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CHAPTER 18

Becoming an Urban Society, 1880-1890

LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Analyze the development of urban America and discuss the challenges faced by city dwellers and how they dealt with these obstacles.

2. Explain why immigrants were attracted to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Discuss what these newcomers found when they arrived and whether or not they assimilated successfully.

3. Explain the term New South and what it meant to the residents of the South.

4. Explain how the stalemate that deadlocked politics from 1874 into the 1890s constrained both parties from enacting their proposals.

CHAPTER OUTLINEI. Expansion of the Industrial Economy

A. Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly1. John D. Rockefeller created a monopoly in petroleum refining.

a) He relied on horizontal integration, absorbing most of his competitors.b) He used the device of the trust to circumvent restrictions on one company’s

owning of the stock of other companies.c) Standard Oil Trust became a holding company, once New Jersey law permitted a

company to own the stock of other companies.2. Standard Oil then turned to vertical integration.

a) The combination of horizontal and vertical integration led to a near monopoly of the entire oil industry.

b) New companies later broke the monopoly when oil was discovered in Texas and elsewhere.

B. Thomas Edison and the Power of Innovation1. Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs believed advances in technology would give them

a competitive edge.a) A host of new inventions resulted, many relying on electricity.b) Thomas A. Edison was the foremost electrical inventor; the giant electrical

industry was a consequence of his inventions.C. Selling to the Nation

1. The new, large companies turned to advertising.a) It was a major way to compete, since products were so similar in content and

price.b) Trademarks and other logos appeared.

2. New sales methods emerged, including:a) The urban department store.b) The mail-order catalog, to reach rural dwellers.

D. Railroads, Investment Bankers, and “Morganization”

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214 Chapter 18: Becoming an Urban Society, 1880-1890

1. Railroad leaders consolidated their lines in the 1880s to reduce competition and increase efficiency.a) The risky (and sometimes unscrupulous) method of watered stock was often

used.2. They relied on investment bankers, notably J. P. Morgan.

a) Morgan insisted on consolidation and on membership on the board of directors, in return for raising the capital they needed.

3. The consolidation movement led to a few large companies, organized in turn in giant networks, and all linked to investment bankers.

E. Economic Concentration in Consumer-Goods Industries1. Massive, complex companies appeared relatively suddenly in the 1880s.

a) They were often found in consumer-goods industries.2. The American Sugar Refining Company controlled three-fourths of the nation’s sugar-

refining capacity by the early 1890s.3. The American Tobacco Company became the largest manufacturer of cigarettes.4. With the passing of the first generation of industrial empire builders, ownership grew

apart from management. a) Workers lost their individualism with this increasing size of businesses.

F. Laying an Economic Base for a New South1. The term “New South” usually refers to efforts to modernize the region after

Reconstruction.2. Henry Grady, foremost among proponents of the New South, built the Atlanta

Constitution into a powerful regional newspaper in the 1880s.3. The southern textile industry finally boomed during the 1880s and 1890s.4. Other southerners tried to diversify the region’s agriculture and to reduce its

dependence on cotton and tobacco.5. Despite the growth of some new industries, the myth of the old South and the so-called

Lost Cause pervaded nearly every aspect of southern life.II. Organized Labor in the 1880s

A. The Knights of Labor1. The Knights of Labor offered an alternative to the craft union.

a) Unskilled as well as skilled workers could join, as could women and African Americans.

2. The national leadership advocated a variety of labor reforms.a) These included an end to child labor, the eight-hour day, and safety regulations.b) They preferred political action to strikes to achieve these reforms.

3. The Knights of Labor became the leading U.S. workers’ organization during the 1880s.B. 1886: Turning Point for Labor

1. The Haymarket violence in Chicago exacerbated anti-union sentiment.a) In the aftermath of the Haymarket, employers portrayed labor organizations as

radical and terroristic.C. Uniting the Craft Unions: The American Federation of Labor

1. Craft unions formed the American Federation of Labor in 1886.a) The organization’s goal was to achieve such reforms as higher wages, reduced

hours, and better working conditions.b) It relied on strikes, when necessary, to achieve its aim of improving working

conditions.III. New Americans from Europe

A. A Flood of Immigrants1. Though the number of immigrants varied from year to year—higher in prosperous

years, lower in depression years—the trend was constantly upward.


