paper industry

WELCOME

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PAPER INDUSTRY

What is paper:

It is the material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material.

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The word paper is derived from the name of a reedy plant papyrus, which grew mostly along the River Nile in Egypt around 3000B.C.

The invention of modern paper is credit to Ts’ai Lun of china

INVENTION & HISTORY OF PAPER

Tsai-Lun of china


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Production of Paper

Paper is formed by pulp.

Pulp:A mixture of cellulose

material, such as wood, paper, and rags, ground up and moistened to make paper.


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Raw Materials for Paper Nonwoody raw material:

Wheat straw Rice straw Bagasse Bamboo Cotton stalk Cotton linter Grasses Woody raw material: Poplar (hard wood) Eucalyptus (hard wood) Douglas fir (soft wood)


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“Pulping Processes” (Manufacturing Methods)


Kraft process (Alkaline)

Sulphite (Acidic)

Neutral sulphite semi-chemical process (NSSC)

In Pakistan NSSC process is mostly used for pulping.

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Flow sheet diagram for NSSC process

• Cutting of Raw material

• Drying Section

Wet cleaning

• Material Unit

• Blow Tank

Screening• Centrifugal

Screening• Washing

Thicking

• Bleaching• Digesting

Unit

Ready for paper

making


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Process description This process utilizes sodium sulphite cooking liquor

which is buffered with sodium carbonate or NaOH to neutralize the organic acid liberated from the raw materials.

I. Cutting of raw material: The non-woody raw materials come in the precut state and cut into small chips before the further processing.


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Dry & Wet Cleaning:o Wheat straw is collected from the storage and is then

sent for the dry cleaning. For this purpose air is blown into the raw material.

o Dry wheat straw is then subjected to wet cleaning, which removes the remaining dust particles.

Screening:o In most paper processes some type of screening operation is required to remove oversized and unwanted particles. Vibratory, gravity and centrifugal separators used for this process.


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Digestion:o As the raw material enters into the digester, steam is introduced at the bottom and liquor containing sodium sulphite is injected .o It is revolved at 2.5 R.P.M and temperature of 160-180oC is maintained

Blow tank:o The cooked material from the digester is blown into a blow tank and then pumped to centrifugal screen for the separation of cooked from uncooked materials.


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Bleaching: In Pakistan, bleaching is done with chlorine or hydrogen

peroxide. After washing, the unbleached pulp is sent to the chlorinator where chlorine at 4-5 bar pressure is injected.

After chlorination pulp is washed with hot water at 60o C and then sent to the storage tank. After drying the pulp is ready for manufacturing of paper.


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Paper making machineA basic fourdrinier type machine is used for paper making

and a brief description of its major components is given below:

Flow spreader Head box Fourdrinier Press suction Dryer section Calendar stock ReelFridayday, November 29,

2013

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Recycling of paper:

o Some industry sources estimate that an ordinary sheet of paper made from cellulosefibers derived from wood can survive onlyfour to six trips through the recycling process. The paper is chopped and then subjected to a mixture of

chemicals to remove impurities and de-inked it chemicals.An ordinary newspaper can be recycled five (5) times.


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ENVIREMENTAL EFFECTS

Deforestation Wood is used widely in the formation of paper which cause deforestation.

Air pollution Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide are emitted during paper manufacturing.

Water pollution From treated water of paper industry organic matter dissolved in fresh water.


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Sizes of paper According to the International organization for

Standardization (I.S.O) some recommended sizes are: Legal Letter Tabloid A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 B1


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Annual usage of paper in Pakistan

S.N. Particular Time of Information

01 Country Pakistan

02 Population (Million) 180.0 2012

03 Total Pulp/Paper/Paperboard Production

1.079 2010

03.1 Writing & printing 0.258 2010

03.2 Others 0.821 2010

04 Import 0.409 2010

05 Export 0.008 2010

06 Net Consumption 1.480 2010

07 Per Capita Consumption (Kg./year/person)

8.22 2010

08 No. of Pulp/Paper Mills App. 10 2010 Fridayday, November 29, 2013

Usage of paper (million matric tone) in Pakistan is given in the following table:

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List of paper industries in Pakistan

Some major paper mills (Private & public sector) names are given below:

Bulleh Shah Paper Mill, Misk paper mills Empire Paper & Board Mills Fiaz Paper and Board mills Ali Murtaza Paper Mills Usama Paper mills Al Aziz Paper mills


HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXLACOMPOSER:

REG NO:

Subject:

• ADNAN ASLAM • Muhammad Majid • Muhammad Maaz

Akhtar

• (13-ME-008)• (13-ME-109)• (13-ME-108)

• CHEMISTRY

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