Paper DeliveryPaper Delivery

I want a Hard Copy...I want a Hard Copy... ...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here If you submit Electronically...If you submit Electronically...

Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier)Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier) Word (2000 or earlier)Word (2000 or earlier) format for Cannon BJ-200exformat for Cannon BJ-200ex

or another Cannon Bubble Jetor another Cannon Bubble Jet You are still liable for ‘Detail’ errorsYou are still liable for ‘Detail’ errors

HomeworkHomework Term Paper due 12 April Term Paper due 12 April

Readings:Readings:[16] “Reconstructing Transmission Networks[16] “Reconstructing Transmission Networks

using ATM and DWDM”using ATM and DWDM”[17] “Scaling Optical Data Networks with[17] “Scaling Optical Data Networks with

Wavelength Routing”Wavelength Routing”[18] “New Juice for Analog Modems”[18] “New Juice for Analog Modems”

SignalingSignaling

In Channel Signaling: In Channel Signaling: Uses same resources for signaling & traffic Uses same resources for signaling & traffic (phone - Central Office)(phone - Central Office)

Out of Channel Signaling Out of Channel Signaling a.k.a. Common Channel Signaling: a.k.a. Common Channel Signaling: Uses separate resources for signaling & Uses separate resources for signaling &

traffic traffic (Central Office - Central Office)(Central Office - Central Office)

SignalingSignaling is the ‘nervous system’ of the telephone networkis the ‘nervous system’ of the telephone network Advantages of CCS vs. ICSAdvantages of CCS vs. ICS

Signaling hardware reducedSignaling hardware reducedFraud reducedFraud reducedFaster call set upFaster call set upCentralized Switching ControlCentralized Switching ControlIntelligent Network FeaturesIntelligent Network Features

Signaling System 7 (OSI Layers 1-7)Signaling System 7 (OSI Layers 1-7)protocol used on CCSprotocol used on CCS

Odds & EndsOdds & Ends

PBXPBXCustomer owned or leased voice switchCustomer owned or leased voice switchMay have data capabilitiesMay have data capabilitiesSmaller versions a.k.a. Hybrid Key SystemsSmaller versions a.k.a. Hybrid Key SystemsContains many useful features for businessesContains many useful features for businesses

CentrexCentrexCarrier offering which mimics PBX Carrier offering which mimics PBX

functionalityfunctionality

Network SynchronizationNetwork Synchronization

Public Network is broken up into Sync Regions Each region is driven by a Master Clock which may be

sync’d to GPS Selected tandems sync to Master Clock CO’s sync to a tandem, PBX’s sync to a CO Connections between regions are Plesiocronously timed Elastic Stores help smooth out timing differences Slips will screw up data or video traffic & (maybe)

compressed voice

SONETSONET

Optical Signal Standard OC-N (OSI Level 1) STS-1 Multiplexing format (OSI Level 2)

Uses byte interleaving Basic Building Block: 51.84 Mbps STS-1 Extensive OA&M capabilities Designed to move traffic synchronously

(traffic bytes mapped to specific STS-1 bytes)

SONETSONET

SONET Cross-Connects, ADM, OA&M capabilities, & Ring Architectures allow rapid fault recovery

Current technology requires optical-to-electrical conversions at switches, hence STS protocol.

Typical Carrier TDM Backbone Speeds2.5 Gbps OC-4810 Gbps OC-192

OC-1, OC-3, OC-12 are common slower speeds

Note that ATM has no Physical Layer...

Note that ATM has no Physical Layer...

7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session TCP 4 Transport TCP 3 Network IP 2 Data Link ATM 1 Physical

SONET fits the bill!SONET fits the bill! 5 Session TCP 4 Transport TCP 3 Network IP 2 Data Link ATM & SONET 1 Physical SONET

LAN based ATM products frequently have SONET built in, which usually suffices given the small distances involved. WAN based ATM usually needs additional SONET hardware due to a combination of long distances, high bit rates, mixed traffic, and the OA&M requirements of carrier backbones.

SONET RingSONET Ring

SONET ADMs& Cross-Connects

Fiber Optic Cablesin the ground

OSI Level 1 & 2

Physical Network

Trunks

ATM BackboneATM Backbone

OSI Level 2

Trunks may be overTDM SONET basedCross-Connects.

Logical Network

Carrier BackboneCarrier BackboneATM SwitchesATM Switches

Carrier BackboneCarrier Backbone ATM SwitchATM Switch

Trunks

Carrier FrameCarrier Frame Relay Switch Relay Switch

Leased Line

ISP Router

Private ATM ‘Edge’ Switch

Carrier Voice Switch

ATM Backbone riding over SONETATM Backbone riding over SONET

You gotta have SONET!You gotta have SONET!

Covers OSI Layer 1 (& Layer 2) Just about every WAN protocol we’ve discussed

does not have a physical layer... ATM, OSI Layer 2 Frame Relay, OSI Layer 2 Frame Relay over ATM Internet Protocol, OSI Layer 3, over Frame Relay over

ATM Exception! Last Mile Connectivity...

T1 & T3 Leased Lines, OSI Layer 1& 2

Traffic GrowthTraffic Growth

Voice

Data

time

Traffic GrowthTraffic Growth It’s becoming expensive to continually increase It’s becoming expensive to continually increase

SONET TDM ratesSONET TDM rates OC-768 in the labsOC-768 in the labs

Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals onto the fiberonto the fiber Take OC-48’s or OC-192’s...Take OC-48’s or OC-192’s... ...driving lasers tuned to different frequencies......driving lasers tuned to different frequencies... ...shoot everything down one fiber. ...shoot everything down one fiber.

Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)

FDMFDMfrequency

tim

eDifferent channels use some of the frequency all of the time.

OC

-192

OC

-192

OC

-192

OC

-192

f1 f2 f3 f4

WDMWDMfrequency

tim

eFDM over fiber is calledWavelength Division Multiplexing.

OC

-192

OC

-192

OC

-192

OC

-192

f1 f2 f3 f4

TDMTDMti

me

Zoom in on one laser frequency band, and you’ll see SONET based TDM.

1

2

3

4

etc.

frequency band f1

WDM: 32 OC-48’sWDM: 32 OC-48’s

#1 STS-48 Laser @ f1

Laser @ f2

Laser @ f32

#2 STS-48

#32 STS-48

Detector #1

Detector#2

Detector#32

#1 STS-48

#2 STS-48

#32 STS-48

OpticalCombiner

OpticalSplitter

Fiber in theground

Systems are also available that can map an arbitrary input(doesn’t have to be SONET based) onto an optical wave.

WDMWDM Typical Deployed system:

32 WDM OC-48 = 79.63 Gbps 16 WDM OC-192 = 159.25 Gbps

For Sale:100+ WDM OC-48

In the labs:1,000+ WDM OC-48

In the labs & seeing initial deploymentoptical cross-connects

These devices will likely chew into SONET market share

Trunks

ATM BackboneATM Backbone

OSI Level 2

OC-48 trunks may be WDM based opticalCross-Connects.

Logical Network

Carrier BackboneCarrier BackboneATM SwitchesATM Switches