Chapter 18: Becoming an Urban Society, 1880-1890 215

2. Immigrants left their former homes for a variety of reasons, but most chose to come to the United States because of its reputation as the “land of opportunity.”

B. Hyphenated America1. Hyphenated America developed a unique blend of ethnic institutions, often unlike

anything in the old country but also unlike those of old-stock America.a) For nearly every group, religious institutions provided the single most important

building block of ethnic group identity.b) Catholic parishes in immigrant neighborhoods often took on the ethnic

characteristics of the community, with services conducted in that language and special observances transplanted from the old country.

C. Nativism1. Few old-stock Americans appreciated or even understood the long-term nature of

immigrants’ adjustments to their new homes.a) Fears and misgivings concerning the “new” immigrants fostered the growth of

nativism, the view that old-stock values and social patterns were preferable to those of immigrants.

b) American nativism was often linked to anti-Catholicism.c) The American Protective Association (APA), founded in 1887, noisily

proclaimed itself the voice of anti-Catholicism.IV. The New Urban America

A. Surging Urban Growth1. Cities boasted the technological innovations that many equated with progress, while

others were shocked and repulsed by what they saw.2. The growth of manufacturing went hand in hand with urban expansion.

a) Some cities became known for a particular product.(1) Pittsburgh: iron and steel(2) New York City: clothing(3) Chicago: meatpacking(4) Minneapolis: flour milling

B. New Cities of Skyscrapers and Streetcars1. New construction technology, in which a metal frame carried the weight of the walls,

and decreasing steel prices led to more economical and efficient tall buildings.2. Electricity transformed urban transit when the streetcar, driven by an electric motor,

was developed by Frank Sprague.C. Building an Urban Infrastructure

1. Utilities and services provided by city government rarely kept pace with the growth of new neighborhoods.a) Private companies, competing for franchises granted by the city, often bribed city

officials to secure franchises.D. The New Urban Geography

1. As the largest cities grew, areas within them became increasingly specialized by economic function.

V. New Patterns of Urban LifeA. The New Middle Class

1. Industrialization and urban expansion produced an expansion of distinctively middle-class neighborhoods and suburbs.a) In the expanding cities and towns, single-family houses set amidst wide and

carefully tended lawns characterized these new suburbs.2. Households often followed different social patterns.

a) The middle class usually emphasized education.3. Much of the new advertising focused on the middle class.



B. Ferment in Education1. Between 1870 and 1900, most northern and western states and territories established

school attendance laws.a) In the 1880s, the New York City schools began to provide textbooks to students

free of charge.b) Between 1870 and 1910, school enrollment among those aged five to 19

increased from 48 to 59 percent, with the highest increase at the secondary level.2. The high school curriculum changed significantly by adding courses on the sciences,

civics, business, home economics, and skills needed by industry, such as drafting, woodworking, and the mechanical trades.

3. College enrollments also grew, with the largest gains being made in the new state universities created under the Land-Grant College Act of 1862.a) Colleges exclusively for women began to appear after the Civil War, partly

because so many colleges still refused to admit women and partly in keeping with the notion that men and women should operate in “separate spheres.”

C. Redefining Gender Roles1. Greater educational opportunities for women marked part of a change in social

definitions of gender roles.2. As more and more women finished college, some chose to enter the professions.

a) Access to the legal profession proved surprisingly difficult.b) Professional careers attracted relatively few women, but many middle- and

upper-class women, especially in towns and cities, became involved outside their homes through women’s activities.

c) Others became involved outside their homes through reform activities such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, one of the most prominent reform groups, which was formed in 1874.

D. Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Subculture1. Burgeoning cities permitted an anonymity not possible in rural societies.

VI. The Politics of StalemateA. The Presidencies of Garfield and Arthur

1. The Stalwarts and Half-Breeds badly divided the Republicans in 1880.a) The convention deadlocked 36 times before compromising on Garfield.b) Chester A. Arthur became president when Garfield was shot four months after

taking office.B. Reforming the Spoils System

1. The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the merit system for government employment and was passed with bipartisan support.a) The act provided for competitive exams for classified positions; initially only 15

percent of federal positions were classified.b) The president could add positions to the classified list, and positions were

gradually withdrawn from the patronage system.c) Most state and local governments eventually adopted the merit system.

