity & Reliability of Books:

A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or

other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A

single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or

illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.

Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and

information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such

as magazines, journals, or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is

literature. In novels and sometimes other types of books (for example, biographies), a book may

be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, and so on). An

avid reader of books is a bibliophile or colloquially, "bookworm".

Internet:

Websites:

These data are collecting from different websites & links. Data are download from different

university webs & research of other people are written on batteries & it related components.

Chrome Browser:

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008,

for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, mac OS, iOS and Android. Google

Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as a platform for running

web apps.

Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as the Chromium open-source project. A

notable component that is not open-source is the built-in Adobe Flash Player (that Chrome has

disabled by default since September 2016). Chrome used the web kit layout engine until version

27. As of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS port use Blink, a fork of the web kit engine.

Validity & Reliability of Internet:

When presenting a web page to a class it is very important to evaluate the validity of the web

page and to help the students learn how to determine its authenticity for themselves. The

author(s) should include some background information about themselves to help illustrate their

credibility and clearly define their motives for creating the web page. The information needs to

be accurate, and informative and in some cases recent. Anyone can create a web page and it is

essential for everyone to be able to make an informed decision about the validity and

authenticity of different web pages. While tools can be used to make searching for resources

easier, they cannot take the place of careful scrutiny. The Internet can be a powerful resource,

but if used haphazardly or thoughtlessly, it will not contribute to student learning. Approaching

web sites, like all resources, with a critical eye will help students make sense of the information

overload that characterizes modern life.

3.5 Research Method Developed:

Research method developed learning skills & provide interest in researches. Research help

me learn everything read deeply from paper battery know what is working of battery how to

assemble it what is behind chemistry of paper battery. Materials, its anode & cathode, increase

its capacity & increase its voltage.

3.6 Statistical Techniques:


























recharge a battery.







Chapter 4

Result: 4.1 Finding & interpretation:

In that research, we find changing battery size increase its capacity to store current make battery

efficient & make it useful in appliances. We find battery change its voltage because we change

its terminals. The materials we use as electrodes minimize the resistivity load of current provide

by paper battery.

4.2 Hypothesis Assessment:

Changing battery size increase its capacity because size increase capacity to store electrons in

it. similarly, like other batteries have large size & increase its plates increase it storage of

current.

Voltage increase because the other batteries have aluminum & sodium electrodes which is more

efficient than other because flow of current by electrode & lower resistivity level help electrodes

to increase its voltage.
















































recharge a battery.

Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion:

After analyzing & reading about the batteries I say paper battery is vary batter than others

because it has many advantages. Its non-toxic. It only a paper not explosive or any other charter

of other batteries its vary useful for phones or other small home appliances. It has a great future

because its lighter than others & vary easy to carry & use everywhere you want. One of the

major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation needs energy and

everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the developed countries perturbs the

developing countries like India to a much greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where

there can’t be a day without power, Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking

solution to the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries

have potential adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and

hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

5.2 Conclusion:

A paper battery is a paper like device formed by the combination of carbon nanotubes and a

conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage and

energy production device. In addition to using the aqueous and RTIL (Room Temperature Ionic

liquids) electrolytes, the device operates with a suite of electrolytes based on bodily fluids. It

suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body implant or for use under special

circumstances.

As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was recently demonstrated for bio-MEMS device

applications. Body sweat, composed of water, Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a drop of

sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the porous cellulose) in the RTIL-free nanocomposite

affords good capacitive behavior for the device (specific capacitance of 12 F/g, operating

voltage of 2.4V). Blood (human whole blood in K2 EDTA from Innovative Research, Southfield,

MI) worked even better as an electrolyte, enhancing the capacitive behavior of the

supercapacitor, resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As this technology is adapted it will

prove to be extremely useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.

One of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation needs energy

and everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the developed countries perturbs the

developing countries like India to a much greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where

there can’t be a day without power, Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking

solution to the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries

have potential adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and

hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. But Pak still has got

a long way to go if it has to be self-dependent for its energy solution. Literature reflects that

Indian researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed for such revolutionary work. But

what hinders their path is the lack of facilities and funding. Of course, the horizon of

inquisitiveness is indefinitely vast and this paper is just a single step towards this direction.

5.3 Policy Implementations:

This Research Report is made by understanding APA guidelines. Its pattern is normal and

wording like others. This report make by reading and understanding all information of paper

battery on books, internet and manufacturing of battery. These reports have some few mistakes

but I try my best to write it by using guidelines.

5.4 Future Research:

Paper is a porous material that helps carbon nanotubes and silver nanowire films stick to it,

much like ink does. After it is coated and heated the paper becomes super-conductive and works

as a battery even if the material is crumpled. 'Taking advantage of the mature paper technology,

low cost, light and high-performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as

current collectors and electrodes,' the scientists said in research published in the Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences. This type of battery could be especially useful for

applications like electric or hybrid cars, which depend on the quick transfer of electricity.

Battery weight and life have been an obstacle to commercial viability of electric-powered cars

and trucks. 'Society really needs a low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as

batteries and simple supercapacitors,' Stanford assistant professor Yi Cui said. 'Our paper

supercapacitors can be used for all kinds of applications that require instant high power. 'Since

our paper batteries and supercapacitors can be very low cost, they are also good for grid-

connected energy storage. 'Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry at the University of California-

Berkeley, said the technology could be commercialized within a short time.

paper battery research by shahzaib khan

Education