C. Cleveland and the Democrats1. Cleveland won with support from many who opposed the spoils system.2. The Interstate Commerce Act grew out of pressure to regulate railroads.

a) The Interstate Commerce Commission was the first federal regulatory commission.

b) It prohibited pools and rebates and required “reasonable rates.”c) However, it proved to be largely unenforceable, partly because of vague

provisions.3. The Democrats re-nominated Cleveland in 1888, but he refused to campaign actively.



a) The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison and focused on the virtues of the protective tariff.

b) Harrison won in the electoral voting even though he received fewer popular votes than Cleveland.

D. The Mixed Blessings of Urban Machine Politics1. George W. Plunkitt, who typified many big-city politicians across the country, was a

district leader of Tammany Hall in New York City.2. Perhaps the most important single function the bosses served was to centralize political

decision making.E. Challenging the Male Bastion: Woman Suffrage

1. The struggle for woman suffrage was long standing, and women increasingly participated in public affairs prior to the Civil War.a) Women supported the abolitionist movement, mobilized support for the Union,

and pushed for improved educational opportunities.b) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony unsuccessfully opposed the

inclusion of the word male in the Fourteenth Amendment.c) These two women formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA),

which was open only to women, and sought an amendment to the Constitution as the only sure route to woman suffrage.

d) The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), on the other hand, focused on winning the right to vote on a state-by-state basis.

e) The two groups merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

2. The first victories for woman suffrage came in the West, and several states began to grant women limited voting rights before the turn of the century.

F. Structural and Policy Changes1. Most groups pushing for political change called themselves reformers because they

wanted to change the form of politics.2. Structural change or reform refers to efforts to change political decision making.

a) Structural issues include the way public officials are chosen, eligibility to vote, the workings of the Electoral College, and the nature of the president’s veto power.

3. Policy issues, by contrast, have to do with the way the government uses its power.a) Most Democrats favored the principle of laissez faire, while most Republicans

followed a policy of distribution; Grangers favored regulation.G. The United States and the World, 1880-1889

1. Presidents Garfield, Arthur, and Cleveland spent little time on foreign relations and paid little attention to the army and navy.

2. Diplomacy was similarly routine.

IDENTIFICATIONS Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember these items for your next exam.

1. Nikola Tesla

2. WCTU

3. proselytizing

4. gild



5. John D. Rockefeller

6. refinery

7. cartel

8. horizontal integration

9. vertical integration

10. monopoly

11. Standard Oil

12. trust

13. holding company

14. Thomas A. Edison

15. patent

16. merger

17. patent medicine

18. trademark

19. department store

20. investment bank

21. J. P. Morgan

22. return

23. oligopoly

24. cost analysis

25. dividend

26. New South

27. Henry Grady

28. Old South

29. Lost Cause

30. Knights of Labor

31. Terrence V. Powderly

32. cooperative

33. anarchist

34. American Federation of Labor

35. Samuel Gompers

36. manufacturing belt

37. assimilation

38. ethnic group

39. melting pot



40. nativism

41. American Protective Association

42. restrictive covenant

43. urban

44. walking city

45. Louis Sullivan

46. elevated rail line

47. infrastructure

48. chlorination

49. franchise

50. Great Chicago Fire

51. wholesaler

52. retail

53. central business district

54. suburb

55. consumer culture

56. kindergarten

57. Vassar College

58. domesticity

59. separate sphere

60. temperance

61. subculture

62. stalemate

63. Stalwarts

64. Half-Breeds

65. spoils system

66. Pendleton Act

67. classified civil service

68. Mugwumps

69. Tammany Hall

70. Interstate Commerce Commission

71. National Woman Suffrage Association

72. American Woman Suffrage Association

73. franchise

74. polygamy



75. secret ballot

76. policy

77. haole

78. indigenous

79. Francis Willard

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSSelect the correct answer.

1. In order to stabilize the railroad industry, Morgana. periodically precipitated economic depressions.b. sought higher tariffs in order to prevent all foreign merchandise from entering the United

States.c. assisted railroad companies to consolidate.d. called for government intervention in the economy.

2. Standard Oil of New Jersey was an example of a(n)a. trust.b. illegal monopoly.c. government cartel.d. old family-owned business.

3. The population sources for America’s growing cities during the Gilded Age includeda. southerners who resented efforts to create a New South.b. rural workers displaced by farm mechanization.c. Native Americans who chose to abandon the reservations.d. immigrants from Canada.

4. The introduction of steel-frame technologya. permitted cities to expand upward.b. made the construction of the transcontinental railroad system possible.c. rapidly depleted the country’s mineral resources.d. made the United States dependent on imported steel.

5. New modes of transportation like the streetcar and the subwaya. contributed to the growth of suburbs.b. could sometimes be linked to corrupt practices by city officials.c. led to the physical expansion of cities.d. All of these

6. In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riisa. assailed overcrowded living conditions.b. called for government welfare payments to the poor.c. denounced building codes as contrary to capitalism.d. attacked the settlement house movement.

7. The growth of large cities during the Gilded Age contributed to the entry of women into public servicea. in response to the need for more physicians in overcrowded cities.b. because of the need for many more engineers to build the roads and bridges of expanding

urban centers.c. through the development of the settlement house.



d. because female lawyers were particularly effective at handling the disputes that often afflicted immigrant families.

8. In preference to the spoils system, Mugwumps favoreda. the Pendleton Act.b. property qualifications for voting.c. the patronage system.d. the Populist movement.

9. Each of the following statements about Gilded Age presidents is correct EXCEPTa. they were usually Republicans.b. they were usually overshadowed by Congress.c. they usually won elections by close margins.d. their party usually controlled both houses of Congress.

10. The assassination of James A. Garfielda. led to the rise of the Populist Party.b. doomed the presidential aspirations of William Jennings Bryan.c. contributed to the decline of the patronage system.d. helped the Republicans become the nation’s majority party.

11. Along with the Interstate Commerce Act, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in order toa. prohibit segregation or any other form of discrimination in public facilities.b. tax farmers’ incomes.c. regulate business.d. stimulate the economy after the Civil War.

12. During the Gilded Age, high schools and collegesa. refused to admit women.b. expanded the curriculum to include many new subjects and skills.c. were restricted by law to the very wealthy.d. maintained the traditional emphasis on Greek and Latin.

13. Nativists were old-stock Americans whoa. believed that anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish sentiments had no place in a democratic society.b. regarded the theory of the melting pot favorably.c. applauded the emergence of such ethnic organizations as the Sons of Italy.d. opposed literacy tests for immigrants.

14. Immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1890 came primarily froma. western Europe.b. southern and eastern Europe.c. Africa.d. Latin America.

15. The size of the labor force increased dramatically in the late 1800s because ofa. high immigration rates.b. victorious labor unions.c. the research of efficiency experts.d. unemployed soldiers after the Civil War.

ESSAY QUESTIONS1. For the United States, the period between 1865 and 1900 was one of unparalleled urban growth.

Analyze the factors that contributed to the expansion of America’s cities during the late nineteenth century.



DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: You should explore at least three major factors: the impact of new technology, the arrival of new people, and efforts to industrialize the South.

New technologies that contributed to the physical expansion of cities included the use of steel frames in buildings, an innovation that permitted the city to grow vertically. The skyscraper was the most notable architectural outcome. Cities also expanded horizontally because of electricity. This new source of power ran the streetcars, the elevated railways, and the subways that made it possible for people to reside at greater distances from their places of work.

The arrival of millions of new immigrants from Europe also contributed to America’s urbanization. Some immigrants, to be sure, settled on farms, but most were so impoverished that they could not buy land and settle in the country. For this reason, Irish, Jewish, German, Polish, and most Italian immigrants settled in the cities. The result was a skyrocketing urban population.

In the South, the effort by some leaders after the Civil War to diversify the economy—the undertaking called the New South movement—led to the growth of an iron and steel industry in Alabama. Birmingham’s development as an important urban center resulted.

2. Dedicated in 1886, the midpoint of the Gilded Age, the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor welcomed immigrants from Europe with a poem inscribed on its base. It proclaimed: “Give me your tired, your poor; your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. . . .” Did all Americans share in this welcoming sentiment?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: Many Americans did not. In developing your answer, you should explore the reasons for their hostility and then examine the steps they took to try to stem the tide of immigration.

Fearing lower wages and unemployment, some labor organizations feared unrestricted immigration. But it was older Americans—the descendants of the “old immigration” from northern and western Europe—who most consistently opposed the “new immigration” from southern and eastern Europe. They did so in part because they were Protestants, whereas the newcomers were Catholic and Jewish. In part, too, as Anglo-Saxons, they saw themselves as racially superior to Italians, Jews, Poles, and other Slavs.

Labor organizations and old-stock Americans sought through legislation to restrict the number of immigrants. Focusing on a literacy test as a way to keep them out of the country, they finally succeeded when Congress required one in 1917. The earlier Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 had already curtailed Asian immigration.

Opponents of the “new immigration” also joined the American Protective Association. In your essay, you should explain how this organization sought to ensure Protestant supremacy over Catholics. Finally, you should mention the growth of anti-Semitic discriminatory practices.

3. Both African Americans and immigrants from southern and eastern Europe faced adversity as they endeavored to adjust to the conditions they faced in Gilded Age America. Compare and contrast the difficulties they encountered as well as their responses.

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The question requires, first, that you explore similarities (“compare”). Both groups had to contend with the allegation that they were racially inferior. Both lost victims to violence: in the South, lynch mobs killed African Americans, while Protestants affiliated with the American Protective Association rioted against and sometimes caused the deaths of Catholic immigrants. Finally, both experienced the sting of discriminatory practices: southern blacks endured segregation in all aspects of their lives (including public facilities), while Jews found themselves excluded from social organizations, businesses, and certain neighborhoods.



The question also requires that you explore differences (“contrast”) in the experiences of the two groups. Perhaps the most vivid difference was the disenfranchisement of the South’s African Americans through such techniques as poll taxes and literacy tests. In contrast, immigrants from southern and eastern Europe could become citizens and vote. They exchanged their votes for all kinds of assistance provided by urban political bosses, while African Americans in the South had no such recourse to help in times of need. The immigrants, in other words, were not completely without political power, in contrast to African Americans, who had none.

The two groups responded to their respective predicaments in ways that were sometimes similar. Immigrants sought strength in their own traditions and in association with each other. Resisting assimilation, they established their own social networks, newspapers, and churches. Similarly, some African Americans endeavored to establish their own communities, either in the South or elsewhere. Some even envisioned moving to Liberia in Africa.

4. Both cultural and political life in the Gilded Age can be said to have become more democratic. Do you agree or disagree?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South was a grave setback for political democracy. You should include references to the methods employed by white southerners to completely exclude blacks from public life.

In the sphere of cultural life, there is evidence in favor of the statement. Educational opportunity expanded; women began to enter the professions; and the problems of ordinary people received attention from realistic novelists and from the Ash Can School artists. In the context of wider participation, you should also discuss the development of mass entertainment in the Gilded Age.

To temper this view of wider participation in cultural life, your essay could explore the facts that fewer women than men went to college, college remained inaccessible to the lower classes, and toleration for same-sex relationships declined.

MAP EXERCISESExamine the chapter’s opening map. Why do you think cities along the East Coast were larger than those in the interior of the country? From the information provided in your text reading, which cities do you think would grow faster as the new century approached? Justify your choices.

INDIVIDUAL CHOICES

Nikola TeslaTo answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the chapter.

1. Explain the difference between AC and DC power.

2. Why was AC power considered to be a revolutionary discovery?

3. Why did Tesla think it was so important that he move to the United States? If you were him, would you have done the same thing?

4. Compare and contrast Tesla and Edison. Which one are you most like?

5. Explain what caused the rivalry that developed between General Electric and Westinghouse. Why was this rivalry important to the course of energy history and economic development in the United States?



6. What other important work is Tesla known for? Why was he not as successful and as widely known as Thomas Edison? Do you agree with his choices in this area? Why or why not?

INDIVIDUAL VOICES

Examining a Primary Source: Nikola Tesla Explores the Problems of Energy Resources and World PeaceTo answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.

1. Why does Tesla assert that the British owe their conquest of the world to coal? Do you agree? Why or why not?

2. At that time, coal was the fossil fuel most widely used to drive most engines, including electrical generators. How does Tesla raise the issue of the exhaustion of supplies of fossil fuel? What do you think he proposed as the solution to the exhaustion of fossil fuels?

3. Compare Tesla’s concerns here with the behavior of the United States in world affairs during the 1880s; after you complete Chapter 20, reconsider this issue. Did any of your views change? Why or why not?

4. How might Tesla’s own experiences as an immigrant from Europe have affected his understanding of world affairs?

RUBRIC: Research other inventors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and explain their impact on American history.

INVENTORS INITIAL DISCOVERY

ADDITIONAL DISCOVERIES?

OVERALL IMPACT

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS1. c. Morgan required such consolidation in railroads in return for investing in them. See pages

535-536.

a. See pages 535-536 for Morgan’s methods.

b. There is no evidence that this was a method favored by Morgan. See pages 535-536.

d. There is no evidence that Morgan favored government action in the economy. See pages 535-536.

2. a. John D. Rockefeller fashioned it. See pages 530-533.

b. As a trust, it was created so as not to violate anti-monopoly laws. See pages 530-533.



c. It was a private company established by John D. Rockefeller. See pages 530-533.

d. John D. Rockefeller and shareholders in other companies created it in the late 1800s. See pages 530-533.

3. b. Agriculture now required fewer workers than before, and, at the same time, the rural population grew. See pages 541-543.

a. There is no evidence that the New South idea of diversifying the region’s economy gave rise to such resentment.

c. The cities expanded because of migration by farmers to the cities and because of a surge in European immigration. See pages 541-543.

d. Immigration from Europe, not from Canada, skyrocketed. See pages 541-543.

4. a. The steel frame allowed for the construction of tall buildings because it could carry so much weight. See pages 546-548.

b. The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869; the earliest steel frame buildings were constructed in the 1880s. See pages 546-548.

c. There was no such effect. See pages 546-548.

d. There is no evidence for this. See pages 546-548.

5. d. Because a, b, and c are true, this is the correct choice.

a. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Commuting from the suburbs to the city became possible because of the new transportation lines. See page 550.

b. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Urban officials sometimes awarded construction contracts in return for bribes.

c. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Cities expanded quite rapidly in the wake of the new transportation lines. See pages 550.

6. a. See page 545.

b. There is no evidence for this. See page 545.

c. Riis did not assail capitalism. (He was not a socialist.) See page 545.

d. There is no evidence for this. See page 545.

7. c. See pages 529-530 and 552-554.

a. There is no apparent connection between growing urban problems and the entry of women into any of the professions except social work. See page 553.

b. See 7a.

d. There were extremely few female attorneys. See pages 529-530 and 552-554.

8. a. It established the merit system, removing government appointments from control by politicians. The Mugwumps favored the merit system. See page 556.

b. Their goal was the creation of a merit system. See page 556.

c. They hoped to eliminate the patronage system. See page 556.

d. They had nothing to do with Populism, which was a farmers’ movement. See page 556.



9. d. Because this statement is not true, it is the correct choice. The Republicans usually controlled the Senate; the Democrats usually held sway in the House of Representatives. See page 556.

a. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Republicans won the presidency more frequently than the Democrats. See page 556.

b. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Presidents during the Gilded Age tended to avoid taking an active leadership role. See page 556.

c. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. The popular vote split almost equally between the two major parties. See page 556.

10. c. It led to passage of the Pendleton Act. See pages 556-557.

a. His assassination in 1881 preceded the birth of the Populist Party by about a decade. See pages 556-557.

b. The assassination occurred in 1881; Bryan ran in 1896. See pages 556-557.

d. That occurred in 1896. Garfield had been assassinated in 1881. See pages 556-557.

11. c. The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to regulate railroad rates; the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to prevent monopoly in any industry. See page 557.

a. Neither act was designed to prevent discrimination. See page 557.

b. Neither was enacted for the purpose of affecting any group’s income, although vigorous enforcement of them would certainly have had positive economic effects. See page 557.

d. The purpose of each was to regulate business practices. See page 557.

12. b. The curriculum broadened to include newer areas of knowledge like economics and political science. See page 551.

a. Women did go to college, although there were some colleges that would not admit them. See page 551.

c. There is no evidence for such restrictions. See page 551.

d. The curriculum broadened to include modern languages and newer areas of knowledge. See page 551.

13. b. They believed that the new immigrants should blend into the larger American culture. See page 544.

a. They were usually anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic, sometimes rioting against Catholics and often discriminating against Jews. See page 544.

c. They wanted the new immigrants to adapt and blend into the larger American culture. See page 544.

d. They supported the literacy test as a way to restrict immigration. See page 544.

14. b. They came mainly from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy. See pages 541-542.

a. They came mostly from southern and eastern Europe. See pages 541-542.

c. See pages 541-542.

d. The new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. See pages 541-542.



15. a. More than 26 million new immigrants arrived between 1865 and 1914. See pages 541-542.

b. Labor unions achieved very little in this period. See page 540.

c. These are not mentioned as having an impact on the labor supply as discussed in this chapter.

d. For the various sources of the labor supply, see pages 543-544 and 566.


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